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National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: This study examined national trends in 12-month prevalence of major depressive episodes (MDEs) in adolescents and young adults overall and in different sociodemographic groups, as well as trends in depression treatment between 2005 and 2014. METHODS: Data were drawn from the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health for 2005 to 2014, which are annual cross-sectional surveys of the US general population. Participants included 172 495 adolescents aged 12 to 17 and 178 755 adults aged 18 to 25. Time trends in 12-month prevalence of MDEs were examined overall and in different subgroups, as were time trends in the use of treatment services. RESULTS: The 12-month prevalence of MDEs increased from 8.7% in 2005 to 11.3% in 2014 in adolescents and from 8.8% to 9.6% in young adults (both P < .001). The increase was larger and statistically significant only in the age range of 12 to 20 years. The trends remained significant after adjustment for substance use disorders and sociodemographic factors. Mental health care contacts overall did not change over time; however, the use of specialty mental health providers increased in adolescents and young adults, and the use of prescription medications and inpatient hospitalizations increased in adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of depression in adolescents and young adults has increased in recent years. In the context of little change in mental health treatments, trends in prevalence translate into a growing number of young people with untreated depression. The findings call for renewed efforts to expand service capacity to best meet the mental health care needs of this age group.
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“These findings are consistent with recent increases in depression and suicidal ideation and behaviors among US adolescents [39–42].”
From Age, period, and cohort effects on suicide death in the United States from 1999 to 2018: moderation by sex, race, and firearm involvement (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
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“The reason for this increase in incidence is unknown, but has been most notable amongst adolescent females, the same cohort shown to be most at risk of PSU in our review [5].”
From Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
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“O ver the past 25 years, the US prevalence of adolescent and adult depression indicators has increased.1,2”
From Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
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“Demographic correlates were consistent with previous surveys.2,5”
From Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
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“The likelihood that NESARC-III indicates valid increases in prevalence is supported by the coherence of its results with 6 other reports showing national increases in depression indicators 1,2 (also Katherine M. Keyes, PhD, written communication, January 2, 2018) and suicidality.1,86,91,92”
From Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
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“However, trends in depressive symptoms were consistent with other national sources with information on depressive episodes and suicide-related behavior [2,4], underscoring that these measures correlate with other meaningful indicators of adolescent mental health.”
From Social Media Use and Depressive Symptoms Among United States Adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mojtabai, Ramin
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2016-12-01
- Volume
- 138
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC5127071
- OpenAlex
- W2554464434
- Cited by
- 1,424
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 154 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 210 · 2020: 213 · 2019: 178 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 161.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (U19HS021112)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA019606)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- adolescent depression, young adult depression, major depressive episode, prevalence trends, depression treatment, mental health service utilization, hospitalization, untreated depression, sociodemographic disparities, substance use disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, United States, Prevalence, Young Adult
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