The mononuclear phagocyte system and its cytokine inflammatory networks in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Open accessAbstract
This review describes patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In such patients, a high inflammatory set point of circulating monocytes at the transcriptome level is observed, involving various inflammatory transcripts forming distinct fingerprints (the transcriptomic monocyte fingerprint in schizophrenia overlaps with that in bipolar disorder, but also differs with it at points). There are increased levels of compounds of the IL-1, IL-6 and TNF system in the serum (be it modest and inconsistent). There is also evidence that the IL-2 system is activated in patients with schizophrenia (and perhaps those with mania), although independently of the activation of the IL-1, IL-6 and TNF systems, suggesting separate inducing mechanisms for monocyte and T-cell activation. It is not yet known whether such T cell activation involves the Th1/Th2/Th17 or Treg systems.
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Systemic inflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression and schizophrenia as well as age-related cognitive decline.
“In addition, there is growing experimental and clinical evidence implicating systemic inflammation to be involved in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression and schizophrenia as well as age-related cognitive decline [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [9]
IL-6 frequently has been discussed as a potential modulator of mood during sickness behavior and even depression and other neuropsychological diseases.
“Associations between circulating IL-6 levels and negative mood have been reported previously [28], [62] and IL-6 frequently has been discussed as a potential modulator of mood during sickness behavior and even depression and other neuropsychological diseases [2], [3], [9].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [9]
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- Authors
- Drexhage, R. C., Knijff, E. M., Padmos, R. C., Heul-Nieuwenhuijzen, L. V. D., Beumer, W., Versnel, M. A., & Drexhage, H. A.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Venue
- Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 59-76
- ISSN
- 1473-7175 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-8360
- OpenAlex
- W2072328883
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 6.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- zenodo.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- reticuloendothelial system, monocytes, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, monocyte transcriptome, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, TNF-α, interleukin-2, T cell activation, mania
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bipolar Disorder, Humans, Mononuclear Phagocyte System, Schizophrenia, Cytokines
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