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Cited by 1,339Privacy, Security, and Data ProtectionPrivacy-Preserving Technologies in DataInformation and Cyber Security

Privacy in the Digital Age: a Review of Information Privacy Research in Information Systems1

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Bélanger, France, Crossler, Robert E.·2011·MIS Quarterly
DOI 10.2307/41409971
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Abstract

Information privacy refers to the desire of individuals to control or have some influence over data about themselves. Advances in information technology have raised concerns about information privacy and its impacts, and have motivated Information Systems researchers to explore information privacy issues, including technical solutions to address these concerns. In this paper, we inform researchers about the current state of information privacy research in IS through a critical analysis of the IS literature that considers information privacy as a key construct. The review of the literature reveals that information privacy is a multilevel concept, but rarely studied as such. We also find that information privacy research has been heavily reliant on student-based and USA-centric samples, which results in findings of limited generalizability. Information privacy research focuses on explaining and predicting theoretical contributions, with few studies in journal articles focusing on design and action contributions. We recommend that future research should consider different levels of analysis as well as multilevel effects of information privacy. We illustrate this with a multilevel framework for information privacy concerns. We call for research on information privacy to use a broader diversity of sampling populations, and for more design and action information privacy research to be published in journal articles that can result in IT artifacts for protection or control of information privacy.

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  • Consumer trust in online platforms is contingent upon transparent and ethical data management practices.

    “Consumer trust in online platforms is contingent upon transparent and ethical data management practices (Bélanger & Crossler, 2011).”

    From Feeling Watched: A Phenomenological Exploration of Consumer Discomfort and Data Privacy Concerns in E-Commerce Personalized Email Marketing (2025) · cites this paper as Bélanger & Crossler, 2011

    The ‘Information Privacy and E-Business Impacts’ section links trust and privacy concerns to willingness to transact online. The ‘Information Privacy Practices’ section discusses website privacy policies and fair information practices. Neither passage establishes that consumer trust is contingent specifically on transparent and ethical data management; that condition overstates the review’s findings. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Clear communication about data use policies builds consumer trust in digital environments.

    “Moreover, supported research highlighted that clear communication about data use policies builds consumer trust in digital environments (Bélanger & Crossler, 2011).”

    From Feeling Watched: A Phenomenological Exploration of Consumer Discomfort and Data Privacy Concerns in E-Commerce Personalized Email Marketing (2025) · cites this paper as Bélanger & Crossler, 2011

    The review’s ‘Information Privacy Research as a Multilevel Concept’ section discusses online privacy policies but says many consumers do not read or understand them; it does not say that clear communication of data-use policies builds trust. Searches for privacy notices, policy communication, and trust found discussion of these topics separately, but no passage establishing the claimed relationship. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Bélanger, F., & Crossler, R. E.
Affiliations
  • Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech, 3007 Pamplin Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0101 U.S.A.
  • Mississippi State University (US)
ORCID
Crossler, Robert E.
Venue
MIS Quarterly
Publisher
MIS Quarterly
Published
2011-12-01
Volume
35
Issue
4
Pages
1017-A36
ISSN
  • 0276-7783 (ISSN-L)
  • 2162-9730
DOI
10.2307/41409971
OpenAlex
W1870146437
Cited by
1,339
References
501
Citations by year
2026: 108 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 114 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 107 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 89 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 23
FWCI
145.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • MIS Quarterly (publishedVersion)
  • VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Privacy, Security, and Data Protection
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information and Cyber Security
Keywords
data privacy, multilevel analysis, multi-level framework, privacy concerns, privacy preservation, data control, digital era

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