Human Brown Adipose Tissue: What We Have Learned So Far
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a unique tissue that is able to convert chemical energy directly into heat when activated by the sympathetic nervous system. While initially believed to be of relevance only in human newborns and infants, research during recent years provided unequivocal evidence of active BAT in human adults. Moreover, it has become clear that BAT plays an important role in insulin sensitivity in rodents and humans. This has opened the possibility for exciting new therapies for obesity and diabetes. This review summarizes the current state of research with a special focus on recent advances regarding BAT and insulin resistance in human adults. Additionally, we provide an outlook on possible future therapeutic uses of BAT in the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Secretion of signaling molecules produced by metabolic organs varies according to metabolic status, responding to fasting/feeding cycles, circadian rhythm, cold exposure, and exercise.
“The secretion of these signaling molecules varies according to the metabolic status of the body. They respond for instance to fasting and feeding cycles 14, to the circadian rhythm 15, to cold exposure 16, and to exercise17, thus participating in the organism's adaptive response and ensuring metabolic flexibility.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
Cites
Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance
CANNON, B., & NEDERGAARD, J. (2004) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003 · Cited by 6,433 · see citing works
A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis
Boström, P., Wu, J., Jedrychowski, M. P., Korde, A., Ye, L., Lo, J. C., Rasbach, K. A., Boström, E. A., Choi, J. H., Long, J. Z., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10777 · Cited by 4,810 · see citing works
Identification and Importance of Brown Adipose Tissue in Adult Humans
Cypess, A. M., Lehman, S., Williams, G., Tal, I., Rodman, D., Goldfine, A. B., Kuo, F. C., Palmer, E. L., Tseng, Y.-H., Doria, A., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0810780 · Cited by 4,399 · see citing works
Wu, Z., Puigserver, P., Andersson, U., Zhang, C., Adelmant, G., Mootha, V., Troy, A., Cinti, S., Lowell, B., Scarpulla, R. C., et al. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80611-x · Cited by 4,139 · see citing works
A Cold-Inducible Coactivator of Nuclear Receptors Linked to Adaptive Thermogenesis
Puigserver, P., Wu, Z., Park, C. W., Graves, R., Wright, M., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1998) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81410-5 · Cited by 3,864 · see citing works
Cold-Activated Brown Adipose Tissue in Healthy Men
van Marken Lichtenbelt, W. D., Vanhommerig, J. W., Smulders, N. M., Drossaerts, J. M. A. F. L., Kemerink, G. J., Bouvy, N. D., Schrauwen, P., & Teule, G. J. J. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0808718 · Cited by 3,452 · see citing works
Beige Adipocytes Are a Distinct Type of Thermogenic Fat Cell in Mouse and Human
Wu, J., Boström, P., Sparks, L. M., Li, Y., Choi, J. H., Giang, A.-H., Khandekar, M. J., Virtanen, K. A., Nuutila, P., Schaart, G., et al. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.016 · Cited by 3,299 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional Brown Adipose Tissue in Healthy Adults
Virtanen, K. A., Lidell, M. E., Orava, J., Heglind, M., Westergren, R., Niemi, T., Taittonen, M., Laine, J., Savisto, N.-J., Enerbäck, S., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0808949 · Cited by 3,058 · see citing works
Self-citationPRDM16 controls a brown fat/skeletal muscle switch
Seale, P., Bjork, B., Yang, W., Kajimura, S., Chin, S., Kuang, S., Scimè, A., Devarakonda, S., Conroe, H. M., Erdjument-Bromage, H., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07182 · Cited by 2,347 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Beige adipocytes exhibit the same cell morphology as classic brown adipocytes and appear to be functionally equal (18), but do not originate from Myf5-expressing progenitors (19) and exhibit unique gene signatures that differ from those of classic brown adipocytes found in the interscapular BAT (20).”
BackgroundBile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation
Watanabe, M., Houten, S. M., Mataki, C., Christoffolete, M. A., Kim, B. W., Sato, H., Messaddeq, N., Harney, J. W., Ezaki, O., Kodama, T., et al. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04330 · Cited by 2,220 · see citing works
High Incidence of Metabolically Active Brown Adipose Tissue in Healthy Adult Humans
Saito, M., Okamatsu-Ogura, Y., Matsushita, M., Watanabe, K., Yoneshiro, T., Nio-Kobayashi, J., Iwanaga, T., Miyagawa, M., Kameya, T., Nakada, K., et al. (2009) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db09-0530 · Cited by 1,848 · see citing works
Unexpected evidence for active brown adipose tissue in adult humans
Nedergaard, J., Bengtsson, T., & Cannon, B. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00691.2006 · Cited by 1,824 · see citing works
Brown adipose tissue activity controls triglyceride clearance
Bartelt, A., Bruns, O. T., Reimer, R., Hohenberg, H., Ittrich, H., Peldschus, K., Kaul, M. G., Tromsdorf, U. I., Weller, H., Waurisch, C., et al. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2297 · Cited by 1,608 · see citing works
A role for brown adipose tissue in diet-induced thermogenesis
Rothwell, N. J., & Stock, M. J. (1979) · Nature · doi:10.1038/281031a0 · Cited by 1,606 · see citing works
Prdm16 determines the thermogenic program of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in mice
Seale, P., Conroe, H. M., Estall, J. L., Kajimura, S., Frontini, A., Ishibashi, J., Cohen, P., Cinti, S., & Spiegelman, B. M. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci44271 · Cited by 1,241 · see citing works
Transcriptional Control of Brown Fat Determination by PRDM16
Seale, P., Kajimura, S., Yang, W., Chin, S., Rohas, L. M., Uldry, M., Tavernier, G., Langin, D., & Spiegelman, B. M. (2007) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.06.001 · Cited by 1,174 · see citing works
New role of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in brown adipogenesis and energy expenditure
Tseng, Y.-H., Kokkotou, E., Schulz, T. J., Huang, T. L., Winnay, J. N., Taniguchi, C. M., Tran, T. T., Suzuki, R., Espinoza, D. O., Yamamoto, Y., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07221 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Activation of Human Brown Adipose Tissue by a β3-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist
Cypess, A. M., Weiner, L. S., Roberts‐Toler, C., Franquet, E., Kessler, S., Kahn, P. A., English, J., Chatman, K., Trauger, S. A., Doria, A., et al. (2015) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.12.009 · Cited by 1,030 · see citing works
Ouellet, V., Labbé, S. M., Blondin, D. P., Phoenix, S., Guérin, B., Haman, F., Turcotte, É. E., Richard, D., & Carpentier, A. C. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci60433 · Cited by 985 · see citing works
Rao, R. R., Long, J. Z., White, J. P., Svensson, K. J., Lou, J., Lokurkar, I., Jedrychowski, M. P., Ruas, J. L., Wrann, C. D., Lo, J. C., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.065 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Mechanism of Fatty-Acid-Dependent UCP1 Uncoupling in Brown Fat Mitochondria
Fedorenko, A., Lishko, P. V., & Kirichok, Y. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.09.010 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Recruited brown adipose tissue as an antiobesity agent in humans
Yoneshiro, T., Aita, S., Matsushita, M., Kayahara, T., Kameya, T., Kawai, Y., Iwanaga, T., & Saito, M. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci67803 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Qiu, Y., Nguyen, K. D., Odegaard, J. I., Cui, X., Tian, X., Locksley, R. M., Palmiter, R. D., & Chawla, A. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.066 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Irisin and FGF21 are cold-induced endocrine activators of brown fat function in humans
Lee, P., Linderman, J. D., Smith, S., Brychta, R. J., Wang, J., Idelson, C., Perron, R. M., Werner, C. D., Phan, G. Q., Kammula, U. S., et al. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.017 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Brown Adipose Tissue Improves Whole-Body Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Sensitivity in Humans
Chondronikola, M., Volpi, E., Børsheim, E., Porter, C. C., Annamalai, P., Enerbäck, S., Lidell, M. E., Saraf, M. K., Labbé, S. M., Hurren, N. M., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0746 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, Y., Li, R., Meng, Y., Li, S., Donelan, W., Zhao, Y., Qi, L., Zhang, M., Wang, X., Cui, T., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1106 · Cited by 733 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While the receptor for Irisin still needs to be discovered, it was recently shown that Irisin acts on adipocytes through mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and the extracellular signal–related kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (94).”
BackgroundDifferent Metabolic Responses of Human Brown Adipose Tissue to Activation by Cold and Insulin
Orava, J., Nuutila, P., Lidell, M. E., Oikonen, V., Noponen, T., Viljanen, T., Scheinin, M., Taittonen, M. T., Niemi, T. S., Enerbäck, S., et al. (2011) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.012 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Self-citationZingaretti, M. C., Crosta, F., Vitali, A., Guerrieri, M., Frontini, A., Cannon, B., Nedergaard, J., & Cinti, S. (2009) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.09-133546 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Cypess, A. M., White, A. P., Vernochet, C., Schulz, T. J., Xue, R., Sass, C. A., Huang, T. L., Roberts‐Toler, C., Weiner, L. S., Sze, C., et al. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3112 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Cousin, B., Cinti, S., Morroni, M., Raimbault, S., Ricquier, D., Pénicaud, L., & Casteilla, L. (1992) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.103.4.931 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Evidence for two types of brown adipose tissue in humans
Lidell, M. E., Betz, M. J., Leinhard, O. D., Heglind, M., Elander, L., Slawik, M., Mussack, T., Nilsson, D., Romu, T., Nuutila, P., et al. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3017 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Self-citationUldry, M., Yang, W., St‐Pierre, J., Lin, J. D., Seale, P., & Spiegelman, B. M. (2006) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.04.002 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Roberts, L. D., Boström, P., O’Sullivan, J. F., Schinzel, R. T., Lewis, G. D., Dejam, A., Lee, Y.-K., Palma, M. J., Calhoun, S., Georgiadi, A., et al. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.003 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Guerra, C., Koza, R. A., Yamashita, H., Walsh, K., & Kozak, L. P. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci3155 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Human BAT Possesses Molecular Signatures That Resemble Beige/Brite Cells
Sharp, L. Z., Shinoda, K., Ohno, H., Scheel, D. W., Tomoda, E., Ruiz, L., Hu, H., Wang, L. L., Pavlova, Z., Gilsanz, V., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049452 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Thermogenic Activation Induces FGF21 Expression and Release in Brown Adipose Tissue
Hondares, E., Iglesias, R., Giralt, A., Gonzalez, F. J., Giralt, M., Mampel, T., & Villarroya, F. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.215889 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
The distribution of brown adipose tissue in the human.
Heaton, J. M. (1972) · PubMed · Cited by 606 · see citing works
BMP8B Increases Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis through Both Central and Peripheral Actions
Whittle, A. J., Carobbio, S., Martins, L., Slawik, M., Hondares, E., Vázquez, M. J., Morgan, D., Csikasz, R. I., Gallego, R., Rodriguez-Cuenca, S., et al. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.066 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Recruited vs. nonrecruited molecular signatures of brown, “brite,” and white adipose tissues
Waldén, T. B., Hansen, I. R., Timmons, J. A., Cannon, B., & Nedergaard, J. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00249.2011 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Ouellet, V., Routhier-Labadie, A., Bellemare, W., Lakhal‐Chaieb, L., Turcotte, É. E., Carpentier, A. C., & Richard, D. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0989 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Cederberg, A., Grønning, L. M., Åhrén, B., Taskén, K., Carlsson, P., & Enerbäck, S. (2001) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00474-3 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Self-citationKopecky, J., Clarke, G., Enerbäck, S., Spiegelman, B., & Kozak, L. P. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118363 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Self-citationJespersen, N. Z., Larsen, T. J., Peijs, L., Daugaard, S., Homøe, P., Loft, A., de Jong, J. M. A., Mathur, N., Cannon, B., Nedergaard, J., et al. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.04.011 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
The type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is essential for adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue
de Jesus, L. A., Carvalho, S. D., Ribeiro, M. O., Schneider, M. J., Kim, S.-W., Harney, J. W., Larsen, P. R., & Bianco, A. C. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200113803 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Identification of inducible brown adipocyte progenitors residing in skeletal muscle and white fat
Schulz, T. J., Huang, T. L., Tran, T. T., Zhang, H., Townsend, K. L., Shadrach, J. L., Cerletti, M., McDougall, L. E., Giorgadze, N., Tchkonia, T., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1010929108 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Brown Adipose Tissue, Whole‐Body Energy Expenditure, and Thermogenesis in Healthy Adult Men
Yoneshiro, T., Aita, S., Matsushita, M., Kameya, T., Nakada, K., Kawai, Y., & Saito, M. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2010.105 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Impact of Age on the Relationships of Brown Adipose Tissue With Sex and Adiposity in Humans
Pfannenberg, C., Werner, M. K., Ripkens, S., Stef, I., Deckert, A., Schmadl, M., Reimold, M., Häring, H., Claussen, C. D., & Stefan, N. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0004 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
β-catenin activation is necessary and sufficient to specify the dorsal dermal fate in the mouse
Atit, R., Sgaier, S. K., Mohamed, O. A., Taketo, M. M., Dufort, D., Joyner, A. L., Niswander, L., & Conlon, R. A. (2006) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.449 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Temperature-Acclimated Brown Adipose Tissue Modulates Insulin Sensitivity in Humans
Lee, P., Smith, S., Linderman, J. D., Courville, A. B., Brychta, R. J., Dieckmann, W., Werner, C., Chen, K. Y., & Celi, F. S. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0513 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Brown Adipose Tissue in Morbidly Obese Subjects
Vijgen, G. H. E. J., Bouvy, N. D., Teule, G. J. J., Brans, B. T., Schrauwen, P., & Lichtenbelt, W. D. V. M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017247 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Enerbäck, S. (2010) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2010.03.008 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, P., Greenfield, J. R., Ho, K. K. Y., & FULHAM, M. J. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00298.2010 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Cold but not sympathomimetics activates human brown adipose tissue in vivo
Cypess, A. M., Chen, Y., Sze, C., Wang, K., English, J., Chan, O., Holman, A. R., Tal, I., Palmer, M. R., Kolodny, G. M., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1207911109 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Increased Brown Adipose Tissue Oxidative Capacity in Cold-Acclimated Humans
Blondin, D. P., Labbé, S. M., Tingelstad, H. C., Noll, C., Kunach, M., Phoenix, S., Guérin, B., Turcotte, É. E., Carpentier, A. C., Richard, D., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-3901 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
"USA-Fat": prevalence is related to ambient outdoor temperature-evaluation with 18F-FDG PET/CT.
Cohade, C., Mourtzikos, K. A., & Wahl, R. L. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Strain-Specific Response toβ3-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Treatment of Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice1
Collins, S., Daniel, K. W., Petro, A. E., & Surwit, R. S. (1997) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.138.1.4829 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Blunted metabolic responses to cold and insulin stimulation in brown adipose tissue of obese humans
Orava, J., Nuutila, P., Noponen, T., Parkkola, R. K., Viljanen, T., Enerbäck, S., Rissanen, A., Pietiläinen, K. H., & Virtanen, K. A. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20456 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Self-citationGhorbani, M., & Himms‐Hagen, J. (1997) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800432 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Brown Fat and the Myth of Diet-Induced Thermogenesis
Kozak, L. P. (2010) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2010.03.009 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Nakamura, K., & Morrison, S. F. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00427.2006 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Contribution of BAT and skeletal muscle to thermogenesis induced by ephedrine in man
Astrup, A. V., Bülow, J., Madsen, J., & Christensen, N. J. (1985) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1985.248.5.e507 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Collins, S., Daniel, K. W., Rohlfs, E. M., Ramkumar, V., Taylor, I. L., & Gettys, T. W. (1994) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.8.4.7914350 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein content in human infants, children and adults
Lean, M. E. J., James, W. P. T., Jennings, G., & Trayhurn, P. (1986) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0710291 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Increase in Brown Adipose Tissue Activity after Weight Loss in Morbidly Obese Subjects
Vijgen, G. H. E. J., Bouvy, N. D., Teule, G. J. J., Brans, B. T., Joris Hoeks, J., Schrauwen, P., & Lichtenbelt, W. D. V. M. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1289 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Functional thermogenic beige adipogenesis is inducible in human neck fat
Lee, P., Werner, C., Kebebew, E., & Celi, F. S. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.82 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Uncoupling protein 1 expression and high-fat diets
Fromme, T., & Klingenspor, M. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00411.2010 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Brown adipose tissue in humans
Lean, M. E. J. (1989) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19890036 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Ephedrine activates brown adipose tissue in lean but not obese humans
Carey, A. L., Formosa, M. F., van Every, B., Bertovic, D. A., Eikelis, N., Lambert, G. W., Kalff, V., Duffy, S. J., Cherk, M. H., & Kingwell, B. A. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2748-1 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Weyer, C., Tataranni, P. A., Snitker, S., Danforth, E., & Ravussin, E. (1998) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.10.1555 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Larsen, T. M., Toubro, S., van Baak, M. A., Gottesdiener, K. M., Larson, P., Saris, W. H., & Astrup, A. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.4.780 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
White-to-brown metabolic conversion of human adipocytes by JAK inhibition
Moisan, A., Lee, Y., Zhang, J. D., Hudak, C. S. S., Meyer, C. A., Prummer, M., Zoffmann, S., Truong, H., Ebeling, M., Kiialainen, A., et al. (2014) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb3075 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Chen, K. Y., Brychta, R. J., Linderman, J. D., Smith, S., Courville, A. B., Dieckmann, W., Herscovitch, P., Millo, C., Remaley, A. T., Lee, P., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-4213 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Geerling, J. J., Boon, M. R., van der Zon, G. C., van den Berg, S. A. A., van den Hoek, A. M., Lombès, M., Princen, H. M. G., Havekes, L. M., Rensen, P. C. N., & Guigas, B. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-0194 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Growth and distribution of human fetal brown fat
Merklin, R. J. (1974) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1091780311 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Analysis of uncoupling protein and its mRNA in adipose tissue deposits of adult humans.
Garruti, G., & Ricquier, D. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Browning of white fat: does irisin play a role in humans?
Elsen, M., Raschke, S., & Eckel, J. (2014) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-14-0189 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
High Prevalence of Brown Adipose Tissue in Adult Humans
Lee, P., Zhao, J., Swarbrick, M. M., Gracie, G., Bova, R., Greenfield, J. R., Freund, J., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0487 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Villicev, C. M., Freitas, F. R. S., Aoki, M. S., Taffarel, C., Scanlan, T. S., Moriscot, A. S., Ribeiro, M. O., Bianco, A. C., & Gouveia, C. H. A. (2007) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.1.07066 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Hyperthyroidism Increases Brown Fat Metabolism in Humans
Lahesmaa, M., Orava, J., Schalin‐Jäntti, C., Soinio, M., Hannukainen, J. C., Noponen, T., Kirjavainen, A. K., Iida, H., Kudomi, N., Enerbäck, S., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2312 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationBile Acid Binding Resin Improves Metabolic Control through the Induction of Energy Expenditure
渡辺, 光., Morimoto, K., Houten, S. M., Kaneko-Iwasaki, N., Sugizaki, T., Horai, Y., Mataki, C., Sato, H., Murahashi, K., Arita, E., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038286 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
van Baak, M. A., Hul, G. B. J., Toubro, S., Astrup, A., Gottesdiener, K. M., DeSmet, M., & Saris, W. H. M. (2002) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1067/mcp.2002.122527 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
BMP7 Activates Brown Adipose Tissue and Reduces Diet-Induced Obesity Only at Subthermoneutrality
Boon, M. R., van den Berg, S. A. A., Wang, Y., den Bossche, J. V., Karkampouna, S., Bauwens, M., Saint‐Hubert, M. D., van der Horst, G., Vukičević, S., de Winther, M. P. J., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074083 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Yoneshiro, T., Ogawa, T., Okamoto, N., Matsushita, M., Aita, S., Kameya, T., Kawai, Y., Iwanaga, T., & Saito, M. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.161 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Cooling-Sensitive TRPM8 Is Thermostat of Skin Temperature against Cooling
Tajino, K., Hosokawa, H., Maegawa, S., Matsumura, K., Dhaka, A. K., & Kobayashi, S. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017504 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The characterization and energetic potential of brown adipose tissue in man
Cunningham, S. A., Leslie, P. J., Hopwood, D., Illingworth, P. J., Jung, R. T., Nicholls, D. G., Peden, N. R., Rafael, J., & Rial, E. (1985) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0690343 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Enhanced thermogenic responsiveness during chronic ephedrine treatment in man
Astrup, A. V., Lundsgaard, C. C., Madsen, J., & CHRISTENSEN, N. J. (1985) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/42.1.83 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Inducible Brown Adipogenesis of Supraclavicular Fat in Adult Humans
Lee, P., Swarbrick, M. M., Zhao, J., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2011) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2011-1349 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Houstĕk, J., Vízek, K., Pavelka, S., Kopecký, J., Krejcová, E., Hermanská, J., & Cermáková, M. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.77.2.8393883 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Metabolically Active Human Brown Adipose Tissue Derived Stem Cells
Silva, F. J., Holt, D. J., Vargas, V., Yockman, J. W., Boudina, S., Atkinson, D. L., Grainger, D. W., Revelo, M. P., Sherman, W., Bull, D. A., et al. (2013) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.1595 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Kim, J. K., Kim, H., Park, S., Cederberg, A., Westergren, R., Nilsson, D., Higashimori, T., Cho, Y.-R., Liu, Z., Dong, J., et al. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.6.1657 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationImmunohistochemical detection of human brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein in an autopsy series.
Kortelainen, M. ‐., Pelletier, G., Ricquier, D., & Bukowiecki, L. J. (1993) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/41.5.8468458 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Umekawa, T., Yoshida, T., Sakane, N., Saito, M., Kumamoto, K., & Kondo, M. (1997) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1360429 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Jacene, H. A., Cohade, C., Zhang, Z., & Wahl, R. L. (2010) · Molecular Imaging and Biology · doi:10.1007/s11307-010-0379-9 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
A TRβ-selective agonist confers resistance to diet-induced obesity
Amorim, B. S., Ueta, C. B., Freitas, B. C. G., Nassif, R. J., Gouveia, C. H. D. A., Christoffolete, M. A., Moriscot, A. S., Lancelloti, C. L., Llimona, F., Barbeiro, H. V., et al. (2009) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe-08-0539 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Betz, M. J., Slawik, M., Lidell, M. E., Oßwald, A., Heglind, M., Nilsson, D., Lichtenauer, U. D., Mauracher, B., Mussack, T., Beuschlein, F., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3535 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationCarey, A. L., Pajtak, R., Formosa, M. F., van Every, B., Bertovic, D. A., Anderson, M. J., Eikelis, N., Lambert, G. W., Kalff, V., Duffy, S. J., et al. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3543-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Effects of acclimatization to cold baths on men's responses to whole-body cooling in air
Budd, G. M., Brotherhood, J. R., Beasley, F., Hendrie, A., Jeffery, S., Lincoln, G. J., & Solaga, A. T. (1993) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00376461 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Seasonal Effects of UCP1 Gene Polymorphism on Visceral Fat Accumulation in Japanese Adults
Nakayama, K., Miyashita, H., Yanagisawa, Y., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074720 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Betz, M. J., Bielohuby, M., Mauracher, B., Abplanalp, W. A., Müller, H., Pieper, K., Ramisch, J., Tschöp, M. H., Beuschlein, F., Bidlingmaier, M., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038997 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMETABOLIC AND THYROIDAL RESPONSES TO MILD COLD ARE ABNORMAL IN OBESE DIABETIC WOMEN
Lean, M. E. J., Murgatroyd, P. R., Rothnie, I., REID, I. W., & HARVEY, R. (1988) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1988.tb03859.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Brown adipocyte progenitor population is modified in obese and diabetic skeletal muscle
Russell, A. P., Crisan, M., Léger, B., Corselli, M., McAinch, A. J., O’Brien, P. E., Cameron‐Smith, D., Péault, B., Casteilla, L., & Giacobino, J.-P. (2011) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.85 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Impaired adipogenesis and dysfunctional adipose tissue in human hypertrophic obesity
Hammarstedt, A., Gogg, S., Hedjazifar, S., Nerstedt, A., & Smith, U. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2017 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Reassessing human adipose tissue
Cypess, A. M. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2032804 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Schlein, C., Talukdar, S., Heine, M., Fischer, A. W., Krott, L. M., Nilsson, S. K., Brenner, M. B., Heeren, J., & Scheja, L. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.01.006 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle mitochondria as a target to prevent or treat type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hesselink, M. K. C., Schrauwen-Hinderling, V., & Schrauwen, P. (2016) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.104 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Bertholet, A. M., Kazak, L., Chouchani, E. T., Bogaczyńska, M. G., Paranjpe, I., Wainwright, G. L., Bétourné, A., Kajimura, S., Spiegelman, B. M., & Kirichok, Y. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.03.002 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Jeremic, N., Chaturvedi, P., & Tyagi, S. C. (2017) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.25450 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Toward an understanding of how immune cells control brown and beige adipobiology
Villarroya, F., Cereijo, R., Villarroya, J., Gavaldà-Navarro, A., & Giralt, M. (2018) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.006 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health
Castillo‐Armengol, J., Fajas, L., & Lopez‐Mejia, I. C. (2019) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.201947903 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Yuan, Y., Xu, P., Jiang, Q., Cai, X., Wang, T., Peng, W., Sun, J., Zhu, C., Zhang, C., Yue, D., et al. (2020) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.2019103304 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Instead, data from rodents and humans (Wu et al , 2012; Betz & Enerback, 2015) suggest BAT-like white adipose tissue (beige or brite) as an intriguing and potentially more physiologically significant target for human metabolic syndrome.”
- Authors
- Betz, M. J., & Enerbäck, S.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital of Basel (CH)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Enerbäck, Sven
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2015-06-07
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2352-2360
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- OpenAlex
- W2165958384
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 3.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- King Gustaf V and Queen Victoria Freemason Foundation
- Soderberg Foundation
- European Union (HEALTH-F2-2011-278373)
- IngaBritt and Arne Lundgren Foundation
- Swedish Research Council (2009-2590, 2010-3281)
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Keywords
- brown adipose tissue, thermogenesis, sympathetic nervous system, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, obesity, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Diabetes Mellitus, DNA-Binding Proteins, Energy Metabolism, Glucose, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Transcription Factors, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Thermogenesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review