Mechanism of Fatty-Acid-Dependent UCP1 Uncoupling in Brown Fat Mitochondria
Open accessAbstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Upon activation by long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), UCP1 increases the conductance of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) to make BAT mitochondria generate heat rather than ATP. Despite being a member of the family of mitochondrial anion carriers (SLC25), UCP1 is believed to transport H(+) by an unusual mechanism that has long remained unresolved. Here, we achieved direct patch-clamp measurements of UCP1 currents from the IMM of BAT mitochondria. We show that UCP1 is an LCFA anion/H(+) symporter. However, the LCFA anions cannot dissociate from UCP1 due to hydrophobic interactions established by their hydrophobic tails, and UCP1 effectively operates as an H(+) carrier activated by LCFA. A similar LCFA-dependent mechanism of transmembrane H(+) transport may be employed by other SLC25 members and be responsible for mitochondrial uncoupling and regulation of metabolic efficiency in various tissues.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Free fatty acids resulting from lipolysis are used both as energy substrates and as activators of UCP1 to uncouple ATP production from mitochondrial respiration into heat.
“Free fatty acids, resulting from lipolysis, are used both as energy substrates and as activators of UCP1 to uncouple ATP production from mitochondrial respiration into heat 73, 85.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
(2014) · doi:10.1201/b17118 · Cited by 57,706 · see citing works
Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance
CANNON, B., & NEDERGAARD, J. (2004) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003 · Cited by 6,433 · see citing works
Thermogenic mechanisms in brown fat.
Nicholls, D. G., & Locke, R. M. (1984) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1984.64.1.1 · Cited by 1,602 · see citing works
The mitochondrial calcium uniporter is a highly selective ion channel
Kirichok, Y., Krapivinsky, G., & Clapham, D. E. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02246 · Cited by 1,409 · see citing works
Self-citationMice lacking mitochondrial uncoupling protein are cold-sensitive but not obese
Enerbäck, S., Jacobsson, A., Simpson, E. M., Guerra, C., Yamashita, H., Harper, M.-E., & Kozak, L. P. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/387090a0 · Cited by 1,379 · see citing works
The Voltage Sensor in Voltage-Dependent Ion Channels
Bezanilla, F. (2000) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.2.555 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
A signalling role for 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal in regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling
Echtay, K. S., Esteves, T. C., Pakay, J. L., Jekabsons, M. B., Lambert, A. J., Portero‐Otín, M., Pamplona, R., Vidal‐Puig, A. J., Wang, S., Roebuck, S. J., et al. (2003) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg412 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Making heads or tails of phospholipids in mitochondria
Osman, C., Voelker, D. R., & Langer, T. (2011) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201006159 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Recent progress in phospholipase A2 research: From cells to animals to humans
Murakami, M., Taketomi, Y., Miki, Y., Sato, H., Hirabayashi, T., & Yamamoto, K. (2010) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2010.12.001 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
The Regulation and Physiology of Mitochondrial Proton Leak
Divakaruni, A. S., & Brand, M. D. (2011) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00046.2010 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
The p <i>K</i> <sub>a</sub> Values of PFOA and Other Highly Fluorinated Carboxylic Acids
Goss, K.-U. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es702192c · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Heaton, G. M., Wagenvoord, R. J., Kemp, A., & Nicholls, D. G. (1978) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12045.x · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Guthrie, J. P. (1978) · Canadian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1139/v78-385 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Aquila, H., Link, T. A., & Klingenberg, M. (1985) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03941.x · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Structure and function of the uncoupling protein from brown adipose tissue
Klingenberg, M., & Huang, S. (1999) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/s0005-2736(98)00232-6 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Coenzyme Q is an obligatory cofactor for uncoupling protein function
Echtay, K. S., Winkler, E., & Klingenberg, M. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35046114 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Fatty acid transport: difficult or easy?
Hamilton, J. A. (1998) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33287-9 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Structure of a eukaryotic CLC transporter defines an intermediate state in the transport cycle
Feng, L., Campbell, E., Hsiung, Y.-C., & MacKinnon, R. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1195230 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
The mechanism of transport by mitochondrial carriers based on analysis of symmetry
Robinson, A. J., Overy, C., & Kunji, E. R. S. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0809580105 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Complete cDNA-derived amino acid sequence of rat brown fat uncoupling protein.
Bouillaud, F., Weissenbach, J., & Ricquier, D. (1986) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35962-8 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Effect of fatty acids on H+ transport activity of the reconstituted uncoupling protein.
Winkler, E., & Klingenberg, M. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41974-0 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Rial, E., POUSTIE, A., & Nicholls, D. G. (1983) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07815.x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The physiological regulation of uncoupling proteins
Nicholls, D. G. (2006) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.02.005 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
The mechanism of proton transport mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling proteins
Garlid, K., Jabůrek, M., & Ježek, P. (1998) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01246-0 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Shabalina, I. G., Jacobsson, A., Cannon, B., & Nedergaard, J. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m402375200 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Membrane partition of fatty acids and inhibition of T cell function
Anel, A., Richieri, G. V., & Kleinfeld, A. M. (1993) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00053a018 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Listening to Neurotransmitter Transporters
Lester, H. A., Cao, Y., & Mager, S. (1996) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80213-5 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Reconstitution of Recombinant Uncoupling Proteins
Jabůrek, M., & Garlid, K. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m302126200 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Ježek, P., & Garlid, K. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30658-0 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Cannon, B., Sundin, U., & Romert, L. (1977) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(77)80748-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Enzymatic Properties of Human Cytosolic Phospholipase A2γ
Stewart, A., Ghosh, M., Spencer, D. M., et al. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m204856200 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Ridley, R. G., Patel, H. V., Gerber, G. E., Morton, R. C., & Freeman, K. B. (1986) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/14.10.4025 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
UCP1 and Defense against Oxidative Stress
Shabalina, I. G., Petrovič, N., Kramarova, T. V., Joris Hoeks, J., Cannon, B., & Nedergaard, J. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m601387200 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Decker, G. L., & Greenawalt, J. W. (1977) · Journal of Ultrastructure Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-5320(77)80027-0 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Transport Properties for Aqueous Sodium Sulfonate Surfactants
Annunziata, O., Costantino, L., D’Errico, G., et al. (1999) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1006/jcis.1999.6269 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
108-pS Channel in Brown Fat Mitochondria Might Be Identical to the Inner Membrane Anion Channel
Borecký, J., Ježek, P., & Siemen, D. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)38955-5 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Physiological regulation of the transport activity in the uncoupling proteins UCP1 and UCP2
Rial, E., & González‐Barroso, M. M. (2001) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00240-1 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Interactions of Lyso 1-Palmitoylphosphatidylcholine with Phospholipids: A 13C and 31P NMR Study
Bhamidipati, S. P., & Hamilton, J. A. (1995) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00016a043 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Kinsey, G. R., McHowat, J., Beckett, C. S., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00318.2006 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Alkylsulfonates activate the uncoupling protein UCP1: implications for the transport mechanism
Rial, E., Aguirregoitia, E., Jiménez-Jiménez, J., & Ledesma, A. (2003) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2003.11.001 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Fatty acids are rapidly delivered to and extracted from membranes by methyl-β-cyclodextrin
Brunaldi, K., Huang, N., & Hamilton, J. A. (2010) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m900200-jlr200 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Wanderings in bioenergetics and biomembranes
Klingenberg, M. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.02.012 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Ghomashchi, F., Naika, G. S., Bollinger, J. G., et al. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.165647 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Activity of Phospholipase A2 in the Inner Membrane of Rat-Liver Mitochondria
Zurini, M. G. M., Hugentobler, G., & Gazzotti, P. (1981) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05638.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Electrophysiological Insights into the Mechanism of Ion-Coupled Cotransporters
Peres, A., Giovannardi, S., Bossi, E., et al. (2004) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/nips.01504.2003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Binding of fatty acids to the uncoupling protein from brown adipose tissue mitochondria
Huang, S. (2003) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00031-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Evidence for two distinct chloride uniport pathways in brown adipose tissue mitochondria
Ježek, P., Beavis, A. D., DiResta, D. J., et al. (1989) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1989.257.6.c1142 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Bruce PY 2001 Organic Chemistry Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brown and beige fat: Development, function and therapeutic potential
Harms, M., & Seale, P. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3361 · Cited by 2,328 · see citing works
Adaptive thermogenesis in adipocytes: Is beige the new brown?
Wu, J., Cohen, P., & Spiegelman, B. M. (2013) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.211649.112 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
The Properties of Lauric Acid and Their Significance in Coconut Oil
Dayrit, F. M. (2015) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society · doi:10.1007/s11746-014-2562-7 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Adipose tissue plasticity: how fat depots respond differently to pathophysiological cues
Pellegrinelli, V., Carobbio, S., & Vidal-Puig, A. (2016) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-016-3933-4 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
UCP2 transports C4 metabolites out of mitochondria, regulating glucose and glutamine oxidation
Vozza, A., Parisi, G., De Leonardis, F., Lasorsa, F. M., Castegna, A., Amorese, D., Marmo, R., Calcagnile, V. M., Palmieri, L., Ricquier, D., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1317400111 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Simcox, J., Geoghegan, G., Maschek, J. A., Bensard, C. L., Pasquali, M., Miao, R., Lee, S., Jiang, L., Huck, I., Kershaw, E. E., et al. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.006 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
TGR5 signalling promotes mitochondrial fission and beige remodelling of white adipose tissue
Velazquez-Villegas, L. A., Perino, A., Lemos, V., Zietak, M., Nomura, M., Pols, T. W. H., & Schoonjans, K. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02068-0 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Bertholet, A. M., Kazak, L., Chouchani, E. T., Bogaczyńska, M. G., Paranjpe, I., Wainwright, G. L., Bétourné, A., Kajimura, S., Spiegelman, B. M., & Kirichok, Y. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.03.002 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman Brown Adipose Tissue: What We Have Learned So Far
Betz, M. J., & Enerbäck, S. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db15-0146 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Dai, N., Zhao, L., Wrighting, D., Krämer, D., Majithia, A., Wang, Y., Cracan, V., Borges-Rivera, D., Mootha, V. K., Nahrendorf, M., et al. (2015) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.03.006 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
γδ T cells and adipocyte IL-17RC control fat innervation and thermogenesis
Hu, B., Jin, C., Zeng, X., Resch, J. M., Jedrychowski, M. P., Yang, Z., Desai, B. N., Banks, A. S., Lowell, B. B., Mathis, D., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2028-z · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health
Castillo‐Armengol, J., Fajas, L., & Lopez‐Mejia, I. C. (2019) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.201947903 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Estrogen as a key regulator of energy homeostasis and metabolic health
Mahboobifard, F., Pourgholami, M. H., Jorjani, M., Dargahi, L., Amiri, M., Sadeghi, S., & Tehrani, F. R. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113808 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Fibroblast growth factor 21 and browning of white adipose tissue
Cuevas-Ramos, D., Mehta, R., & Aguilar-Salinas, C. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00037 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Glucagon Regulation of Energy Expenditure
Kleinert, M., Sachs, S., Habegger, K. M., Hofmann, S. M., & Müller, T. D. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20215407 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Ghesmati, Z., Rashid, M., Fayezi, S., Gieseler, F., Alizadeh, E., & Darabi, M. (2024) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-023-09850-0 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
HDAC11 suppresses the thermogenic program of adipose tissue via BRD2
Bagchi, R. A., Ferguson, B. S., Stratton, M. S., Hu, T., Cavasin, M. A., Sun, L., Lin, Y.-H., Liu, D., Londono, P., Song, K., et al. (2018) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.120159 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Pessentheiner, A. R., Pelzmann, H. J., Walenta, E., Schweiger, M., Groschner, L. N., Graier, W. F., Kolb, D., Uno, K., Miyazaki, T., Nitta, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.491324 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Exercise-Mediated Browning of White Adipose Tissue: Its Significance, Mechanism and Effectiveness
Mu, W.-J., Zhu, J.-Y., Chen, M., & Guo, L. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111512 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
A 20/20 view of ANT function in mitochondrial biology and necrotic cell death
Bround, M. J., Bers, D. M., & Molkentin, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.05.012 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Hammoud, S. H., AlZaim, I., Al-Dhaheri, Y., Eid, A. H., & El-Yazbi, A. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.707126 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Fatty Acid Flippase Activity of UCP2 Is Essential for Its Proton Transport in Mitochondria
Berardi, M. J., & Chou, J. J. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.07.004 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Carraro, M., Carrer, A., Urbani, A., & Bernardi, P. (2020) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.05.014 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Is Glucagon Receptor Activation the Thermogenic Solution for Treating Obesity?
Conceição-Furber, E., Coskun, T., Sloop, K. W., & Samms, R. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.868037 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Tu, W.-Z., Fu, Y.-B., & Xie, X. (2019) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-019-0264-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ma, Y., Nenkov, M., Chen, Y., & Gaßler, N. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25158352 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mukherjee, S., Choi, M. J., Kim, S. W., & Yun, J. W. (2020) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2020.110757 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Targeting skeletal muscle mitochondrial health in obesity
Pileggi, C. A., Hooks, B. G., McPherson, R., Dent, R. R. M., & Harper, M.-E. (2022) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20210506 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Chien, Y.-H., Yu, Y.-H., & Chen, Y.-W. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114386 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Kou, G., Hu, Y., Jiang, Z., Li, Z., Li, P., Song, H., Chen, Q., Zhou, Z., & Lyu, Q. (2020) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2020.103860 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fedorenko, A., Lishko, P. V., & Kirichok, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kirichok, Yuriy
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-10
- Volume
- 151
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 400-413
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3782081
- OpenAlex
- W2047306805
- Cited by
- 968
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 20
- FWCI
- 25.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 376 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Larry L. Hillblom Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (1dp2od004656-01)
- University of California, San Francisco
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › ATP Synthase and ATPases Research
- Keywords
- UCP1, brown adipose tissue, long-chain fatty acids, mitochondrial uncoupling, non-shivering thermogenesis, proton transport, hydrophobic interactions, inner mitochondrial membrane
- MeSH terms
- Uncoupling Protein 1, Animals, Binding Sites, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Cytoplasm, Fatty Acids, Ion Channels, Protons, Purines, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Mitochondrial Proteins, Mitochondrial Membranes, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
