The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 64 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 37 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Globalization of Diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Type 2 diabetes is a global public health crisis that threatens the economies of all nations, particularly developing countries. Fueled by rapid urbanization, nutrition transition, and increasingly sedentary lifestyles, the epidemic has grown in parallel with the worldwide rise in obesity. Asia's large population and rapid economic development have made it an epicenter of the epidemic. Asian populations tend to develop diabetes at younger ages and lower BMI levels than Caucasians. Several factors contribute to accelerated diabetes epidemic in Asians, including the “normal-weight metabolically obese” phenotype; high prevalence of smoking and heavy alcohol use; high intake of refined carbohydrates (e.g., white rice); and dramatically decreased physical activity levels. Poor nutrition in utero and in early life combined with overnutrition in later life may also play a role in Asia's diabetes epidemic. Recent advances in genome-wide association studies have contributed substantially to our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology, but currently identified genetic loci are insufficient to explain ethnic differences in diabetes risk. Nonetheless, interactions between Westernized diet and lifestyle and genetic background may accelerate the growth of diabetes in the context of rapid nutrition transition. Epidemiologic studies and randomized clinical trials show that type 2 diabetes is largely preventable through diet and lifestyle modifications. Translating these findings into practice, however, requires fundamental changes in public policies, the food and built environments, and health systems. To curb the escalating diabetes epidemic, primary prevention through promotion of a healthy diet and lifestyle should be a global public policy priority.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that type 2 diabetes has become a global epidemic driven by urbanization, nutrition transition, and sedentary lifestyles, with Asia now the epicenter because Asian populations develop diabetes at younger ages and lower BMI levels than Caucasians. It concludes that most cases are preventable through diet and lifestyle change, but that this requires public policy shifts in food, built, and social environments.
Key findings
- Global burden: diabetes affects at least 285 million people worldwide, projected to reach 438 million by 2030, with two-thirds of cases in low- to middle-income countries; impaired glucose tolerance is expected to rise from 344 million (2010) to 472 million (2030). Diabetes accounted for 12% of health expenditures in 2010 (~$376 billion), projected at $490 billion by 2030.
- Asia accounts for 60% of the world's diabetic population; Chinese adult diabetes prevalence rose from <1% in 1980 to nearly 10% by 2008 (>92 million diabetic, 148 million prediabetic), while urban south India reached nearly 20%.
- Diet: a 2 serving/day increment in whole-grain intake was associated with 21% lower diabetes risk; highest SSB intake (1–2 servings/day) carried a 26% greater risk (RR 1.26 [95% CI 1.12–1.41]); white rice intake in the Shanghai Women's Health Study showed RR 1.78 (95% CI 1.48–2.15) comparing extreme quintiles.
- Lifestyle: in the NHS, women in a low-risk group (BMI <25, healthy diet, ≥30 min/day activity, no smoking, ≥half-serving alcohol/day) had RR 0.09 (95% CI 0.05–0.17), with 91% of cases (95% CI 83–95%) attributable to the five factors; trials reduced incidence by 31–58% (Daqing 31/46/42% for diet/exercise/combined; Finnish DPS and U.S. DPP 58%; IDPP 28.5% lifestyle).
Methods
Narrative review synthesizing global burden data (International Diabetes Federation estimates), population-based cross-sectional surveys (e.g., Chinese National Nutrition Survey, Shanghai Women's Health Study), prospective cohorts (Nurses' Health Study, NHS II, Health Professionals' Follow-up Study), meta-analyses, genome-wide association studies, and randomized prevention trials (Daqing, Finnish DPS, U.S. DPP, IDPP). Includes a reduced rank regression analysis in a nested case-control sample of 656 diabetes cases and 694 controls, and a gene–diet interaction analysis using a 10-SNP genetic risk score.
Limitations
The paper is a review and states no formal limitations of its own. Evident from the text: much of the mechanistic and gene–environment evidence comes from a small number of cohorts (largely NHS and U.S. male health professionals), limiting generalizability to Asian and other populations; the author notes that identified genetic loci are insufficient to explain ethnic differences or the rapid rise in prevalence and have limited clinical predictive utility; the thrifty genotype hypothesis is described as lacking identified genes and receiving little support from preliminary analyses, and famine-exposure findings are inconsistent across cohorts (Dutch Famine vs. Leningrad Siege).
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Statistics
Figures
![Figure 1 Time trends of diabetes prevalence in Chinese adults. Data are based on population-based cross-sectional surveys conducted in China (Chan et al. [3] and Yang et al. [4]).](/paper-figures/2400ad3944ff4f2794b942cef3d92087/globalization-of-diabetes-figure-1.jpg)
Verification
Claims the paper makes
38 Not checked yet · 29 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · 2 Own result · 1 Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“We found that the prevalence of hyperglycemia was highest (18.9%) in fetal-exposed subjects who consumed an affluent/Western diet during adulthood.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > THE THRIFTY GENOTYPE VERSUS THE THRIFTY PHENOTYPE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [57] Li, 2010, Exposure to the Chinese famine in early life and the risk of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes in adulthood, Diabetes source
The Results report that hyperglycemia prevalence was highest (18.9%) among fetal-exposed participants who consumed an affluent/Western diet. This finding comes from the analysis of severely affected famine areas; the Methods identify the data as from the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey data accurately classify famine exposure and hyperglycemia.
- Supported
In the paper
“Our recent meta-analysis (13) found that individuals in the highest quantile of SSB intake (most often 1–2 servings/day) had a 26% greater risk of developing the disease than those in the lowest (relative risk [RR] 1.26 [95% CI 1.12–1.41]).”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > CONTRIBUTING FACTORS > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Malik, 2010, Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In Asian populations, increased risk of diabetes starts at a lower BMI than in Europeans (9).”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > CONTRIBUTING FACTORS > Obesity and fat distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Yoon, 2006, Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia, Lancet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Findings from the Shanghai Women's Health Study (SWHS) indicate that high intake of foods with a high GI or GL, especially white rice, is associated with increased risk of diabetes (RR comparing highest to lowest quintile of white rice intake: 1.78 [95% CI 1.48–2.15]) (22).”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > CONTRIBUTING FACTORS > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Villegas, 2007, Prospective study of dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Chinese women, Arch Intern Med source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), we found that the quality of fats and carbohydrates play an important role in the development of diabetes, independent of BMI and other risk factors (11).”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > CONTRIBUTING FACTORS > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Hu, 2001, Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 370,000 individuals with 12 years of follow-up showed a U-shaped relationship, with a 30–40% reduced risk of the disease among those consuming 1–2 drinks/day compared with heavy drinkers or abstainers (37).”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > CONTRIBUTING FACTORS > Alcohol use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Koppes, 2005, Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, intake of processed meat, red meat, and heme iron, which characterize the Western dietary pattern, showed significant interactions with GRS in relation to diabetes risk (P for interaction = 0.029, 0.02, and 0.0004, respectively).”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Qi, 2009, Genetic predisposition, Western dietary pattern, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in men, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The Western dietary pattern derived from principal component analysis of 40 food groups adequately represents the dietary exposure relevant to type 2 diabetes risk.
- Rests on an assumption: The genetic risk score based on 10 established single nucleotide polymorphisms adequately captures genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
In the paper
“Among those with a lower GRS, the Western dietary pattern was not associated with diabetes risk.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Qi, 2009, Genetic predisposition, Western dietary pattern, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in men, Am J Clin Nutr source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The Western dietary pattern derived from principal component analysis of 40 food groups adequately represents the dietary exposure relevant to type 2 diabetes risk.
- Rests on an assumption: The genetic risk score based on 10 established single nucleotide polymorphisms adequately captures genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
In the paper
“In the Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study, we found a significant interaction between a Western dietary pattern derived from principle component analysis of 40 food groups and a genetic risk score (GRS) of type 2 diabetes susceptibility based on 10 established single nucleotide polymorphisms (P = 0.02) (Fig. 4) (45).”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Qi, 2009, Genetic predisposition, Western dietary pattern, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in men, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The Western dietary pattern derived from principal component analysis of 40 food groups adequately represents the dietary exposure relevant to type 2 diabetes risk.
- Rests on an assumption: The genetic risk score based on 10 established single nucleotide polymorphisms adequately captures genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
In the paper
“The multivariable ORs of diabetes across increasing quartiles of the Western dietary pattern were 1.00, 1.23 (95% CI 0.88–1.73), 1.49 (1.06, 2.09), and 2.06 (1.48, 2.88) among men with a higher GRS (≥12 risk alleles, P for trend = 0.01).”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Qi, 2009, Genetic predisposition, Western dietary pattern, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in men, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The Western dietary pattern derived from principal component analysis of 40 food groups adequately represents the dietary exposure relevant to type 2 diabetes risk.
- Rests on an assumption: The genetic risk score based on 10 established single nucleotide polymorphisms adequately captures genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
In the paper
“In particular, higher dietary glycemic load (GL) and trans fat are associated with increased diabetes risk, whereas greater consumption of cereal fiber and polyunsaturated fat is associated with decreased risk (Fig. 2).”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > CONTRIBUTING FACTORS > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Hu, 2001, Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Asia accounts for 60% of the world's diabetic population.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > EPICENTERS OF DIABETES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 1980, less than 1% of Chinese adults had the disease. By 2008, the prevalence had reached nearly 10% (Fig. 1) (4).”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > EPICENTERS OF DIABETES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Yang, 2010, Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China, N Engl J Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Asian populations tend to develop diabetes at younger ages and lower BMI levels than Caucasians.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Chan, 2009, Diabetes in Asia: epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology, JAMA source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with Western populations, Asians develop diabetes at younger ages, at lower degrees of obesity, and at much higher rates given the same amount of weight gain (3).”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > EPICENTERS OF DIABETES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Chan, 2009, Diabetes in Asia: epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology, JAMA source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the relatively nonexposed cohort, the ORs of hyperglycemia in the fetal-exposed cohort were 7.63 (95% CI 2.41–24.1, P = 0.0005) for those who had an affluent/Western dietary pattern, and 2.34 (95% CI 0.82–6.70, P = 0.112) for those with a traditional dietary pattern.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > THE THRIFTY GENOTYPE VERSUS THE THRIFTY PHENOTYPE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Li, 2010, Exposure to the Chinese famine in early life and the risk of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes in adulthood, Diabetes source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey data accurately classify famine exposure and hyperglycemia.
In the paper
“Despite relatively low consumption of rice in the U.S. population, in the NHS, we found that higher consumption of white rice is associated with increased risk of diabetes, whereas consumption of brown rice, a whole grain, protects against the disease (23).”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > CONTRIBUTING FACTORS > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Sun, 2010, White rice, brown rice, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women, Arch Intern Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Type 2 diabetes is a global public health crisis that threatens the economies of all nations, particularly developing countries.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but currently identified genetic loci are insufficient to explain ethnic differences in diabetes risk.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but the currently identified genetic susceptibility loci are insufficient to explain differences in diabetes risk across different ethnic groups or the rapid rise in diabetes prevalence over the past several decades.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The currently identified genetic susceptibility loci are representative of overall genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Numerous epidemiologic studies show that increased physical activity reduces risk of diabetes, whereas sedentary behaviors increase risk.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > CONTRIBUTING FACTORS > Physical activity
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Based on an analysis of 17 type 2 diabetes loci and 13 obesity loci, Southam et al. (48) found no clear evidence for overrepresentation of derived alleles (vs. ancestral alleles) for the obesity or diabetes loci or greater concentration of these loci in a particular ethnic group.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > THE THRIFTY GENOTYPE VERSUS THE THRIFTY PHENOTYPE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Southam, 2009, Is the thrifty genotype hypothesis supported by evidence based on confirmed type 2 diabetes- and obesity-susceptibility variants?, Diabetologia source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that most of the single nucleotide polymorphisms uncovered may not be the actual causal variants, which need to be pinpointed through fine-mapping, sequencing, and functional studies.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both fetal undernutrition (LBW) and overnutrition (the baby of a diabetic mother) are associated with increased future risk of diabetes (52).”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > THE THRIFTY GENOTYPE VERSUS THE THRIFTY PHENOTYPE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Yajnik, 2009, Nutrient-mediated teratogenesis and fuel-mediated teratogenesis: two pathways of intrauterine programming of diabetes, Int J Gynaecol Obstet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the adoption of a healthy diet and lifestyle requires not only individual behavioral changes, but also changes in our food, built, and social environments.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > CONCLUSIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data provide strong epidemiologic evidence linking overall dietary patterns, inflammation, and diabetes risk, suggesting that chronic inflammation may mediate the association between a Western dietary pattern and risk of type 2 diabetes.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > CONTRIBUTING FACTORS > Linking Western dietary pattern, inflammation, and type 2 diabetes
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Compared with control subjects, individuals in the combined lifestyle intervention group had a 51% lower risk of diabetes during the active intervention period, and a 43% lower risk over a 20-year follow-up.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > PREVENTABILITY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Li, 2008, The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the Indian Diabetes Prevention Program (IDPP) (63), after 3 years of follow-up, the RR reduction was 28.5% with lifestyle management, 26.4% with metformin, and 28.2% with the combined interventions compared with the control group.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > PREVENTABILITY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Ramachandran, 2006, The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1), Diabetologia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, at least 40 genetic loci have been convincingly associated with type 2 diabetes, but these loci confer only a modest effect size and do not add to the clinical prediction of diabetes beyond traditional risk factors, such as obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and family history of diabetes.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is intriguing that most diabetes susceptibility loci that have been identified are related to impaired β-cell function, whereas only a few (e.g., peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ, insulin receptor substrate 1, IGF-1, and GCKR) are associated with insulin resistance or fasting insulin, which points toward β-cell dysfunction as a primary defect for diabetes pathogenesis.”
§ Globalization of Diabetes > GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The Western dietary pattern derived from principal component analysis of 40 food groups adequately represents the dietary exposure relevant to type 2 diabetes risk.
“a Western dietary pattern derived from principle component analysis of 40 food groups”
“intake of processed meat, red meat, and heme iron, which characterize the Western dietary pattern”
The paper relies on this without support.
The genetic risk score based on 10 established single nucleotide polymorphisms adequately captures genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
“a genetic risk score (GRS) of type 2 diabetes susceptibility based on 10 established single nucleotide polymorphisms”
The paper relies on this without support.
The five low-risk variables (BMI, diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol) are causally related to diabetes risk and their combined effect can be estimated from observational data.
“we defined a low-risk group according to five variables: 1) BMI <25; 2) a diet high in cereal fiber and polyunsaturated fat and low in trans fat and GL; 3) moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for at least half an hour/day; 4) no current smoking; and 5) an average intake of at least a half-serving of an alcoholic beverage/day.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey data accurately classify famine exposure and hyperglycemia.
“we examined the association between famine exposure in fetal life and adult hyperglycemia in the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey (57).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The currently identified genetic susceptibility loci are representative of overall genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
“the currently identified genetic susceptibility loci”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Lastly, a high prevalence of smoking and heavy alcohol use have been associated with diabetes [5].”
From The relationship of sugar to population-level diabetes prevalence: an econometric analysis of repeated cross-sectional data (2013) · cites this paper as [5]
Citations
Cites
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
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Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200105033441801 · Cited by 10,873
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Frank B.
- ORCID
- Hu, Frank B.
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2011-05-20
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1249-1257
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC3114340
- OpenAlex
- W2045362322
- Semantic Scholar
- 35afc2c6a88129bb98734dc9095f7dc4294bb562
- Cited by
- 1,954
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 145 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 142 · 2019: 133 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 164 · 2016: 187 · 2015: 158 · 2014: 150 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 83.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL60712, R01HL060712)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, DK58845)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, diabetes epidemic, Asia, nutrition transition, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, white rice consumption, physical inactivity, in utero nutrition, genetic susceptibility, Western diet, lifestyle modification, diabetes prevention, public health policy, built environment, health care system
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Asia, Developing Countries, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Health Promotion, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Life Style, Motor Activity, Smoking, Exercise, Prevalence, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Asian People, Genetic Association Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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