Biochar application to temperate soils: effects on nutrient uptake and crop yield under field conditions
Open accessAbstract
The benefits of biochar (BC) application to fertile, non-acidic soils in temperate climate regions might not always be as evident as for highly weathered tropical soils. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of BC on soil characteristics, nutrient uptake and crop yield in field experiments on two temperate soils (Cambisol and Chernozem) in Austria. Maize and wheat (Cambisol), and barley and sunflower (Chernozem) were grown in successive vegetation periods following different BC application rates (0, 24 and 72 t ha-1 at the start of the experiment), supplemented with identical mineral N supply in 33 m² plots. BC treatments showed varying impacts on nutrient uptake of the investigated crops. The first growing season in the Chernozem region was affected by a prolonged drought period, which resulted in positive effects of BC on soil water-holding capacity (WHC) and barley crop yield (+ 10%) for the 72 t ha-1 BC + N treatment compared to a control with identical nutrient supply but without BC. However, maize and wheat grain yield decreased by 46 and 70%, respectively, after the highest BC application rate (72 t ha-1) in an additional treatment without supplementary N-fertilisation. Still, even with high BC application rates we did not observe any adverse effects on crop yield and nutrient uptake, as long as the soil was supplied with sufficient N according to local agricultural practice.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In two Austrian field experiments on a Cambisol and Chernozem, biochar applied at 0, 24, and 72 t ha⁻¹ with sufficient mineral N did not significantly change crop yields or nutrient uptake, but 72 t ha⁻¹ without supplementary N caused large yield depressions. Biochar improved soil water-holding capacity and lowered bulk density, with a +10% barley yield effect in a drought-affected first season on the Chernozem.
Key findings
With identical mineral N supply, BC rates (0, 24, 72 t ha⁻¹) did not significantly affect total biomass, grain, or straw yields of maize, wheat, barley, or sunflower, and generally did not affect macro- or micronutrient uptake.
- Without supplementary N, 72 t ha⁻¹ BC caused significant yield decreases: maize total aboveground biomass −37% and grain −45% on the Cambisol in 2011; winter wheat biomass, grain, and straw −71% in 2012; barley total biomass −23% and sunflower −14% on the Chernozem.
- In the drought-affected first Chernozem season, 72 t ha⁻¹ BC + N increased barley yield by 10%; BC increased WHC in the Cambisol by 21% and PAW by 3.1 vol.-% at 72 t ha⁻¹ + N, while Chernozem water-retention increases were not statistically significant.
- BC increased Corg and C/N and lowered bulk density in both soils; CEC and NSP were not significantly affected; K_CAL increased in both years and P_CAL mainly in the first year.
Methods
Two field sites in Austria: Traismauer (Chernozem, silt loam, pH 7.4) and Kaindorf (Cambisol, clay loam, pH 6.6). Maize and wheat were grown on the Cambisol; barley and sunflower on the Chernozem in successive vegetation periods.
- Treatments were BC at 0, 24, and 72 t ha⁻¹ applied once at the start with identical mineral N, plus one 72 t ha⁻¹ BC treatment without N; four replicates in a Latin Square, circular net plots of 9.6 m², no irrigation except initial BC moistening.
- BC was beech wood slow pyrolysis at 550 °C (pH 9.0, 80% C, 0.4% N). Soil analyses included pH, EC, bulk density, CEC, NSP, CAL-extractable P/K, Corg, WHC, pF curves, and PAW; plant nutrient uptake was measured by ICP-OES after acid digestion. Statistics used ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05) in STATISTICA 8.
Limitations
The paper states the study was short-term (two growing seasons) and that nutrients from wood-based BC were released too slowly to contribute significantly to plant nutrition in the short term; it also notes the first Chernozem season was drought-affected and Chernozem WHC/PAW increases were not statistically significant.
- Evident from the text: only two temperate Austrian soils and one wood-based BC feedstock were tested, with four replicates and no irrigation, so results may not generalize to other soils, climates, feedstocks, or longer periods.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
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- Findingown data
Maize grain yield decreased by 46% after the highest BC application rate (72 t ha-1) in an additional treatment without supplementary N-fertilisation.
“However, maize and wheat grain yield decreased by 46 and 70%, respectively, after the highest BC application rate (72 t ha -1 ) in an additional treatment without supplementary N-fertilisation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem region, the 72 t ha-1 BC + N treatment had positive effects on soil water-holding capacity compared to a control with identical nutrient supply but without BC in the first growing season.
“positive effects of BC on soil water-holding capacity (WHC) and barley crop yield (+ 10%) for the 72 t ha -1 BC + N treatment compared to a control with identical nutrient supply but without BC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem region, the 72 t ha-1 BC + N treatment had positive effects on barley crop yield (+10%) compared to a control with identical nutrient supply but without BC in the first growing season.
“positive effects of BC on soil water-holding capacity (WHC) and barley crop yield (+ 10%) for the 72 t ha -1 BC + N treatment compared to a control with identical nutrient supply but without BC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The first growing season in the Chernozem region was affected by a prolonged drought period.
“The first growing season in the Chernozem region was affected by a prolonged drought period, which resulted in positive effects of BC on soil water-holding capacity (WHC) and barley crop yield (+ 10%) for the 72 t ha -1 BC + N treatment compared to a control with identical nutrient supply but without BC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
BC treatments showed varying impacts on nutrient uptake of the investigated crops.
“BC treatments showed varying impacts on nutrient uptake of the investigated crops.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Wheat grain yield decreased by 70% after the highest BC application rate (72 t ha-1) in an additional treatment without supplementary N-fertilisation.
“However, maize and wheat grain yield decreased by 46 and 70%, respectively, after the highest BC application rate (72 t ha -1 ) in an additional treatment without supplementary N-fertilisation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the Cambisol, all BC treatments showed significantly lower bulk density for both years.
“All BC treatments showed significantly higher C org and C/N and lower BD values for both years.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem, only the 72 t ha-1 BC treatment + N supplement induced a significant increase of EC.
“Only the 72 t ha -1 BC treatment + N supplement induced a significant increase of EC.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem, bulk density was unaffected in the first year.
“BD was unaffected in the first year, but had significantly lower values after both BC 72 t ha -1 treatments in 2012, the second year of the study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Cambisol, NSP was not significantly affected by BC application.
“CEC and NSP were not significantly affected by BC application.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem, pH decreased significantly after the BC 72 t ha-1 treatment with N supplement in the first year.
“Unlike in the Cambisol, the pH of the Chernozem (Table 3) did not increase after BC application and even decreased significantly after the BC 72 t ha -1 treatment with N supplement in the first year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem soil, sunflower (2012) total above-ground biomass yield was reduced by 14% after 72 t ha-1 BC application without N supplement.
“barley (2011) and sunflower (2012) total above-ground biomass yields were reduced by 23% and 14%, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the Cambisol, BC application caused significant increases in water-holding capacity.
“In the Cambisol, BC application caused significant increases in WHC (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Cambisol, BC addition significantly increased EC in 2011.
“In 2011, the Cambisol (Table 2) showed significantly increased pH and EC values upon BC addition; the differences between the different treatments disappeared one year later.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem, P_CAL was significantly higher after 72 t ha-1 BC + N supplement in the first year.
“K CAL and P CAL were both significantly higher after 72 t ha -1 BC + N supplement in the first year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Cambisol, BC addition significantly increased pH in 2011.
“In 2011, the Cambisol (Table 2) showed significantly increased pH and EC values upon BC addition; the differences between the different treatments disappeared one year later.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem, 72 t ha-1 BC applications caused significantly higher C/N values in both years.
“The 72 t ha -1 BC applications caused significantly higher C org and C/N values in both years.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem, K_CAL was significantly higher after 72 t ha-1 BC + N supplement in the first year.
“K CAL and P CAL were both significantly higher after 72 t ha -1 BC + N supplement in the first year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Cambisol, higher BC application rates showed significant increases of P_CAL in the first but not in the second year.
“Higher BC application rates showed significant increases of K CAL in both years and of P CAL in the first but not in the second year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Cambisol, all BC treatments showed significantly higher Corg for both years.
“All BC treatments showed significantly higher C org and C/N and lower BD values for both years.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Maize grain decreased by 45% if N application was not supplemented at the high BC application rate.
“Maize grain decreased by 45% if N application was not supplemented at the high BC application rate, while maize straw was not significantly affected.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Varying BC amendments (0, 24 and 72 t ha-1) with identical mineral N supply did not cause significant differences on the total biomass yields of maize and wheat.
“However, varying BC amendments (0, 24 and 72 t ha -1 ) with identical mineral N supply did not cause significant differences on the total biomass yields of maize and wheat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In sunflower, the decrease in straw yield was more apparent than in grain yield if N supplement was missing.
“For barley, the grain yield decrease was more distinct than the straw yield whereas in sunflower the decrease in straw yield was more apparent than in grain yield if N supplement was missing”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
If supplementary N application was absent, all crops showed significant yield decreases after 72 t ha-1 BC amendment.
“If supplementary N application was absent, all crops showed significant yield decreases after 72 t ha -1 BC amendment (Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Maize straw was not significantly affected by the absence of N application at the high BC application rate.
“Maize grain decreased by 45% if N application was not supplemented at the high BC application rate, while maize straw was not significantly affected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Cambisol, at pF 1.8 the two BC 72 t ha-1 treatments had the highest volumetric water contents.
“Similarly, at pF 1.8 these two treatments had the highest volumetric contents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Grain and straw yield of winter wheat declined to the same degree by 71% at 72 t ha-1 without N application.
“Grain and straw yield of winter wheat, however, declined to the same degree by 71% at 72 t ha-1 without N application.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At sufficient N supply, barley grain and straw as well as sunflower straw were not significantly affected after varying BC treatment (0, 24 and 72 t ha-1) with identical mineral N application rates.
“At sufficient N supply, barley grain and straw as well as sunflower straw were not significantly affected after varying BC treatment (0, 24 and 72 t ha -1 ) with identical mineral N application rates.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The local agricultural N supply rates used are sufficient for crop needs.
- Findingown data
In the Cambisol, plant available water significantly increased after 72 t ha-1 BC amendment, with and without N fertilisation.
“PAW significantly increased after 72 t ha -1 BC amendment, with and without N fertilisation (Fig. 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For barley, the grain yield decrease was more distinct than the straw yield if N supplement was missing.
“For barley, the grain yield decrease was more distinct than the straw yield whereas in sunflower the decrease in straw yield was more apparent than in grain yield if N supplement was missing”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem, both BC 72 t ha-1 treated plots had significantly higher volumetric water contents at pF 0 and pF 1.8.
“The pF curve (Fig. 2) showed, similar to the Cambisol, that both BC 72 t ha -1 treated plots had significantly higher volumetric water contents at pF 0 and pF 1.8.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem soil, barley (2011) total above-ground biomass yield was reduced by 23% after 72 t ha-1 BC application without N supplement.
“barley (2011) and sunflower (2012) total above-ground biomass yields were reduced by 23% and 14%, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem, pH did not increase after BC application.
“Unlike in the Cambisol, the pH of the Chernozem (Table 3) did not increase after BC application and even decreased significantly after the BC 72 t ha -1 treatment with N supplement in the first year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Varying BC applications (0, 24 and 72 t ha-1) with identical N supply did not result in significant yield differences in the grain and straw yields of neither maize nor wheat.
“The varying BC applications (0, 24 and 72 t ha -1 ) with identical N supply did not result in significant yield differences in the grain and straw yields of neither maize nor wheat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the Cambisol, CEC was not significantly affected by BC application.
“CEC and NSP were not significantly affected by BC application.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem, 72 t ha-1 BC applications caused significantly higher Corg values in both years.
“The 72 t ha -1 BC applications caused significantly higher C org and C/N values in both years.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Cambisol, all BC treatments showed significantly higher C/N for both years.
“All BC treatments showed significantly higher C org and C/N and lower BD values for both years.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In 2012, biomass yield of winter wheat decreased by 71% comparing the 72 t ha-1 BC treatment without N with the same BC treatment with N.
“In the second year, 2012, biomass yield of winter wheat decreased even more, by 71%, comparing the above-mentioned treatments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In 2011, maize total aboveground biomass yield decreased by 37% on the Cambisol if N application was missing at the 72 t ha-1 BC treatment.
“In the first year of the experiment, in 2011, maize total aboveground biomass yield decreased by 37% (on the Cambisol), if N application was missing at the 72 t ha -1 BC treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the Cambisol, both BC 72 t ha-1 treatments had significantly higher volumetric water contents at pF 0.
“The pF curve (Fig. 2) shows that both BC 72 t ha -1 treatments had significantly higher volumetric water contents at pF 0.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Cambisol, higher BC application rates showed significant increases of K_CAL in both years.
“Higher BC application rates showed significant increases of K CAL in both years and of P CAL in the first but not in the second year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem, bulk density had significantly lower values after both BC 72 t ha-1 treatments in 2012.
“BD was unaffected in the first year, but had significantly lower values after both BC 72 t ha -1 treatments in 2012, the second year of the study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Chernozem, CEC was not affected by BC application.
“Concomitantly, CEC was not affected by BC application.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In our study, biochar application had positive effects on soil water retention (pF curve; Fig. 2).
“The positive effects on soil water retention in our study (pF curve; Fig. 2) were also consistent with studies from Liu et al. (2012) and Petter et al. (2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The variable BC application rates did not affect the total uptake of nearly all macro- and micronutrients analysed in this study, the same N supply provided.
“The variable BC application rates did not affect the total uptake of nearly all macro-and micronutrients analysed in this study, the same N supply provided.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Only the N deficiency treatment occasionally showed uptake rates that were higher than the respective biomass yield reduction in comparison to the same BC treatment including N, for some trace elements (especially Na, Zn, Mn, Fe, Al) as well as Ca and K.
“Only the N deficiency treatment occasionally showed uptake rates that were higher than the respective biomass yield reduction in comparison to the same BC treatment including N.This was the case for some trace elements (especially Na, Zn, Mn, Fe, Al) as well as Ca and K.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The 72 t ha-1 BC treatment without additional N supplement also showed significantly lower uptake of P and K compared to the same BC addition but with N application.
“This treatment also showed significantly lower uptake of P and K compared to the same BC addition but with N application.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Mo uptake significantly decreased in both 72 t ha-1 BC treatments for barley.
“At the same time, Mo uptake significantly decreased in both 72 t ha -1 BC treatments for barley (Table 4c) while it increased in the 72 t ha -1 BC treatment without N supplement for sunflower (Table 4d).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
On the Chernozem soil, a significant decrease of N uptake was observed for the 72 t ha-1 treatment without additional N supplement for both barley (2011) and sunflower (2012).
“On the Chernozem soil we also observed a significant decrease of N uptake for the 72 t ha -1 treatment without additional N supplement for both barley (2011) and sunflower (2012) (Table 4c, 4d).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The highest WHC in our study was found after the highest biochar application rate, 72 t ha -1.
“Similarly, the highest WHC in our study was also found after the highest BC application rate, 72 t ha -1 .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For the Cambisol, 72 t ha-1 BC without N supplement caused a significantly lower N uptake for maize (44% lower than in the treatment with the same BC rate including N supply).
“For the Cambisol, 72 t ha -1 BC without N supplement caused a significantly lower N uptake for maize (44% lower than in the treatment with the same BC rate including N supply; Table 4a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the first year, NSP was significantly lower after 72 t ha -1 biochar treatment without additional N supplement in the Chernozem, compared to the same biochar treatment but with additional N application.
“only in the first year, the NSP was significantly lower after 72 t ha -1 BC treatment without additional N supplement in the Chernozem, compared to the same BC treatment but with additional N application.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
All other treatments with the same N supply but varying BC addition showed an N uptake in the range of 111-131 kg ha-1 for maize.
“All other treatments with the same N supply but varying BC addition showed an N uptake in the range of 111-131 kg ha -1 .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Biochar plots on the Chernozem stored approximately 10 mm more water in the upper 17 cm (depth of biochar incorporation after 2 years) than plots without biochar treatment.
“BC plots on our Chernozem were able to store approx.10 mm more water in the upper 17 cm (depth of BC incorporation after 2 years) in comparison to plots without BC treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Mo uptake increased in the 72 t ha-1 BC treatment without N supplement for sunflower.
“At the same time, Mo uptake significantly decreased in both 72 t ha -1 BC treatments for barley (Table 4c) while it increased in the 72 t ha -1 BC treatment without N supplement for sunflower (Table 4d).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The nitrogen supplying potential (NSP) of the studied soils was hardly affected by biochar application.
“The NSP of the studied soils was hardly affected by BC application, and thus, indicated no impairment of N mineralisation; only in the first year, the NSP was significantly lower after 72 t ha -1 BC treatment without additional N supplement in the Chernozem, compared to the same BC treatment but with additional N application.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The WHC of the biochar-amended Cambisol was 21% higher than without biochar application.
“the WHC of our BC-amended Cambisol was 21% higher than without BC application (see Table 2), probably because of the high application rate in our experiment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the field experiment, plots amended with biochar had higher water-holding capacity (WHC) than plots without biochar treatment.
“our plots with BC amendment had higher WHC than plots without BC treatment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Karhu et al. (2011)
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- cites Kammann et al. (2011)
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- cites Downie et al. (2011)
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- Findingown data
There were no significant changes in Al and Fe uptake after any BC treatment.
“There were no significant changes in Al and Fe uptake after any BC treatment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Cambisol, plant available water (PAW) was significantly higher (3.1 vol.-% increase) in plots with the highest biochar treatment (72 t ha -1 + N supply) than in plots without biochar application.
“In the Cambisol, PAW was significantly higher (3.1 vol.-% increase) in the plots with the highest BC treatment (72 t ha -1 + N supply) than in the plots without BC application (Fig. 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In our study, biochar treated plots (with identical N supply) showed crop yields similar to the mineral N fertilised plots.
“In our study, BC treated plots (with identical N supply) showed crop yields similar to the mineral N fertilised plots.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Distinct yield decreases were observed, especially for maize and winter wheat on the Cambisol, when biochar was applied without N supplement.
“However, distinct yield decreases were observed, especially for maize and winter wheat on the Cambisol, when BC was applied without N supplement (Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
When additional N was supplied with biochar, the uptake of P, K and micronutrients was not significantly enhanced by biochar addition for the different crops (Table 4a -4d).
“When additional N was supplied with BC, the uptake of P, K and micronutrients was not significantly enhanced by BC addition for the different crops (Table 4a -4d).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the first experimental year on the Chernozem site (Traismauer), barley yield increased by 10% (Fig. 3A).
“The positive effects of improved WHC were reflected by a barley yield increase of 10% (Fig. 3A) in the first experimental year on the Chernozem site (Traismauer), where a severe precipitation deficit was recorded (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Biochar application significantly decreased bulk density in both soil types.
“BC application significantly decreased bulk density in both soil types as was also observed by Abel et al. (2013) and Herath et al. (2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Abel et al. (2013)
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- cites Herath et al. (2013)
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- Findingreasoning
Nutrients from wood-based biochar made a minimal contribution to the macro- and micronutrient supply of the experimental crops.
“Nutrients from wood-based BC made a minimal contribution to the macro-and micronutrient supply of the experimental crops.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The decrease of soil bulk density was still observable after 2 years of field experiments.
“The decrease of soil bulk density, still observable after 2 years of field experiments, shows that application of BC can positively influence soil structure; consequently, BC can be considered as a soil amendment to increase water infiltration and to decrease the vulnerability of soils to compaction and erosion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
In our study, 72 t ha -1 biochar without additional N fertiliser led to a significantly lower N uptake.
“In our study, 72 t ha -1 BC without additional N fertiliser led to a significantly lower N uptake, mainly due to significant yield depressions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
There was a negative trend in yield and nutrient uptake when N was not supplemented.
“Moreover, there was a negative trend in yield and nutrient uptake when N was not supplemented, indicating that even high total N pools in wood-based BC are released too slowly to contribute significantly to plant nutrition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Even with high BC application rates, no adverse effects on crop yield and nutrient uptake were observed as long as the soil was supplied with sufficient N according to local agricultural practice.
“Still, even with high BC application rates we did not observe any adverse effects on crop yield and nutrient uptake, as long as the soil was supplied with sufficient N according to local agricultural practice.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The local agricultural N supply rates used are sufficient for crop needs.
- Premisecitation
Studies performed in temperate regions indicated that BC may cause only small, transient or even unwanted effects on soil and plant yield.
“Studies that have been performed in temperate regions indicated that BC may cause only small, transient or even unwanted effects on soil and plant yield (Jones et al. 2012, Gaskin et al. 2010, Rajkovich et al. 2012, Kloss et al. 2013, Quilliam et al. 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Jones et al. 2012
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- cites Gaskin et al. 2010
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- cites Rajkovich et al. 2012
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- Premisecitation
BC can lead to increased water and nutrient holding capacity.
“Further, BC can also lead to increased water and nutrient holding capacity (Gaskin et al. 2008, Singh et al. 2010, Gaskin et al. 2010, Uzoma et al. 2011, Kloss et al. 2012, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Gaskin et al. 2008
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- cites Singh et al. 2010
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- cites Gaskin et al. 2010
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- Premisecitation
The same effects may not be conferrable to other climatic regions with different soil types.
“However, the same effects may not be conferrable to other climatic regions with different soil types (Major et al. 2010) and, thus, require separate investigations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Major et al. 2010
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- Premisecitation
Most pot and field experiments have been related to highly weathered, nutrient-poor tropical soils.
“Most of the pot and field experiments that have been carried out were related to highly weathered, nutrient-poor tropical soils, as assorted in the reviews by Glaser et al. (2002), Blackwell et al. (2009) and Sohi et al. (2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Glaser et al. (2002)
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- cites Blackwell et al. (2009)
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- cites Sohi et al. (2010)
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- Premisecitation
Liu et al. (2012) found synergetic positive effects of BC and compost in their field experiment in a sandy soil in Germany.
“Liu et al. (2012) found synergetic positive effects of BC and compost in their field experiment in a sandy soil in Germany.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Liu et al. (2012)
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- Premisecitation
An increase of soil N immobilisation after biochar addition was observed by Bruun et al. (2012), Zheng et al (2013b), Tammeorg et al. (2013) and Lehmann et al. (2003).
“An increase of soil N immobilisation after BC addition was indeed observed by Bruun et al. (2012), Zheng et al (2013b), Tammeorg et al. (2013) and Lehmann et al. (2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bruun et al. (2012)
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- cites Zheng et al (2013b)
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- cites Tammeorg et al. (2013)
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- Interpretationown data
Temperate climate regions adversely impacted by water stress conditions could profit from enhanced water retention effectuated by biochar application.
“Indeed, temperate climate regions, which are adversely impacted by water stress conditions, could profit from enhanced water retention effectuated by BC application.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The two experimental sites (Cambisol and Chernozem) are representative of temperate regions and soils.
- Interpretationcitation
The positive effects on soil water retention in our study were consistent with the studies of Liu et al. (2012) and Petter et al. (2012).
“The positive effects on soil water retention in our study (pF curve; Fig. 2) were also consistent with studies from Liu et al. (2012) and Petter et al. (2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Liu et al. (2012)
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- cites Petter et al. (2012)
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- Premisecitation
Novak et al. (2010) found stimulated N mineralisation after biochar amendment to a forest soil in their laboratory incubation study.
“Along these lines, Novak et al. (2010) found stimulated N mineralisation after BC amendment to a forest soil in their laboratory incubation study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Novak et al. (2010)
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- Premisecitation
Bruun et al. (2012) documented in their incubation study a large influence of the biochar pyrolysis method on the immobilisation of N.
“Bruun et al. (2012) documented in their incubation study a large influence of the BC pyrolysis method on the immobilisation of N.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bruun et al. (2012)
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- Premisecitation
Most biochars cause an increase in soil pH when the initial pH in a soil is low.
“According to Verheijen et al. (2010), most BCs cause an increase in soil pH when the initial pH in a soil is low.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Verheijen et al. (2010)
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Application of biochar may result in varying effects on N immobilisation/mineralisation, ranging from decreased to increased mineralisation or showing no effect.
“The above discussion shows that application of BC may result in varying effects on N immobilisation / mineralisation, ranging from decreased to increased mineralisation or showing no effect; the latter was observed in our study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Biochar application did not impair N mineralisation in the studied soils.
“The NSP of the studied soils was hardly affected by BC application, and thus, indicated no impairment of N mineralisation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The nitrogen supplying potential (NSP) is a valid indicator of N mineralisation.
- Interpretationown data
Even high total N pools in wood-based biochar are released too slowly to contribute significantly to plant nutrition.
“Moreover, there was a negative trend in yield and nutrient uptake when N was not supplemented, indicating that even high total N pools in wood-based BC are released too slowly to contribute significantly to plant nutrition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The lower N uptake was mainly due to significant yield depressions.
“In our study, 72 t ha -1 BC without additional N fertiliser led to a significantly lower N uptake, mainly due to significant yield depressions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The barley yield increase was due to positive effects of improved WHC.
“The positive effects of improved WHC were reflected by a barley yield increase of 10% (Fig. 3A) in the first experimental year on the Chernozem site (Traismauer), where a severe precipitation deficit was recorded (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The weather conditions during the experimental years, particularly the severe precipitation deficit, are representative of drought conditions that impair plant growth in temperate regions.
- Interpretationown data
In temperate regions, biochar application may show positive effects when drought conditions impair plant growth.
“Our results show that in temperate regions BC application may show positive effects when drought conditions impair plant growth.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The two experimental sites (Cambisol and Chernozem) are representative of temperate regions and soils.
- Rests on an assumption: The weather conditions during the experimental years, particularly the severe precipitation deficit, are representative of drought conditions that impair plant growth in temperate regions.
- Interpretationreasoning
Bulk density may decrease because biochar itself has a much lower bulk density and higher porosity than mineral particles.
“Bulk density may decrease because BC itself has a much lower bulk density and higher porosity than mineral particles.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Laird et al. (2010), Sohi et al. (2009), Verheijen et al. (2010) and Zhang et al. (2012) reported positive effects of lowered bulk density (and higher organic matter content) due to biochar application to the soil.
“Laird et al. (2010), Sohi et al. (2009), Verheijen et al. (2010) and Zhang et al. (2012)reported positive effects of lowered bulk density (and higher organic matter content) due to BC application to the soil.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Laird et al. (2010)
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Sohi et al. (2009)
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Verheijen et al. (2010)
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Application of biochar can positively influence soil structure.
“The decrease of soil bulk density, still observable after 2 years of field experiments, shows that application of BC can positively influence soil structure; consequently, BC can be considered as a soil amendment to increase water infiltration and to decrease the vulnerability of soils to compaction and erosion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
N availability is the most limiting factor for crop yield.
“This emphasises the well-known effect of N availability, being the most limiting factor for crop yield.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The benefits of wood-based biochar application to neutral, fertile soils in a temperate climate were restricted to the soil physical effects of increased WHC/PAW and lower bulk density.
“Our results show that the benefits of wood-based BC application to neutral, fertile soils in a temperate climate were restricted to the soil physical effects of increased WHC / PAW and lower BD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
In a year with exceptionally low precipitation, increased WHC and PAW through biochar addition might have been the reason for the observed yield increase.
“In a year with exceptionally low precipitation, increased WHC and PAW through BC addition might have been the reason for the observed yield increase.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The weather conditions during the experimental years, particularly the severe precipitation deficit, are representative of drought conditions that impair plant growth in temperate regions.
- May combine two claims. 24
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataSunflower showed slightly (+10%) higher grain yields after 24 t ha-1 BC amendment but not for total aboveground dry matter.
“Sunflower, however, showed slightly (+ 10%) higher grain yields after 24 t ha -1 BC amendment but not for total aboveground dry matter.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the Chernozem, plant available water increased through BC application, albeit not statistically significant.
“PAW increased through BC application, albeit not statistically significant (Fig. 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the Chernozem, in the first year, 72 t ha-1 BC without N supplement evoked a significantly lower NSP than with N supply, which evened out in the second year.
“In the first year, 72 t ha -1 BC without N supplement evoked a significantly lower NSP than with N supply, which then evened out in the second year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the Chernozem soil, BC showed similar trends in water-holding capacity characteristics as in the Cambisol but these were not statistically significant.
“In the Chernozem soil, BC showed similar trends in WHC characteristic than in the Cambisol but these were not statistically significant (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningBiochar application generally increased CAL-extractable P and K in the first year, while these effects diminished in the second year at both sites.
“BC application generally increased CAL-extractable P and K in the first year, while these effects diminished in the second year at both sites.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn our study, with soils of neutral pH, a notable pH increase after biochar application occurred only in the Cambisol and only in the first year, whereas the higher original pH in the Chernozem was hardly affected.
“In our study, with soils of neutral pH, a notable pH increase after BC application occurred only in the Cambisol and only in the first year, whereas the higher original pH in the Chernozem was hardly affected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe changes in WHC in the Chernozem were in a similar range but not statistically significant.
“The changes in the Chernozem were in a similar range but not statistically significant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNo adverse impacts on yield performance appeared with biochar application, sufficient N supply provided.
“Although our experimental BC application rates were much higher than usually recommended ones, we could show that no adverse impacts on yield performance appeared, sufficient N supply provided.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn our study, P uptake was slightly increased, except for maize, and K uptake was decreased, except for wheat, when biochar was added with additional N compared to biochar without N supplement.
“Similarly, P uptake in our study was slightly increased, except for maize, and K uptake was decreased, except for wheat, when BC was added with additional N compared to BC without N supplement.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationIn contrast to the increased nutrient uptake by maize observed by Major et al. (2010) after biochar amendment on an acidic Haplustox (pH 3.9), our results of nutrient uptake from a neutral soil were less clear-cut.
“In contrast to the increased nutrient uptake by maize that was observed by Major et al. (2010) after BC amendment on an acidic Haplustox (pH 3.9), our results of nutrient uptake from a neutral soil were less clear-cut.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Major et al. (2010)
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAtkinson et al. (2010) found that sandy soils were likely to have greater benefits from BC than clayey soils.
“Atkinson et al. (2010) found that sandy soils were likely to have greater benefits from BC than clayey soils.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Atkinson et al. (2010)
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationJeffery et al. (2011) concluded in a meta-analysis that BC application to medium and coarse textured soils increased soil water-holding capacity.
“For example, Jeffery et al. (2011) concluded in a meta-analysis that BC application to medium and coarse textured soils increased soil WHC.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Jeffery et al. (2011)
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationTurning biomass into BC, oil and syngas by pyrolysis may even be carbon negative, if the syngas is used for energy purposes.
“Turning biomass into BC, oil and syngas by pyrolysis may even be carbon negative, if the syngas is used for energy purposes (Lehmann 2007, Goldberg 1985, Kuhlbusch and Crutzen 1995, Pramod et al. 2010, Ippolito et al. 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Lehmann 2007
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Goldberg 1985
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Kuhlbusch and Crutzen 1995
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTerra Preta is classified as a fertile soil in an infertile surrounding, containing high concentrations of nutrients and stable soil organic matter.
“Terra Preta is classified as a fertile soil in an infertile surrounding, containing high concentrations of nutrients and stable soil organic matter (SOM) (Lehmann et al. 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lehmann et al. 2003
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe slow release of plant macronutrients contained in BC is considered as a possibility to reduce the need for fertilisers in agriculture.
“Among the potential benefits of BC for soil, the slow release of plant macronutrients contained in the BC is considered as a possibility to reduce the need for fertilisers in agriculture (Zheng et al. 2013a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zheng et al. 2013a
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAsai et al. (2009) reported that the usage of BC without any further N fertiliser tended to decrease crop yield in soils with a low indigenous N supply.
“Asai et al. (2009) reported that the usage of BC without any further N fertiliser tended to decrease crop yield in soils with a low indigenous N supply.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Asai et al. (2009)
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn relevant studies, positive effects on both soil and plants were found, which might partly be attributed to a reduction of Al toxicity in the rhizosphere as a result of the increase in pH.
“In the relevant studies, positive effects on both, soil and plants, were found, which might partly be attributed to a reduction of Al toxicity in the rhizosphere, as a result of the increase in pH (Kuka et al. 2013, Yang et al. 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Kuka et al. 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Yang et al. 2013
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSoil fertility and plant available water-holding capacity significantly increased after the compost-BC mixtures.
“Soil fertility and plant available water-holding capacity significantly increased after the compost-BC mixtures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Liu et al. (2012)
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationUp to 70 times more black carbon can be found in Terra Preta soils compared to the surrounding soils in the Amazon.
“up to 70 times more black carbon can be found in Terra Preta soils compared to the surrounding soils in the Amazon (Glaser et al. 2002, Novotny et al. 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Glaser et al. 2002
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Novotny et al. 2009
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe high BC application rate of 72 t ha-1 was chosen to simulate carbon enrichments observed in historically amended, terra-preta-like soils.
“The high BC application rate of 72 t ha -1 was chosen to simulate carbon enrichments observed in historically amended, terra-preta-like soils (Downie et al. 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Downie et al. 2011
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationPrior to the statistical analyses, all data were evaluated with the Dixon outlier test and outliers were eliminated before determining mean values and SD.
“Prior to the statistical analyses, all data were evaluated with the Dixon outlier test and outliers were eliminated before determining mean values and SD (Dixon 1950).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dixon 1950
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningPlots had a circular shape because this geometry guaranteed the best ratio of large experimental area to low circumference, lowering the risk of soil mixing at the outer plot zones and preventing mixing in the inner net plot area.
“Plots had a circular shape because this geometry guaranteed the best ratio of large experimental area to low circumference.This lowered the risk of soil mixing at the outer plot zones and prevented the mixing in the inner (net) plot area.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe positive effects of biochar on plant productivity and improved crop growth may be due to a liming effect with consequences for the cycling of C and nutrients.
“The positive effects of BC on plant productivity and improved crop growth may be due to a liming effect with consequences for the cycling of C and nutrients (Verheijen et al. 2010, Rajkovich et al. 2012, Powlson et al. 2011, Jeffery et al. 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Verheijen et al. 2010
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Rajkovich et al. 2012
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Powlson et al. 2011
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationRajkovich et al. (2012) concluded from their greenhouse pot trial that a high pyrolysis temperature of 500-600 °C might minimise N-immobilisation.
“Furthermore, Rajkovich et al. (2012) concluded from their greenhouse pot trial that a high pyrolysis temperature of 500-600 °C might minimise N-immobilisation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rajkovich et al. (2012)
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe recalcitrant C in biochar may restrict N immobilisation.
“However, the recalcitrant C in BC may restrict N immobilisation (Chan and Xu 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chan and Xu 2009
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFresh biochars may contain significant amounts of soluble P and K, which contribute to the plant-available pool upon incorporation in the soil, but may rapidly be removed from this pool by immobilisation, plant uptake or leaching.
“Fresh BCs may contain significant amounts of soluble P and K (Kloss et al. 2012), which contribute to the plant-available pool upon incorporation in the soil, but may rapidly be removed from this pool by immobilisation, plant uptake or leaching.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kloss et al. 2012
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRajkovich et al. (2012) found the highest N uptake after a low biochar addition (0.2%) if biochar was produced at low pyrolysis temperatures (300 °C); at addition rates of 2% or higher, the Na content of the biochar reduced the growth of corn in their pot experiment.
“On the contrary, Rajkovich et al. (2012) found the highest N uptake after a low BC addition (0.2%) if BC was produced at low pyrolysis temperatures (300 °C); at addition rates of 2% or higher, the Na content of the BC reduced the growth of corn in their pot experiment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rajkovich et al. (2012)
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationUzoma et al. (2011) found a significant increase in nutrient uptake after biochar amendment to the soil.
“Contrary to our study, Uzoma et al. (2011) found a significant increase in nutrient uptake after BC amendment to the soil; this may have been caused by the usage of cow manure as feedstock.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Uzoma et al. (2011)
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThese positive effects of lowered bulk density include increased nutrient cycling, retention of PAW, reduced soil compaction, increased soil aeration and increased crop yield.
“These positive effects include increased nutrient cycling, retention of PAW, reduced soil compaction, increased soil aeration and increased crop yield.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataIf the main objective of adding biochar is carbon sequestration in soil, even at application rates as high as 72 t ha -1 , adverse crop growth and yield effects do not have to be suspected, sufficient nutrient supply from other sources provided.
“If the main objective of adding BC is carbon sequestration in soil, even at application rates as high as 72 t ha -1 , adverse crop growth and yield effects do not have to be suspected, sufficient nutrient supply from other sources provided.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAn effective provision of nutrients from biochar to crops would require the use of alternative feedstocks for pyrolysis or supplementary addition of mineral or organic fertilisers.
“An effective provision of nutrients from BC to crops would require the use of alternative feedstocks for pyrolysis or supplementary addition of mineral or organic fertilisers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationcitationThe reason for the lack of enhanced nutrient uptake may be the use of wood-based biochar in our experiment that releases nutrients more slowly than straw-based biochar.
“The reason for this may be the use of wood-based BC in our experiment that releases nutrients more slowly than straw-based BC (Kloss et al. 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kloss et al. 2013
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAlthough more N was contained in the biochar additive than in the mineral fertiliser, the crops could not take advantage of this biochar N pool, at least not in the short term.
“Although more N was contained in the BC additive than in the mineral fertiliser, the crops could not take advantage of this BC pool, at least not in the short term.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationThe increase in nutrient uptake found by Uzoma et al. (2011) may have been caused by the usage of cow manure as feedstock.
“Contrary to our study, Uzoma et al. (2011) found a significant increase in nutrient uptake after BC amendment to the soil; this may have been caused by the usage of cow manure as feedstock.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Uzoma et al. (2011)
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPetter et al. (2012), who also used wood-based biochar (eucalyptus), showed positive effects of biochar on the availability of P and Ca in a sandy soil, which may have been due to the low nutrient status of their experimental soil, the sandy texture and the relatively low soil pH of 5.6.
“However, the study of Petter et al. (2012), who also used wood-based BC (eucalyptus), showed positive effects of BC on the availability of P and Ca in a sandy soil, which may have been due to the low nutrient status of their experimental soil, the sandy texture and the relatively low soil pH of 5.6.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Petter et al. (2012)
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAlburquerque et al. (2013) found increased P, Mg and Zn uptakes and decreased K, Ca and Mg after different biochar addition to a nutrient-poor, slightly acidic soil and stressed the importance of the synergistic effects of mineral fertiliser application together with biochar.
“Alburquerque et al. (2013) found increased P, Mg and Zn uptakes and decreased K, Ca and Mg after different BC addition to a nutrient-poor, slightly acidic soil and stressed the importance of the synergistic effects of mineral fertiliser application together with BC.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Alburquerque et al. (2013)
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBiochar can be considered as a soil amendment to increase water infiltration and to decrease the vulnerability of soils to compaction and erosion.
“The decrease of soil bulk density, still observable after 2 years of field experiments, shows that application of BC can positively influence soil structure; consequently, BC can be considered as a soil amendment to increase water infiltration and to decrease the vulnerability of soils to compaction and erosion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The two study soils (Cambisol and Chernozem) are representative agricultural soils in Central Europe.
“two representative agricultural soils in Central Europe”
The paper relies on this without support.
The local agricultural N supply rates used are sufficient for crop needs.
“Nutrients (N, P, K) were supplied according to standard agricultural practices in the respective region (Table 1).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The two experimental sites (Cambisol and Chernozem) are representative of temperate regions and soils.
“Our results show that in temperate regions BC application may show positive effects when drought conditions impair plant growth.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The nitrogen supplying potential (NSP) is a valid indicator of N mineralisation.
“The NSP of the studied soils was hardly affected by BC application, and thus, indicated no impairment of N mineralisation”
The paper relies on this without support.
The weather conditions during the experimental years, particularly the severe precipitation deficit, are representative of drought conditions that impair plant growth in temperate regions.
“In a year with exceptionally low precipitation, increased WHC and PAW through BC addition might have been the reason for the observed yield increase.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Some studies did not observe a significant change in soil pH due to biochar addition where initial values ranged between pH 7.4-7.8.
“Some studies (Karer et al., 2013; Lentz and Ippolito, 2012; van Zwieten et al., 2010) did not observe a significant change in soil pH due to biochar addition where initial values were ranging between pH 7.4-7.8.”
From A review on biochar modulated soil condition improvements and nutrient dynamics concerning crop yields: Pathways to climate change mitigation and global food security (2019) · cites this paper as Karer et al., 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Cambisol CEC is reported as unaffected despite significant table differences
MinorThe Cambisol CEC row assigns different significance letters to the control and the 72 t ha -1 BC treatment without N in both years (187 a versus 204 b in 2011; 204 a versus 214 b in 2012). This contradicts the statement that CEC was not significantly affected.
“CEC and NSP were not significantly affected by BC application.”
“| CEC (mmol c kg -1 ) | 187 a | 204 a | 195 ab | 211 ab | 197 ab | 209 ab | 204 b | 214 b |”
BC significantly increased some micronutrient uptake
MinorThe discussion says micronutrient uptake was not significantly enhanced by BC with N. In the barley table, boron uptake at 72 t ha -1 BC with N is marked c, versus b for the no-BC control, indicating a significant increase under the table's stated lettering convention.
“When additional N was supplied with BC, the uptake of P, K and micronutrients was not significantly enhanced by BC addition for the different crops (Table 4a -4d).”
“B (g ha -1 ) 22.8 ± 3.1 b 22.2 ± 3.3 b 25.2 ± 2.3 c 19.5 ± 0.4 a”
Potassium uptake comparison is reversed
MinorThe discussion says K uptake decreased when N was added to BC, except for wheat. For barley, the 72 t ha -1 BC treatment took up 7.1 kg ha -1 K with N, versus 4.9 without N-the opposite direction. The maize and sunflower rows show the same opposite direction.
“K uptake was decreased, except for wheat, when BC was added with additional N compared to BC without N supplement.”
“K (kg ha -1 ) 6.6 ± 1.1 bc 6.2 ± 1.4 b 7.1 ± 0.8 c 4.9 ± 0.2 a”
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Self-citationCharacterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment
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“Clough et al. (2013) pointed at the urgency of long-term studies on N immobilisation.”
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“In accordance with Karhu et al. (2011), Kammann et al. (2011) and Downie et al. (2011) our plots with BC amendment had higher WHC than plots without BC treatment.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBiochar mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three year field trial
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Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos
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- Authors
- Karer, J., Wimmer, B., Zehetner, F., Kloss, S., & Soja, G.
- Affiliations
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH (AT)
- BOKU University (AT)
- Venue
- Agricultural and Food Science
- Publisher
- Agricultural and Food Science
- Published
- 2013-12-18
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 390-403
- ISSN
- 1459-6067 (ISSN-L)
- 1795-1895
- OpenAlex
- W1541767474
- Semantic Scholar
- 437ee0313c7b62d6854c050631fabcd58fb3a668
- Cited by
- 157
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 12.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Agricultural and Food Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft (825438)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Agricultural Science and Fertilization
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Management and Crop Yield
- Keywords
- biochar, temperate soils, Cambisol, black soil, nutrient uptake, crop yield, soil water holding capacity, drought, nitrogen fertilization, maize, wheat, barley, sunflower, soil amendment
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