The political ecologies of "green" extractivism(s): An introduction

May combine two claims.

So-called sustainable development and climate change mitigation projects are leading to land grabbing, displacement, dispossession, ecological destruction, repression and elite profiteering.

“So-called sustainable development and climate change mitigation projects are leading to land grabbing, displacement, dispossession, ecological destruction, repression and elite profiteering”

• cites Dunlap & Fairhead, 2014Not matched

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• cites Hunsberger et al., 2017 sourceCould not verify

  The available indexed passages contain the title and bibliographic metadata, but no substantive discussion of project outcomes. Searches for land grabbing, displacement, ecological destruction, repression and elite profiteering returned no passage establishing the claimed effects; the title alone does not establish them. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Franco & Borras, 2019 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and section 3 (pages unavailable in our copy) link climate-framed conservation and land projects to land grabbing, villagers’ displacement or dispossession, and environmental damage. Section 3 also describes companies using biofuel claims to gain forest access for profit. The copy does not substantiate repression as an outcome of these projects or specifically establish elite profiteering across sustainable-development projects, so the full list overstates its account. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Researching extractivism extends to the subsoils, the deep sea and outer space, as well as to solar extractivism, wind extractivism, recycling lower-carbon technologies, hydrological extractivism, green hydrogen, the renewable energy-extraction nexus of battery storage technologies, green data extractivism complexes, and atmospheric geoengineering.

“Researching extractivism extends to the subsoils (Hokkanen, 2024), the deep sea (Childs, 2022) and outer space (Klinger, 2017), as well as to “solar extractivism” (Hu, 2023) “wind extractivism” (Dunlap & Marin, 2022, 7), recycling lower-carbon technologies (Sovacool et al., 2020), and hydrological extractivism”

• cites Hokkanen, 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Childs, 2022 sourceSupported
• cites Klinger, 2017Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Combined, the four features of extractivism lead to a high level of environmental degradation and deleterious labor opportunities and conditions, while also intensifying forms of (neo)colonialism.

“Combined, these features lead to a high level of environmental degradation and deleterious labor opportunities and conditions, while also intensifying forms of (neo)colonialism (Gudynas 2009; Lang & Mokrani, 2013; Nygren et al., 2022).”

• cites Gudynas 2009Not matched

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• cites Lang & Mokrani, 2013Not matched

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• cites Nygren et al., 2022 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction links extractivism to ecological degradation, limited local employment, and a proliferation of subcontracted, temporary, and piecemeal labour. It does not explicitly say that these features intensify (neo)colonialism, nor does it establish the claimed combined effect of four features. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Green extractivism reproduces colonially shaped North-South relations or various forms of internal colonization, advancing intersecting processes of green and energy colonialism.

“Green extractivism, moreover, reproduces colonially shaped North-South relations or various forms of internal colonization2 (Zografos & Robbins, 2020; Fjellheim, 2023; Vela-Almeida et al., 2023; Dunlap & Tornel, 2024), advancing the intersecting processes of green and energy colonialism (Lang et al., 2024; Lohmann, 2024; Müller, 2024).”

• cites Zografos & Robbins, 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Fjellheim, 2023Not matched

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• cites Vela-Almeida et al., 2023 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Green financialization involves carbon markets, payment for ecosystems services and green bond markets.

“processes of 'green financialization,' involving carbon markets, payment for ecosystems services and green”

• cites Lohmann, 2016Not matched

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• cites Andreucci et al. 2017 sourceCould not verify

  The indexed passages labeled Abstract contain bibliographic details and a link to an accepted manuscript, but no substantive discussion of green financialization. Searches for carbon markets, ecosystem services, green bonds, and financialization found no passage that addresses the claimed examples. (LLM, conf=0.72)

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• cites Bruna, 2022aNot matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Extractivism can be described as a specific socioeconomic pattern and way of seeing and constituting the world, leading to the organization of nature based on a classification system that creates a hierarchy between humans and non-humans that objectifies 'nature' and denies 'the sacred'.

“For us, then, extractivism can be described as a specific socioeconomic pattern (or structure of”

• cites Chagnon et al., 2022 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

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• cites Benally, 2023Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Disaster green extractivism is the process of enlisting ecological catastrophes to advance extractivism ranging from ecotourism, data centers, deepsea mining, 'green' hydrogen, climate 'smart' agriculture and geoengineering to mineral mining to produce lower-carbon technologies.

“Drawing inspiration from Klein (2007), Sullivan (2009) and Fletcher (2012), we interpret this as disaster green extractivism as the process of enlisting ecological catastrophes to advance extractivism ranging from ecotourism, data centers, deepsea mining, 'green' hydrogen, climate 'smart' agriculture and geoengineering to mineral mining to produce lower-carbon technologies.”

• cites Klein (2007)Not matched

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• cites Sullivan (2009)Supported
• cites Fletcher (2012)Not matched

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Historical colonial ties mediated by fossil fuels are closely linked to the rise of green extractivism and climate colonialism in the Arctic region.

“Ksenija Hanaček, Markus Kröger and Joan Martinez-Alier (2024, this Section) reveal how historical colonial ties mediated by fossil fuels are closely linked to the rise of green extractivism and climate colonialism in the region.”

• cites Hanaček et al. (2024, this Section) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Elite access to 'recreational lands' for hunting exotic animals involves the dispossession of local people, alienating them from the land and creating 'securitized landscapes' to sustain this practice.

“Sullivan further shows how elite access to 'recreational lands' for hunting exotic animals involves the dispossession of local people, alienating them from the land and creating 'securitized landscapes' to sustain this practice.”

• cites Sullivan (2023, this Section) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

'Greenness' is utilized as part of a neocolonial project consisting of the extraction of wildlife in the form of hunting trophies.

“Sian Sullivan (2023, this Section) illustrates how 'greenness' is utilized as part of a neocolonial project consisting of the extraction of wildlife in the form of hunting trophies.”

• cites Sian Sullivan (2023, this Section) sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Mitigation strategies are employed to displace historically marginalized peoples from their land, disrupting diverse ways of life and knowledge systems.

“Thus mitigation strategies are employed to displace historically marginalized peoples from their land, disrupting diverse ways of life and knowledge systems.”

• cites Hanaček et al. (2024, this Section) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Trophy hunting (re)produces violent land control relationships, while exhibiting classical extractive features in terms of animal corpse export.

“Sullivan demonstrates how trophy hunting (re)produces violent land control relationships, while exhibiting classical extractive features in terms of animal corpse export.”

• cites Sullivan (2023, this Section) sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The proliferation of ecological destruction conflicts reflects the shortcomings of state-led forms of environmental justice and the erasure of life-worlds and alternative ways of being, knowing, and doing in the world.

“The proliferation of ecological destruction conflicts (Scheidel et al., 2020; Temper et al., 2020), moreover, not only reflects the shortcomings of state-led forms of environmental justice, but also the erasure of life-worlds and, consequently, alternative ways of being, knowing, and doing in the world.”

• cites Scheidel et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  The Concluding discussion (page unavailable) says state procedures may be ineffective or unenforced and that bottom-up protest remains necessary, supporting the point about shortcomings in state responses. The Theoretical background (page unavailable) describes threats to livelihoods and cultural identities and conflicts between worldviews, but does not establish that proliferating conflicts reflect the erasure of life-worlds or alternative ways of being, knowing, and doing. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Temper et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  Sections 3.2.3.2 and 4.3 link energy-project conflicts to inadequate consultation, exclusion from decision-making, and threats to communities’ lands and cultural practices. Section 3.3.1 also describes dispossession of Indigenous peoples. The paper does not clearly make the broader claim that the proliferation of these conflicts reflects an erasure of life-worlds and alternative ways of being, knowing, and doing. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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BHP has attempted and failed (until now) to benefit from rising demand for energy transition minerals.

“the authors trace how BHP has attempted and failed (until now) to benefit from the rising demand for energy 'transition minerals' that underpins current technologies for decarbonization”

• cites Barbesgaard and Whitmore (2024, this Section) sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Mining companies are seizing opportunities created by climate crisis to widen and deepen their control over new mineral frontiers.

“demonstrating that mining companies are seizing the 'opportunities' created by the climate crisis to 'widen' and 'deepen' their control over new mineral frontiers.”

• cites Barbesgaard and Whitmore (2024, this Section) sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and “Expansion through commodity widening” describe mining companies pursuing transition-mineral opportunities, including BHP expanding nickel exploration and bringing new mines into production. But the Concluding remarks say BHP has sought to, yet generally failed to, accumulate significantly through expansion of the nickel frontier. The claim overstates that attempted expansion as companies successfully widening and deepening their control over mineral frontiers generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There are still large research gaps and numerous ways to organize extractivism research.

“There are still large research gaps and, as the subsection above suggests, numerous ways to organize extractivism research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Technologies of financialization have blurred the boundaries between manufacturing and extraction, rendering extractivism an increasingly central feature of contemporary capitalism.

“technologies of financialization have blurred the boundaries between manufacturing and extraction, rendering extractivism an increasingly central feature of contemporary capitalism.”

• cites Sando Mezzadra and Brett Neilson (2019)Not matched

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• cites Martín Arboleda (2020)Not matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Limiting and separating extractivism from the dynamics of global capitalism leads to serious theoretical and methodological shortcomings.

“leads to serious theoretical and methodological shortcomings.”

• cites Facundo Martín (2017, 26) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Extractivism entails an organized and internally coherent feature of capitalism-increasingly global in scope-that enables it to exert control over flows to maintain value extraction.

“extractivism entails an organized and internally coherent feature of capitalism—increasingly global in scope—that enables it to exert control over flows to maintain value extraction.”

• cites Jingzhong Ye and colleagues (2020)Not matched

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The relative importance of production processes in extractivism has been contested.

“The relative importance of such production processes in extractivism has been contested.”

• cites Gudynas (2021:8)Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

An expanded interpretation of extractivism does not mean that the word becomes meaningless.

“An expanded interpretation of extractivism does not mean that the word becomes meaningless.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The result of abusing, killing and traumatizing people and other beings is fear, illness and erratic and harmful behavior, which can lead to hurting animals, forests, rivers, mountains, humans and other more-than-human entities.

“The result is fear, illness and erratic and harmful behavior, which can lead to hurting animals, forests, rivers, mountains, humans and other more-than-human entities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The concept of extractivism has wider applications.

“The concept, however, has wider applications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Extractivism is linked to 'extra-action,' implying taking more than what is viable for ecosystems.

“We link extractivism to 'extra-action,' implying taking more than what is viable for ecosystems”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The concept of extractivism has been extended to denote not only physical processes of extraction, but also their embodied and gendered impacts.

“The concept of extractivism was further developed to denote not only physical processes of extraction, but also their embodied and gendered impacts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

A focus on subjectivities implies looking at how people's mentalities, attitudes and conduct are shaped by and shape extractive activity.

“Taking inspiration from Foucauldian notions of governmentality, a focus on subjectivities implies looking at how people's mentalities, attitudes and conduct are shaped by and shape extractive activity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

So-called green extractivism depends on multi-layered and networked extractivisms, meanwhile taking on new dimensions and literal depths and heights.

“So-called green extractivism depends on multi-layered and networked extractivisms, meanwhile taking on new dimensions and literal depths and heights.”

May combine two claims.

While value grabbing has always been a central dynamic to extractivism, its importance has increased with the growing financialization of the world economy from the 1980s onwards.

“While value grabbing has always been a central dynamic to extractivism, its importance has increased with the growing financialization of the world economy from the 1980s onwards.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The world economy has grown increasingly financialized from the 1980s onwards.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The body, human or otherwise, is intimately connected to the territory they inhabit.

“The body, human or otherwise, Latin American decolonial feminisms have shown (Ulloa, 2016; Cabnal, 2018; Caretta et al., 2020), is intimately connected to the territory they inhabit.”

• cites Ulloa, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Cabnal, 2018Not matched

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• cites Caretta et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

As long as the so-called 'green economy' remains fundamentally driven by (liberal) capitalism, sustainability and green labels will remain fig leaves attempting to cover up ecocide.

“We must remember that as long as the so-called 'green economy' remains fundamentally driven by (liberal) capitalism, sustainability and green labels will remain fig leaves attempting to cover up ecocide.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The so-called 'green economy' remains fundamentally driven by (liberal) capitalism.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

What the term 'extractivism' ultimately describes is a particular way of seeing and being in the world-it accurately captures how theft, looting and pillage remain constant in the political economy of capitalism, no matter its differing (statist) political and economic accumulation regimes.

“Indeed, what the term 'extractivism' ultimately describes is a particular way of seeing and being in the world—it accurately captures how theft, looting and pillage remain constant in the political economy of capitalism, no matter its differing (statist) political and economic accumulation regimes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A supply-web rather than point-of-extraction-centered understanding of extractivism(s) will extend accountability for ecosystem degradation and habitat loss.

“Finally, a supply-web rather than point-of-extraction-centered understanding of extractivism(s) will extend accountability for ecosystem degradation and habitat loss.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Extractivism encompasses what Diego Andreucci and colleagues have labeled value grabbing.

“While extractivism has often been described as a “mode of accumulation” (Acosta, 2013, 62; Perreault, 2013), it also encompasses what Diego Andreucci and colleagues (2017, 28) have labeled “value grabbing.””

• cites Acosta, 2013, 62Not matched

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• cites Perreault, 2013Not matched

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• cites Diego Andreucci and colleagues (2017, 28)Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Extractivism is the result of a particular ontological assemblage which is animated by a mindset that shapes expressions, contestations, and logics for and/or against a singular worldview that sees human and nature as separate and (some) humans as more exploitable than others.

“Extractivism, Judith Shapiro and John McNeish (2021) argue, is the result of a particular ontological assemblage which is animated by a mindset that shapes expressions, contestations, and logics for and/or against a singular worldview that sees human and nature as separate and (some) humans as more exploitable than others.”

• cites Shapiro and McNeish (2021)Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Extractivism can only be accurately grasped when exploring multiple direct and indirect forms, and intersecting extractivism(s) and their planetary ramifications.

“Therefore, extractivism can only be accurately grasped when exploring multiple direct and indirect forms (as described below), and intersecting extractivism(s) and their planetary ramifications.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The Tesla Gigafactory attack and communiqué illuminate the growing salience of what has been called 'green extractivism,' exemplifying increasing critique and resistance to extractive projects branded 'green'.

“This action and communiqué illuminate—in theory and practice—the growing salience of what has been called 'green extractivism,' exemplifying the increasing critique and resistance to extractive projects branded 'green.'”

• cites Anonymous, 2021Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Green extractivism constitutes a system of extractive development that harnesses climate change and other socioecological crises as profit-generating and re-branding opportunities.

“As we further elaborate below, we consider green extractivism to constitute a system of extractive development that harnesses climate change and other socioecological crises as profit-generating and re-branding opportunities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Approaches to extractivism conceptualize it in terms of the appropriation of resources.

“Approaches to extractivism do not limit this to drawing or pulling from the soil, but conceptualize it in terms of the appropriation of resources (Gudynas, 2009).”

• cites Gudynas, 2009Not matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Extractivism cannot be reduced to simply taking from the non-human world.

“one of the key features of extractivism is that it cannot be reduced to simply taking from the non-human world.”

• cites Jingzhong Ye and colleagues (2020)Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The concept of extractivism is far from 'mined-out.'

“Gavin Bridge (2023) reminds us that the concept of extractivism is far from 'mined-out.'”

• cites Gavin Bridge (2023)Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Extractivism remains the ideology of normalizing and executing violence against the body/territory that operates on multiple micro- and meso- scales as well as cumulatively on a planetary scale.

“Extractivism, in short, remains the ideology of normalizing and executing violence against the body/territory that operates on multiple micro- and meso- scales as well as cumulatively on a planetary scale.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Foreign influence and ownership is not a determining factor for extractivism.

“It also implies looking differently at foreign influence and ownership, which we do not consider a determining factor for extractivism.”

May combine two claims.

Classic approaches to extractivism lead to obscuring broader crises embedded in value chains of building materials like concrete or glass production and overlooking the relational politics of extractive activities.

“Classic approaches therefore lead to obscuring broader crises embedded in value chains of, for example, building materials like concrete or glass production4 and overlooking the relational politics of extractive activities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first wave of extractivism scholarship strongly emphasizes how extractivism is tied up with capitalism's unequal global divisions of production and consumption.

“Stemming from its roots in dependency theory, this first wave of extractivism scholarship strongly emphasizes how extractivism is tied up with capitalism's unequal global divisions of production and consumption.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

These logics point to epistemic and ontological extractivism, relating to how one views and knows the world.

“These logics point to what Grosfoguel calls 'epistemic' and 'ontological' extractivism, relating to how one views and knows the world.”

• cites GrosfoguelNot matched

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Extractivism, whether 'green,' 'black' or 'gray' begins with objectifying and denying the lifeways of mountains, rivers, trees, plants, soils and people.

“Extractivism, whether”

May combine two claims.

The importance of value grabbing within extractivism is only reinforced through the rise of green extractivism, which is importantly driven by processes of 'green financialization,' involving carbon markets, payment for ecosystems services and green.

“The importance of value grabbing within extractivism is only reinforced through the rise of green extractivism, which is importantly driven by processes of 'green financialization,' involving carbon markets, payment for ecosystems services and green”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Extractivism is premised on the onto-epistemological devaluing of most of the web of life.

“As Chagnon and colleagues argue,”

• cites Chagnon and colleagues (2022, 777)Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The first core feature of extractivism relates to the appropriation of resources and rendering them legible for value creation.

“The first feature relates to the appropriation of resources (Gudynas, 2009) and rendering them legible, specifically for the purposes of value creation (Moore, 2015).”

• cites Gudynas, 2009Not matched

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• cites Moore, 2015Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Green extractivism differs from extractivism in that it uses socioecological, weather and climate crises to generate new or reinforce existing 'green' markets or profit-generating activities.

“First, green extractivism differs from extractivism in that it uses socioecological, weather and climate crises to generate new or reinforce existing 'green' markets or profit-generating activities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The EDC framework has opened up space for identifying and understanding processes of green extractivism.

“As such, it has opened up space for identifying and understanding processes of green extractivism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A political ontology lens changes how we understand politics by critically assessing hegemonic modes of knowing that shape what is tolerated and allowed on the political menu in policy debates or mainstream media outlets.

“A political ontology lens also changes how we understand politics, by critically assessing the hegemonic modes of knowing that shape what is tolerated and allowed on the 'political menu' in policy debates or mainstream media outlets.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This worldview, categorical imposition and ideology is normalized, institutionally reproduced and becomes hegemonic.

“This worldview, categorical imposition and ideology is normalized, institutionally reproduced and, thus, becomes hegemonic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Green grabbing positions itself as green accumulation by dispossession.

“Green grabbing, following Fairhead and colleagues (2012), positions itself as”

• cites Fairhead and colleagues (2012)Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Green extractivism always entails Ecological Distribution Conflicts (EDCs) and green grabbing, although it is not limited to it.

“We posit that green extractivism always entails Ecological Distribution Conflicts (EDCs) and green”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Extractivism takes on various public and/or private forms to advance capital accumulation and 'grab' value.

“Extractivism, said simply, takes on various”

May combine two claims.

With the rise of global commodity prices, (neo)extractivism involves governments extracting more rents and accumulated value, which, in the case of rentierism, advances the collateralization of national assets through legal-technical instruments.

“With the rise of global commodity prices, (neo)extractivism involves governments extracting more rents and accumulated value (see Bebbington, 2012; Perreault, 2013), which, in the case of rentierism, advances the “collateralization” of national assets through legal-technical instruments (Rosales 2019, 1317).”

• cites Bebbington, 2012Not matched

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• cites Perreault, 2013Not matched

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• cites Rosales 2019, 1317 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The world economy has grown increasingly financialized from the 1980s onwards.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Political ecologists have been at the forefront of investigating green extractivism.

“Said simply, political ecologists have been at the forefront of investigating green extractivism.”

May combine two claims.

The result of ecotourism is the commodification of ecosystems and the reorganization of relationships in the service of value extraction.

“The result is the commodification of ecosystems and the reorganization”

May combine two claims.

The second core feature of extractivism is that appropriation and the related process of producing legibility always lead to the breakdown of socioecological reciprocity, implying the infliction of irreparable harm on socioecological systems.

“A second core feature of extractivism is that appropriation and the related process of producing”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

This system inscribes the expansion of capitalist techno/industrial production and economic growth as 'progress' regardless of the deleterious social/cultural/knowledge effects and the ecological and climatic devastations it entails.

“This system inscribes the expansion of capitalist techno/industrial production and economic growth as 'progress' regardless of the deleterious”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

EDCs scholarship charts the asymmetrical distribution of costs and benefits, which also extends to center-periphery exchange dynamics.

“The latter charts the asymmetrical distribution of costs and benefits, which also extends to center-periphery exchange dynamics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Making legible entails identifying, measuring, mapping, labeling and often quantifying phenomena in order to commodify them and render them governable and extractable.

“entails identifying, measuring, mapping, labeling and often quantifying phenomena in order”

• cites Scott, 1998Not matched

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• cites Li, 2014Not matched

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• cites Avila, et al., 2022Not matched

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Green extractivism goes beyond EDCs by looking not only at processes and relations of extraction and distribution but also at the structures and broader conditions (material/political/ontological) that enable them.

“Green extractivism, nevertheless, goes beyond this by looking not only at processes and relations of extraction and distribution but also at the structures and broader conditions (material/political/ontological) that enable them.”

May combine two claims.

Much EDC research has insufficiently recognized the political/ontological dimensions of destruction conflicts, being implicitly inscribed in state-centered developmentalism and a related materialist ontology.

“Despite this emphasis on socio/cultural values, much EDC research has insufficiently recognized the political/ontological dimensions of destruction conflicts, being implicitly inscribed in state-centered developmentalism and a related materialist ontology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Green grabbing is driven by and creates the conditions for green extractivism-it establishes and enables the complex supply-webs that sustain it, by promoting the successful commodification, marketization and extraction of humans, nonhumans and more-than-humans to propel the expansion of capitalist mentalities, development, and natures.

“Green grabbing is driven by and creates the conditions for green extractivism—it establishes and enables the complex supply-webs that sustain it, by promoting the successful commodification, marketization and extraction of humans, nonhumans (flora, fauna, etc.) and more-than-humans (river spirits, mountains, etc.) to propel the expansion of capitalist mentalities, development, and natures.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The unequal distribution of harms combined with unequal, adverse or highly limited benefit sharing points to ecological distribution conflicts (EDCs).

“The unequal distribution of harms combined with the unequal, adverse or highly limited benefit sharing, pointing to”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Because of the severing of reciprocity, extraction indicates extra-action that creates socioecological disharmony by appropriating extra or consuming more resources/existences than can sustain habitats and socioecological and epistemic vitality and diversity.

“Because of the severing of”

May combine two claims.

Governmental 'de-risking' or favorable private-public partnerships (PPA) is another key dynamic of green financialization and is currently used to finance climate change mitigation and industry decarbonization projects.

“Another key dynamic of green financialization is governmental 'de-risking,' or favorable private-public partnerships (PPA), which are currently being used to finance climate change mitigation and industry decarbonization projects.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: De-risking seeks to reduce or eliminate investment risks by leveraging public funds.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This entwined socioeconomic/political-ontological pattern is characterized by the appropriation of resources and existences and non-reciprocal relations with the planet, grounded in the objectification of rivers, trees, mountains, plants, soils and bodies.

“This entwined socioeconomic/political-ontological pattern or system is characterized by the appropriation of resources and existences and non-reciprocal relations with the planet, which are ultimately grounded in the objectification”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The third core feature of extractivism is that it is not limited to processes of appropriation that lead to irreparable socioecological harm, but also relates to the broader and entwined political-economic and ideational systems that enable these processes.

“A third core feature of extractivism is that it is not limited to processes of appropriation that lead to”

May combine two claims.

The harm inflicted by creating socioecological disbalance is generally externalized, implying extractive corporations do not account for it, but offload harms onto local ecosystems, existences and peoples, and the public sector.

“The harm inflicted by creating socioecological disbalance is generally externalized, implying extractive corporations do not account for it, but they offload harms onto local ecosystems”

May combine two claims.

The current energy mix and the mining of 'critical' minerals continue to rely on hydrocarbons.

“However, the current energy mix as well as the mining of 'critical' minerals continue to rely on hydrocarbons (see Dunlap, 2021b, 2023c; Dunlap & Marin, 2022)”

• cites Dunlap, 2021bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Dunlap, 2023cNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Dunlap & Marin, 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Extractive or green extractive hegemony entails an 'extractive gaze' that is used to legitimize extraction by rendering certain beings, existences and lives of habitats invisible, meanwhile teaching people to think and see like an extractivist state or corporation.

“Extractive, or green extractive, hegemony thus entails an”

• cites Gómez-Barris (2017, 4-5)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kröger, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hokkanen, 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Green extractivism scholarship emerges from but also goes beyond the EDC framework, redressing its limitations by centering the epistemological and ontological dimensions of extractivism.

“As further elaborated below, green extractivism scholarship emerges from, but also goes beyond the EDC framework, redressing its limitations by centering the epistemological and ontological dimensions of extractivism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Green grabbing is the logistical preparation, act or 'event' that encloses land.

“Green grabbing is the logistical preparation, act or 'event' that encloses land;”

May combine two claims.

Agricultural plantations and soil extractivism exemplify concerns about degradation, but so does hydrological, solar and wind extractivism, the impacts of which are often difficult to observe, happen slowly and progressively over time.

“As mentioned above, agricultural plantations and soil extractivism exemplify these concerns (Kröger, 2022; Hokkanen, 2024), but so does hydrological, solar and wind extractivism (Kelly, 2021; Hu, 2023; Dunlap & Marin, 2022), the impacts of which are often difficult to observe, happen slowly and progressively over time.”

• cites Kröger, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hokkanen, 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kelly, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Jaguars conservation enacts green extractivist practices while justifying conventional extractivism.

“In short, jaguars conservation enacts green extractivist practices while justifying conventional extractivism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Jaguar conservation regiments environments, integrates market relationships, further justifying the so-called 'Tren Maya' megaproject-a 1,500-kilometer train in southeast of Mexico.

“The authors reveal how jaguar conservation regiments environments, integrates market relationships, further justifying the so-called 'Tren Maya' megaproject—a 1,500-kilometer train in southeast of Mexico.”

• cites Ruelas and Dunlap (2023, this Section)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The putative energy transition reproduces the same territorial, environmental, and sociocultural impacts as conventional forms of extraction, yet it makes dispossession fashionable, rendering it invisible, legitimate, and even agreeable.

“As Astrid Ulloa (2023, this Section) shows, the putative energy transition reproduces the same territorial, environmental, and sociocultural impacts as conventional forms of extraction, yet it makes dispossession fashionable, rendering it invisible, legitimate, and even agreeable.”

• cites Ulloa (2023, this Section) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The dominant gaze of climate masculinities to intervene at a planetary scale combines with the ontological and physical invisibilization inflicted by 'sustainable development' projects built on notions such as terra nullius, which entail deploying a matrix of physical and symbolic violence to render certain people and places visible for extraction and exploitation thereby rendering others invisibl

“The dominant gaze of climate masculinities to intervene at a planetary scale (e.g. earth system science and geoengineering) combines with the ontological and physical invisibilization inflicted by 'sustainable development' projects built on notions such as terra nullius, which entail deploying a matrix of physical and symbolic violence to render certain people and places visible for extraction and”

• cites Scott, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Li, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Vidalou, 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Green extractivism leverages socioecological, weather and climate crises as investment and profit-generation opportunities.

“To sum up, green extractivism leverages socioecological, weather and climate crises as investment and profit-generation opportunities.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Pressures to decarbonize have led to a proliferation of proposals seeking to incorporate wind and solar energy into La Guajira, Colombia, thereby depoliticizing territorial demands by the Wayúu people.

“Examining one of Latin America's coal mining regions, La Guajira, Colombia, Ulloa argues that pressures to decarbonize have led to a proliferation of proposals seeking to incorporate wind and solar energy into the region, thereby depoliticizing territorial demands by the Wayúu people.”

• cites Ulloa (2023, this Section) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Jaguar conservation advances green extractivism, while greenwashing conventional extractive and infrastructural development schemes.

“The authors argue that jaguar conservation advances green extractivism, while greenwashing conventional extractive and infrastructural development schemes.”

• cites Ruelas and Dunlap (2023, this Section)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The high-modernist eye-and materialist ontologies it is grounded in-fails to, refuses, and simply cannot acknowledge or experience these progressive ecological degradations and changes.

“The high-modernist eye—and materialist ontologies it is grounded in—fails to, refuses, and simply cannot acknowledge or experience these progressive ecological degradations and changes.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Extraction of minerals to combat climate change exacerbates climate-related risks for marginalized populations in the Peruvian highlands by degrading sensitive ecosystems and undermining local livelihoods.

“This has led to the paradoxical situation that the extraction of minerals to combat climate change exacerbates climate-related risks for marginalized populations in the Peruvian highlands by degrading sensitive ecosystems and undermining local livelihoods.”

• cites Heikkinen (2024, this Section) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The HS2 project sought to cut through habitats and towns from London heading north.

“The HS2 project sought to cut through habitats and towns from London heading north.”

• cites Brock (2024, this Section)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Much of the capital invested in 'green' projects is derived from conventional extractivist projects, whereas the profits of green extractivisms are reinvested in conventional extractive activities.

“Therefore, much of the capital invested in 'green' projects is derived from conventional extractivist projects, whereas the profits of green extractivisms are reinvested in conventional extractive activities.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Energy justice has roots in colonial objectives, capitalist imperatives, and modernist developmental thinking.

“The author challenges the notion of energy justice, revealing its roots in colonial objectives, capitalist imperatives and modernist developmental thinking.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Colombia's reliance on the 'greenness' of large-scale infrastructure projects diverts attention from their extractive socioecological realities, which coincide with violent tactics to suppress dissent from local communities and environmental defenders.

“Feeney illustrates how Colombia's reliance on the 'greenness' of large-scale infrastructure projects, in this case a dam, diverts attention from their extractive socioecological realities, which coincide with violent tactics to suppress dissent from local communities and environmental defenders.”

• cites Feeney (2024, this Section) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Peruvian mining policies, actions, and discourses are intertwined with the global extractive apparatus and its power dynamics, perpetuating contradictions inherent in green extractivism.

“Employing the concept of indirect green extractivism, the article further demonstrates how Peruvian mining policies, actions, and discourses are intertwined with the global extractive apparatus and its power dynamics, perpetuating the contradictions inherent in green extractivism.”

• cites Heikkinen (2024, this Section) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Zinc and other transition minerals are crucial raw materials for wind turbines, solar panels, lithium-ion batteries, electric cars, and other technologies positioned as central for mitigating climate crisis.

“Heikkinen underscores how zinc, alongside other 'transition minerals,' are crucial raw materials for wind turbines, solar panels, lithium-ion batteries, electric cars and other technologies positioned as central for mitigating the ongoing climate crisis.”

• cites Heikkinen (2024, this Section) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The complex interplay of voluntary carbon markets, NGOs, corporate financing, environmental policies, and blockchain technologies are used to further integrate ecosystems into the circuits of capitalist control and accumulation.

“Ruelas and Dunlap describe how the complex interplay of voluntary carbon markets, NGOs, corporate financing, environmental policies, and blockchain technologies are used to further integrate ecosystems into the circuits of capitalist control and accumulation.”

• cites Ruelas and Dunlap (2023, this Section)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It is green extractivism, not 'green energy,' 'sustainable,' renewable,' 'clean' or 'decarbonized'.

“It is green extractivism, not 'green energy,' 'sustainable,' renewable,' 'clean' or 'decarbonized'.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

By portraying HS2 as sustainable, green, and necessary, the government benefits the British construction industry, political and economic elites, affluent commuters, and the City of London, while leveraging zero carbon imaginaries to disregard devastating socioecological consequences.

“Brock contends that by portraying the project as 'sustainable,' 'green,' and 'necessary,' the government is benefiting the British construction industry, political and economic elites, affluent commuters, and the City of London, all while leveraging 'zero carbon imaginaries' to disregard the devastating socioecological consequences the project was due to have.”

• cites Brock (2024, this Section)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There are entire equipment factories, mining operations, chemical processing facilities, smelting and manufacturing facilities that produce wind, solar, hydrological and tidal wave extraction technologies.

“There are entire equipment factories, mining operations, chemical processing facilities, smelting and manufacturing facilities that produce wind, solar, hydrological and tidal wave extraction technologies.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

So-called renewability involves degradation, irreparable damage, and exhaustion.

“So-called renewability involves degradation, irreparable damage, and exhaustion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The green transition not only conceals its extractive nature but also becomes entangled with forms of spatial reconfiguration, in this case, around nationalist projects.

“Similarly, David Singh (2023, this Section) demonstrates how the green transition not only conceals its extractive nature but also becomes entangled with forms of spatial reconfiguration, in this case, around nationalist projects.”

• cites David Singh (2023, this Section) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The 'greenness' of infrastructural extractivism serves as a tool to legitimize and rationalize the same injustices, violence, and social and ecological harms as other forms of industrial development.

“In this context, the 'greenness' of infrastructural extractivism serves as a tool to legitimize and rationalize the same injustices, violence, and social and ecological harms as other forms of industrial development.”

• cites Brock (2024, this Section)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Expansion of zinc mining in the Peruvian highlands exacerbates climate vulnerabilities.

“Anna Heikkinen (2024, this Section) contends that the expansion of zinc mining in the Peruvian highlands exacerbates climate vulnerabilities.”

• cites Heikkinen (2024, this Section) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

It is paradoxical to speak of energy justice as long as the concept, its formulations, and manifestations remain tethered to a Westernized conception of modernity.

“Tornel argues that it seems paradoxical to speak of energy justice as long as the concept, its formulations, and manifestations remain tethered to a Westernized conception of modernity.”

May combine two claims.

Green projects extract-directly or indirectly-from ecosystems, and are often enabled by capital from or tools and infrastructure produced by conventional hydrocarbon extractive projects.

“Green projects also extract—directly or indirectly—from ecosystems, and are often enabled by capital from or tools and infrastructure produced by conventional hydrocarbon extractive projects (Dunlap, 2021b; Andreucci et al., 2023; Marin et al., 2023; Deberdt & Le Billion, 2024).”

• cites Dunlap, 2021bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Andreucci et al., 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Marin et al., 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

These claims obscure the fundamental entanglements between conventional and 'green' extractivism, making deception a central feature of the latter.

“As further explained below, these claims obscure the fundamental entanglements between conventional and 'green' extractivism, making deception a central feature of the latter.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The implementation of neoliberal conservation tools (e.g., environmental offsets) by government and private sector leads to the creation of carbon and biodiversity sacrifice zones necessary to secure access to natural resources as compensation mechanisms.

“Here, Feeney reveals how the implementation of neoliberal conservation tools by the government and private sector, such as environmental offsets, leads to the creation of both 'carbon' and biodiversity sacrifice zones necessary to secure access to natural resources as compensation mechanisms.”

• cites Feeney (2024, this Section) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Wind power infrastructures become key sites for the expansion of extractive development and the assertion of state sovereignty aligning with the ethno-nationalist political project of reshaping land and space along religious and caste lines.

“He further argues that wind power infrastructures become key sites for the expansion of extractive development and the assertion of state sovereignty aligning with the ethno-nationalist political project of reshaping land and space along religious and caste lines.”

• cites Singh (2023, this Section) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Trophy hunting emerges as an unsuspecting form of green extractivism, perpetuating extractive patterns historically established through colonialism.

“Consequently, trophy hunting emerges as an unsuspecting form of green extractivism, perpetuating extractive patterns historically established through colonialism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

State-building and state legitimacy require extractive infrastructures as a means of accumulation, political pacification, and domestication of subjects.

“Drawing on the colonial history of the British railways, Brock argues that state-building and state legitimacy require extractive infrastructures as a means of accumulation, political pacification, and the domestication of subjects.”

• cites Brock (2024, this Section)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In India, an almost ready-made justification for the expulsion of Muslims from land is articulated in the emerging demand for so-called renewable energy, leading 'green' energy production to converge with Narendra Modi's ethno-nationalist project.

“Focusing on India, Singh illustrates how an almost ready-made justification for the expulsion of Muslims from land is articulated in the emerging demand for so-called renewable energy, leading 'green' energy production to converge with Narendra Modi's ethno-nationalist project.”

• cites Singh (2023, this Section) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Green extractivism is done by branding extractivist projects 'green' or ecologically sustainable that, in reality, are just extracting more from the earth and its inhabitants to advance industry, technology, and elite control, thereby enabling and disabling different possibilities for people and the planet.

“This is done by branding extractivist projects 'green' or ecologically sustainable that, when in reality, they are just extracting more from the earth and its inhabitants to advance industry, technology, and elite control, thereby enabling and disabling different possibilities for people and the planet.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Energy justice risks reproducing injustices instead of resolving them.

“Energy justice, Tornel shows, risks reproducing injustices instead of resolving them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Environmentalists' enthusiastic endorsement of railway development was exploited by the UK government to justify the HS2 megaproject.

“Andrea Brock (2024, this Section) reveals how environmentalists' enthusiastic endorsement of railway development was exploited by the UK government to justify the controversial High-Speed Two (HS2) trainline megaproject”

• cites Brock (2024, this Section)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Discourses presenting humans, and peasants in particular, as invaders, further entrench (neo)colonial conservation policies that enable rather than hinder green grabbing and extractivism.

“In the same vein, the author shows how discourses presenting humans, and peasants in particular, as invaders, further entrench (neo)colonial conservation policies —like offsets— that enable rather than hinder green grabbing and extractivism.”

• cites Feeney (2024, this Section) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The claims to 'sustainability', 'climate friendliness' and 'green-ness' harnessed by green extractivism are deeply inscribed in specific ontologies and epistemologies, further underscoring how extractivism inevitably entails political/ontological conflict.

“The claims to 'sustainability', 'climate friendliness' and 'green-ness' harnessed by green extractivism are deeply inscribed in specific ontologies and epistemologies, further underscoring how extractivism inevitably entails political/ontological conflict.”

May combine two claims.

So-called green projects extract-directly or indirectly-from ecosystems, and are often dependent on conventional hydrocarbon extractive projects.

“So-called green projects extract— directly or indirectly—from ecosystems, and are often dependent on conventional hydrocarbon extractive projects (Dunlap, 2021b; Andreucci et al., 2023; Marin et al., 2023; Deberdt & Le Billion, 2024).”

• cites Dunlap, 2021bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Andreucci et al., 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Marin et al., 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Ignoring the extractivist reality of lower-carbon energy production stifles and prevents people from adequately assessing the harms of modernity and working towards creating sociopolitical systems based on genuine socioecological sustainability and renewability.

“Ignoring the extractivist reality of lower-carbon energy production stifles and prevents people from adequately assessing the harms of modernity and, consequently, working towards creating sociopolitical systems based on genuine socioecological sustainability and renewability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Extractivist activities entail slow and progressive forms of socioecological degradation related to quality and vitality of wind, wave, river and solar flows.

“This, as mentioned above, extends to charting how extractivist activities entail slow and progressive forms of socioecological degradation, related to the quality and vitality of wind, wave, river and solar flows.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Green extractivism is a farce-it is just extractivism.

“While green extractivism is a farce—it is just extractivism— we argue that it deserves greater analytical specificity and it remains a useful tool for conceptualizing capitalism's techno/industrial growth.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is a remarkable expansion of 'extra-actions' accompanying the spread of extractivism into less developed or previously inaccessible areas.

“We are witnessing a remarkable expansion of 'extra-actions' accompanying the relentless, often brutal, and intensifying spread of extractivism into 'less developed' or previously inaccessible areas ranging from material sources at the bottom of the ocean, to the Moon, or even Mars, and mineral deposits at greater depths.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Such research is a precondition for holding conventional and green extractive industries accountable.

“Such research is a precondition for holding conventional and green extractive industries accountable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The proliferation of extra-actions can only be countered by an intensification of extra-Activisms.

“This proliferation of extra-actions can only be countered by an intensification of extra-Activisms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The expansion of extra-actions includes indirect and immaterial forms of extractivism such as global value-chains, logistics, financialization, and data-extraction algorithms.

“This expansion includes indirect and so-called 'immaterial' forms of extractivism, such as global value-chains, logistics, financialization, and data-extraction algorithms required to sustain green extractivism.”