Exercise for people in early- or mid-stage Parkinson disease: a 16-month randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Exercise confers short-term benefits for individuals with Parkinson disease (PD). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to compare short- and long-term responses among 2 supervised exercise programs and a home-based control exercise program. DESIGN: The 16-month randomized controlled exercise intervention investigated 3 exercise approaches: flexibility/balance/function exercise (FBF), supervised aerobic exercise (AE), and home-based exercise (control). SETTING: This study was conducted in outpatient clinics. PATIENTS: The participants were 121 individuals with PD (Hoehn & Yahr stages 1-3). INTERVENTIONS: The FBF program (individualized spinal and extremity flexibility exercises followed by group balance/functional training) was supervised by a physical therapist. The AE program (using a treadmill, bike, or elliptical trainer) was supervised by an exercise trainer. Supervision was provided 3 days per week for 4 months, and then monthly (16 months total). The control group participants exercised at home using the National Parkinson Foundation Fitness Counts program, with 1 supervised, clinic-based group session per month. MEASUREMENTS: Outcomes, obtained by blinded assessors, were determined at 4, 10, and 16 months. The primary outcome measures were overall physical function (Continuous Scale-Physical Functional Performance [CS-PFP]), balance (Functional Reach Test [FRT]), and walking economy (oxygen uptake [mL/kg/min]). Secondary outcome measures were symptom severity (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS] activities of daily living [ADL] and motor subscales) and quality of life (39-item Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Scale [PDQ-39]). RESULTS: Of the 121 participants, 86.8%, 82.6%, and 79.3% completed 4, 10, and 16 months, respectively, of the intervention. At 4 months, improvement in CS-PFP scores was greater in the FBF group than in the control group (mean difference=4.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2 to 7.3) and the AE group (mean difference=3.1, 95% CI=0.0 to 6.2). Balance was not different among groups at any time point. Walking economy improved in the AE group compared with the FBF group at 4 months (mean difference=-1.2, 95% CI=-1.9 to -0.5), 10 months (mean difference=-1.2, 95% CI=-1.9 to -0.5), and 16 months (mean difference=-1.7, 95% CI=-2.5 to -1.0). The only secondary outcome that showed significant differences was UPDRS ADL subscale scores: the FBF group performed better than the control group at 4 months (mean difference=-1.47, 95% CI=-2.79 to -0.15) and 16 months (mean difference=-1.95, 95% CI=-3.84 to -0.08). LIMITATIONS: Absence of a non-exercise control group was a limitation of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Findings demonstrated overall functional benefits at 4 months in the FBF group and improved walking economy (up to 16 months) in the AE group.
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Prior research has shown significant improvements in aerobic capacity and muscle strength in persons with PD following exercise training.
“Prior research has shown significant improvements in aerobic capacity (Schenkman et al., 2012) and muscle strength (Goodwin et al., 2008; Mehrholz et al., 2010), in persons with PD following exercise training.”
From Perception of Physical Demand, Mental Demand, and Performance: A Comparison of Two Voice Interventions for Parkinson's Disease (2022) · cites this paper as Schenkman et al., 2012
Only a few studies have examined the effects of aerobic training alone that incorporate limited or no aspects of skill learning.
“Only a few studies have examined the effects of aerobic training alone that incorporate limited or no aspects of skill learning 13, 22, 49.”
From Exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitry in Parkinson's disease (2013) · cites this paper as [13]
Preliminary studies of aerobic training alone appear to demonstrate only modest gains in motor skill performance.
“While preliminary, these studies appear to demonstrate only modest gains in motor skill performance.”
From Exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitry in Parkinson's disease (2013) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Schenkman, M., Hall, D. A., Barón, A. E., Schwartz, R. S., Mettler, P., & Kohrt, W. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Colorado School of Public Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schenkman, Margaret
- Venue
- Physical Therapy
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-11-01
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1395-1410
- ISSN
- 0031-9023 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-6724
- PMC
- PMC3488266
- OpenAlex
- W2129106050
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 44.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (TL1TR001081)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK048520)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K23NS052487, NS052487)
- National Center for Research Resources (TL1RR025778)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD043770)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, exercise intervention, aerobic exercise, home-based exercise, supervised exercise, physical function, balance, walking economy, oxygen consumption, motor symptoms, activities of daily living, quality of life, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, PDQ-39, functional reach test
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Disability Evaluation, Postural Balance, Exercise Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Parkinson Disease, Quality of Life, Severity of Illness Index, Walking, Treatment Outcome, Physical Therapy Modalities
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