Guidance on the assessment of bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobials of human and veterinary importance

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP)

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2740

Cited by 915Agricultural safety and regulationsAntibiotic Resistance in BacteriaAntibiotic Use and Resistance

Guidance on the assessment of bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobials of human and veterinary importance

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EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP)·2012·EFSA Journal

DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2740

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Abstract

This Guidance document is intended to provide a method to identify resistance to antimicrobials of human and veterinary importance in bacterial strains intended for use as feed additives. Such tests should be made in a consistent manner using internationally recognised and standardised methods. As a basic requirement, the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antimicrobials should be determined for each of the following substances: ampicillin, vancomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and, in specific cases, tylosine, apramycin, nalidixic acid, sulfonamide and trimethoprim. These antimicrobials are chosen to detect a wide range of determinants for resistance. The cut-off values identified by the FEEDAP Panel should be seen as a pragmatic response intended to introduce consistency in the separation of strains with acquired resistance from susceptible strains. These values are not intended for any purpose other than the assessment of microbial products for the possible presence of antimicrobial resistance. When a bacterial strain demonstrates higher resistance to a specific antimicrobial than the other strains of the same taxonomical unit, the presence of acquired resistance is indicated and additional information is needed on the genetic basis of the antimicrobial resistance. Any bacterial strain carrying an acquired resistance to antimicrobial that is shown to be due to the acquisition of genetic determinant presents the greatest potential for horizontal spread and should not be used as a feed additive.

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Antibiotic susceptibility testing of E. coli isolates was performed according to CLSI M07 and resistance was evaluated based on EFSA guidelines.
“The strains of E. coli not harboring pathogenic genes were tested for their sensitivity to antibiotics according to CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) M07 [65].”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [66]
Section 1.1, “Microbiological cut-off values” (page not provided), gives EFSA criteria for classifying bacterial strains as susceptible or resistant, supporting the general reference to EFSA resistance guidance. It does not establish CLSI M07 as the testing method or provide E. coli-specific cut-off values; the printed citing sentence attributes the CLSI M07 method to this citation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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MIC values were interpreted according to CLSI or EUCAST guidelines, consistent with EFSA recommendations for standardized MIC determination.
“MIC values were interpreted according to CLSI or EUCAST guidelines, consistent with EFSA recommendations16 for standardized MIC determination in antimicrobial susceptibility testing.17,18”
From Safety and efficacy concerns in Indian probiotics: Insights from whole-genome sequencing and <i>in vitro</i> assessment (2026) · cites this paper as [16]
E. coli 5C is antibiotic-sensitive according to the EFSA panel.
“(iii) antibiotic-sensitive according to the EFSA panel”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [66]
Section 1.1 defines how the FEEDAP Panel classifies strains as susceptible or resistant using antimicrobial cut-off values. The passages do not assess E. coli 5C specifically; searches for “E. coli 5C” and “Escherichia coli 5C” found no such assessment in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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Susceptibility of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains to Six Antibiotics and Definition of New Susceptibility–Resistance Cutoff Values
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Authors: (FEEDAP), E. P. O. A. A. P. O. S. U. I. A. F.
Corresponding author: EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP)
Venue: EFSA Journal
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2012-06
Volume: 10
Issue: 6
ISSN: 1831-4732 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2740
OpenAlex: W4206302370
Cited by: 904
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 54.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nd
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1 (tdm, 1187 d)
Locations: EFSA Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nd)
Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
OpenAgrar (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, feed additives, bacterial strain, minimum inhibitory concentration, acquired resistance, ampicillin, vancomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, apramycin, nalidixic acid, sulfonamides, trimethoprim

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Guidance on the assessment of bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobials of human and veterinary importance

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