The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Longitudinal Assessment of Neuropsychological Function in Major Depression
Abstract
Neuropsychological impairment is a core component of major depression, yet its relationship to clinical state is unclear. The aims of the present review were to determine which neuropsychological domains and tasks were most sensitive to improvement in clinical state in major depression and to highlight the methodological issues in such research. Studies that included a baseline and at least one follow-up neuropsychological testing session in adults with major depression were identifed using MEDLINE, Web of Science and ScienceDirect databases. Thirty studies were included in the review. Findings in younger adult populations suggested that improvement in mood was most strongly related to improved verbal memory and verbal fluency, while measures of executive functioning and attention tended to remain impaired across treatment. In late-life major depression, improved psychomotor speed was most closely related to treatment response, but there was much inconsistency between study findings, which may be due to methodological issues. In major depression, particular neuropsychological domains are more strongly related to clinical state than others. The findings from the present review suggest that the domains most sensitive to clinical state are verbal learning and memory, verbal fluency and psychomotor speed. In contrast, measures of attention and executive functioning perhaps represent more trait-like markers of major depression. With further methodologically sound research, the changes in neuropsychological function associated with treatment response may provide a means of evaluating different treatment strategies in major depression.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD) encompasses several domains, including but not limited to executive function, verbal memory, and attention.”
From Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Notwithstanding the heterogeneity across individual studies, the most replicated findings indicate that cognitive impairment in MDD encompasses several domains, notably attention, memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function [7–9].”
From Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
Citations
Cites
Hippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studies
Videbech, P., & Ravnkilde, B. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1957 · Cited by 1,590
Lawrence, N. S., Williams, A. M., Surguladze, S., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. J., Andrew, C., Frangou, S., Ecker, C., & Phillips, M. L. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.017 · Cited by 548
Surguladze, S. A., Young, A. W., Senior, C., Brébion, G., Travis, M. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2004) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.2.212 · Cited by 525
Neurocognitive impairment in drug-free patients with major depressive disorder
Porter, R. J., Gallagher, P., Thompson, J. M., & Young, A. H. (2003) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.182.3.214 · Cited by 519
Self-citationAttention and executive functions in remitted major depression patients
Paelecke-Habermann, Y., Pohl, J., & Leplow, B. (2005) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.09.006 · Cited by 487
Neurocognitive deficits and disability in major depressive disorder
Jaeger, J., Berns, S., Uzelac, S., & Davis-Conway, S. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.11.011 · Cited by 484
Hippocampal volume, memory, and cortisol status in major depressive disorder: Effects of treatment
Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E., Anderson, G. M., Luckenbaugh, D., Anderson, E. R., Snow, J., Staib, L. H., Charney, D. S., & Bremner, J. D. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.04.002 · Cited by 477
Cognitive performance in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction in the elderly depressed
Beats, B. C., Sahakian, B. J., & Levy, R. (1996) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700035662 · Cited by 457
Acute SSRI Administration Affects the Processing of Social Cues in Healthy Volunteers
Harmer, C. J., Bhagwagar, Z., Perrett, D. I., Völlm, B. A., Cowen, P. J., & Goodwin, G. M. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300004 · Cited by 420
O'Brien, J. T. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.2081 · Cited by 409
On the nature and pattern of neurocognitive function in major depressive disorder.
Zakzanis, K. K., Leach, L., & Kaplan, E. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 406
Sex differences in cognitive functions
Weiss, E. M., Kemmler, G., Deisenhammer, E., Fleischhacker, W. W., & Delazer, M. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00288-x · Cited by 378
Executive Dysfunction in Geriatric Depression
Lockwood, K. A., Alexopoulos, G. S., & van Gorp, W. G. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1119 · Cited by 378
Changes in Cognitive Functioning Following Treatment of Late-Life Depression
Butters, M. A., Becker, J. T., Nebes, R. D., Zmuda, M. D., Mulsant, B. H., Pollock, B. G., & Reynolds, C. F. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.1949 · Cited by 377
Young, A. H., Gallagher, P., Watson, S., Del-Estal, D., Owen, B. M., & Nicol Ferrier, I. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300471 · Cited by 318
Evidence for continuing neuropsychological impairments in depression
Weiland-Fiedler, P., Erickson, K., Waldeck, T., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Pike, D., Bonne, O., Charney, D. S., & Neumeister, A. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.009 · Cited by 314
A quantitative review of cognitive deficits in depression and Alzheimer-type dementia
CHRISTENSEN, H., GRIFFITHS, K., MACKINNON, A., & JACOMB, P. (1997) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617797006310 · Cited by 299
Persistence of Neuropsychologic Deficits in the Remitted State of Late-Life Depression
Bhalla, R. K., Butters, M. A., Mulsant, B. H., Begley, A. E., Zmuda, M. D., Schoderbek, B., Pollock, B. G., Reynolds, C. F., & Becker, J. T. (2006) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000203130.45421.69 · Cited by 292
Decreased working memory and processing speed mediate cognitive impairment in geriatric depression
Nebes, R. D., Butters, M. A., Mulsant, B. H., Pollock, B. G., Zmuda, M. D., Houck, P. R., & Reynolds, C. F. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799001968 · Cited by 292
Nebes, R. D., Pollock, B. G., Houck, P. R., Butters, M. A., Mulsant, B. H., Zmuda, M. D., & Reynolds, C. F. (2003) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(02)00085-7 · Cited by 275
Neuropsychological deficits and CT scan changes in elderly depressives
Abas, M., Sahakian, B. J., & Levy, R. (1990) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700017025 · Cited by 273
Gorwood, P. A. P. M., Corruble, E., Falissard, B., & Goodwin, G. M. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07040574 · Cited by 265
Neuropsychological Impairment in Major Depression: Its Nature, Origin and Clinical Significance
Porter, R. J., Bourke, C., & Gallagher, P. (2007) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670601109881 · Cited by 236
Self-citationVerbal and spatial functions across the menstrual cycle in healthy young women
Rosenberg, L., & Park, S. (2002) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00083-x · Cited by 226
Trichard, C., Martinot, J. L., Alagille, M., Masure, M. C., Hardy, P., Ginestet, D., & Féline, A. (1995) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700028105 · Cited by 220
Serotonin and emotional processing: does it help explain antidepressant drug action?
Harmer, C. J. (2008) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.036 · Cited by 219
Reppermund, S., Ising, M., Lucae, S., & Zihl, J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170800411x · Cited by 219
MAJER, M., ISING, M., KÜNZEL, H., BINDER, E. B., HOLSBOER, F., MODELL, S., & ZIHL, J. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704002697 · Cited by 180 · cited 1×
“studies, patients had been classed as remitters versus non-remitters (and responders vs non-responders), but this information was used only for baseline neuropsychological comparisons and predictions [6,7].”
MethodSmith, D. J., Muir, W. J., & Blackwood, D. H. (2006) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00275.x · Cited by 170
Hippocampal volume change in depression: Late- and early-onset illness compared
Lloyd, A. J., Ferrier, I. N., Barber, R., Gholkar, A. R., Young, A. H., & O'Brien, J. T. (2004) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.6.488 · Cited by 169
Reppermund, S., Zihl, J., Lucae, S., Horstmann, S., Kloiber, S., Holsboer, F., & Ising, M. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.027 · Cited by 147
Persistent mild cognitive impairment in geriatric depression
Lee, J. S., Potter, G. G., Wagner, H. R., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., & Steffens, D. C. (2006) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610206003607 · Cited by 142
Executive function improvement upon remission of recurrent unipolar depression
Biringer, E., Lundervold, A., Stordal, K., Mykletun, A., Egeland, J., Bottlender, R., & Lund, A. (2005) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-005-0577-7 · Cited by 138
Sertraline treatment of elderly patients with depression and cognitive impairment
Devanand, D. P., Pelton, G. H., Marston, K., Camacho, Y., Roose, S. P., Stern, Y., & Sackeïm, H. A. (2003) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.802 · Cited by 136
Does Antidepressant Therapy Improve Cognition in Elderly Depressed Patients?
Doraiswamy, P. M., Krishnan, K., Oxman, T. E., Jenkyn, L. R., Coffey, D., Burt, T., & Clary, C. M. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.12.m1137 · Cited by 134
The neuropsychological profile of psychotic major depression and its relation to cortisol
Gomez, R. G., Fleming, S. H., Keller, J., Flores, B., Kenna, H., DeBattista, C., Solvason, B., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.010 · Cited by 127
A comparison of neurocognitive impairment in younger and older adults with major depression
Thomas, A. J., Gallagher, P., Robinson, L. J., Porter, R., Young, A. H., Ferrier, I. N., & O'Brien, J. T. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708004042 · Cited by 127
Self-citationCognitive function in unaffected twins discordant for affective disorder
CHRISTENSEN, M. V., KYVIK, K. O., & KESSING, L. V. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706007896 · Cited by 125
Memory impairment in patients with late-onset major depression: The effect of antidepressant therapy
Gallassi, R., Di Sarro, R., Morreale, A., & Amore, M. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.01.018 · Cited by 118
Effects of major depression on the cognitive function of younger and older subjects
Tarbuck, A. F., & Paykel, E. S. (1995) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700036187 · Cited by 107
Effects of sertraline on autonomic and cognitive functions in healthy volunteers
Siepmann, M., Grossmann, J., M�ck-Weymann, M., & Kirch, W. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1448-4 · Cited by 104
Influence of age and education on neuropsychological test results
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. E. (1995) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854049508401597 · Cited by 96
A longitudinal analysis of neurocognitive function in unipolar depression
Biringer, E., Mykletun, A., Sundet, K. S., Kroken, R. A., Stordal, K. I., & Lund, A. (2007) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390601147686 · Cited by 96
Symonds, C. S., Gallagher, P., Thompson, J., & Young, A. H. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703008535 · Cited by 90
Constant, E. L., Adam, S., Gillain, B., Seron, X., Bruyer, R., & Seghers, A. (2005) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20060 · Cited by 83
Herrera-Guzmán, I., Gudayol-Ferré, E., Lira-Mandujano, J., Herrera-Abarca, J., Herrera-Guzmán, D., Montoya-Pérez, K., & Guardia-Olmos, J. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.04.012 · Cited by 78
Zobel, A. W., Schulze-Rauschenbach, S., von Widdern, O. C., Metten, M., Freymann, N., Grasmäder, K., Pfeiffer, U., Schnell, S., Wagner, M., & Maier, W. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2003.12.002 · Cited by 75
Butters, M. A. (2004) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajgp.12.4.387 · Cited by 70
Residual cognitive impairment in late‐life depression after a 12‐month period follow‐up
Portella, M. J., Marcos, T., Rami, L., Navarro, V., Gastó, C., & Salamero, M. (2003) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.895 · Cited by 67
Neuropsychological Correlates of Major Depression: A Short-term Follow-up
Beblo, T., Baumann, B., Bogerts, B., Wallesch, C.-W., & Herrmann, M. (1999) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/135468099395864 · Cited by 65
Time-related cognitive deficiency in four different types of depression
Neu, P., Kiesslinger, U., Schlattmann, P., & Reischies, F. M. (2001) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00286-4 · Cited by 64
Fairweather, D. B., Kerr, J., Harrison, D. A., Moon, C. A. L., & Hindmarch, I. (1993) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.470080108 · Cited by 63
Mood and Neuropsychological Changes in Women With Midlife Depression Treated With Escitalopram
Wroolie, T. E., Williams, K. E., Keller, J., Zappert, L. N., Shelton, S. D., Kenna, H. A., Reynolds, M. F., & Rasgon, N. L. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000227699.26375.f8 · Cited by 56
Monitoring of Cognitive Effects During a Course of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Porter, R., Douglas, K. M., & Knight, R. G. (2008) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0b013e31815d9627 · Cited by 56
Self-citationFacial expression perception: an objective outcome measure for treatment studies in mood disorders?
Venn, H., Watson, S., Gallagher, P., & Young, A. H. (2005) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145705006012 · Cited by 54
Citalopram Versus Sertraline in Late-Life Nonmajor Clinically Significant Depression
Rocca, P., Calvarese, P., Faggiano, F., Marchiaro, L., Mathis, F., Rivoira, E., Taricco, B., & Bogetto, F. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n0313 · Cited by 54
Savaskan, E., Müller, S. E., Böhringer, A., Schulz, A., & Schächinger, H. (2008) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145707007997 · Cited by 53
Gallagher, P., Robinson, L. J., Gray, J. M., Young, A. H., & Porter, R. (2007) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670601057734 · Cited by 52
Self-citationRichardson, J. S., Keegan, D. L., Bowen, R. C., Blackshaw, S. L., Cebrian-Perez, S., Dayal, N., Saleh, S., & Shrikhande, S. (1994) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-199400910-00006 · Cited by 45
Anderson, S. W., Rizzo, M., Skaar, N. R., Stierman, L., Cavaco, S., Dawson, J. D., & Damasio, H. (2006) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390590954182 · Cited by 40
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 33. Lezak M, Howieson D, Loring D. Neuropsychological assessment, 4th New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
- 57. Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G. Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: The Guilford Press, 1979.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Rock, P. L., Roiser, J. P., Riedel, W. J., & Blackwell, A. D. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002535 · Cited by 2,161
“…of the longitudinal course of cognitive function in depression revealed that improvements in mood were most closely related to improvements in verbal memory, verbal fluency and psychomotor speed, whereas attention and executive function remained impaired across treatment (Douglas & Porter, 2009).”
BackgroundA meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in first-episode Major Depressive Disorder
Lee, R. S. C., Hermens, D. F., Porter, M. A., & Redoblado-Hodge, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.023 · Cited by 737
“attentional switching and verbal fluency as both measures of “executive functioning”), were analysed separately since previous research suggests that inappropriate aggregation of performances across a range of tests purported to test a common function can obscure neuropsychological findings (Douglas and Porter, 2009).”
BackgroundAhern, E., & Semkovska, M. (2017) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000319 · Cited by 321
Biomarkers and clinical staging in psychiatry
McGorry, P. D., Keshavan, M. S., Goldstone, S. D., Amminger, G. P., Allott, K., Berk, M., Lavoie, S., Pantelis, C., Yung, A. R., Wood, S. J., et al. (2014) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20144 · Cited by 324
“sion may also reflect trait-based phenomena (41,47).”
BackgroundMaternal pregnancy-specific anxiety is associated with child executive function at 6–9 years age
Buss, C., Davis, E. P., Hobel, C. J., & Sandman, C. A. (2011) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2011.623250 · Cited by 289
“Keywords: Anxiety, depression, executive function, pregnancy, programming, sex differences”
Metadata
- Authors
- Douglas, K. M., & Porter, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Venue
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1105-1117
- ISSN
- 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1614
- OpenAlex
- W2055084163
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 0.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, neuropsychological deficits, treatment response, verbal memory, verbal fluency, psychomotor speed, executive function, attention, geriatric depression, longitudinal assessment, trait markers
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Attention, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Humans, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Verbal Learning, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
