Long-term consistency of diurnal-type preferences among men
Abstract
Diurnal type (chronotype) differentiates individuals on an axis between the extremes of evening type to morning type. These diurnal-type preferences are thought to be relatively stable, but follow-up studies are sparse. The study aims were (1) to compare cross-sectional studies of diurnal type preferences between two decades and (2) to analyze the consistency of diurnal-type preferences using a longitudinal dataset. We analyzed a total of 18,087 adult males from four datasets with information on diurnal type and age. Of these, 2144 were available for survival analysis and 567 for analysis of longitudinal diurnal consistency. Diurnal type was assessed by asking the individual to what extent they would rate themselves a morning or an evening person, categorized into four groups. Statistical tests for stability of diurnal type were based on transition matrices and p values obtained using likelihood ratios. Cox regression was used to calculate the relative risk of all-cause mortality in each of the four diurnal type groups. After direct age standardization, 9.5% (95% CI: 9.0-10.1%) of participants in the four datasets were evening types. The cross-sectional data yielded that morning types were less common in the 2000s than two decades earlier. The longitudinal dataset revealed a significant shift from evening type to another type from 1985 to 2008 (p = 0.002). The relative risk of all-cause mortality was 1.3-fold (95% CI: 1.0-1.6; p = 0.05) higher for evening types compared to morning types. At the population level, eveningness appears to have become more prevalent over recent decades. However, on the individual level, the more morningness the chronotype, the more persistent it remains with aging.
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Sleep has been implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular risk behaviors and diseases.
“As a common physiologic function that has been implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular risk behaviors [7–11], and diseases [12], sleep may be such a target.”
From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
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Chronotype distribution in the Chinese population
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Epidemiology: Principles and Application in Sleep Medicine
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Self-citationEvening chronotype predicts dropout of physical exercise: a prospective analysis
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Pressure Pain Sensitivity and Chronotype: A Population-based Study of Middle-aged Finns
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Extreme chronotype, regardless of misalignment, links to cardiovascular disease risks
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Chronotype and Health Outcomes: An Update
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- Authors
- Broms, U., Pitkäniemi, J., Bäckmand, H., Heikkilä, K., Koskenvuo, M., Peltonen, M., Sarna, S., Vartiainen, E., Kaprio, J., & Partonen, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Partonen, Timo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Chronobiology International
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-10-16
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 182-188
- ISSN
- 0742-0528 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-6073
- OpenAlex
- W2033919704
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 8.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chronobiology International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- chronotype, eveningness, morningness, long-term consistency, all-cause mortality, men, aging
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Activity Cycles, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aging, Cause of Death, Circadian Rhythm, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Sleep, Time Factors, Wakefulness, Chi-Square Distribution, Likelihood Functions, Proportional Hazards Models
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