Increased xanthine oxidase in the thalamus and putamen in depression
Abstract
A growing body of literature suggests persistent and selective structural changes in the cortico-limbic-thalamic-striatal system in patients with recurrent depressive disorder (DD). Oxidative stress is thought to play a key role in these processes. So far, the main scientific focus has been on antioxidant enzymes in this context. For the first time, this proof of concept study examines the activity of the free radicals producing the enzyme, xanthine oxidase (XO), directly in the cortico-limbic-thalamic-striatal system of patients with recurrent depression. The activity of XO was ascertained in the cortico-limbic-thalamic-striatal regions in post-mortem brain tissue of patients with recurrent depressive episodes and individuals without any neurological or psychiatric history (7/7). We measured the XO activity in following brain areas: hippocampus, regio entorhinalis, thalamus, putamen and caudate nucleus. In this study, we report a significant increase of XO activity in the thalamus and the putamen of patients with depression. Our findings contribute to the growing body of evidence suggesting that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in certain brain areas in recurrent depressive disorder.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Increased XO activity is found in the thalamus and putamen of patients with recurrent MDD.
“A recent post-mortem study found increased XO activity in the thalamus and putamen patients with recurrent MDD [35].”
From Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Antioxidant Effects of Antidepressant Agents: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [35]
Increased ROS production in brain samples of depressive patients is due to increased XO activity.
“These results suggest increased ROS production in brain samples of depressive patients due to increased XO activity.”
From Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Antioxidant Effects of Antidepressant Agents: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [35]
Cites
PROTEIN MEASUREMENT WITH THE FOLIN PHENOL REAGENT
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N., Farr, A. L., & Randall, R. (1951) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52451-6 · Cited by 315,771 · see citing works
The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease
Scriver, R. C. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,101 · see citing works
Rosen, D. R., Siddique, T., Patterson, D., Figlewicz, D. A., Sapp, P., Hentati, A., Donaldson, D., Goto, J., O'Regan, J. P., Deng, H.-X., et al. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/362059a0 · Cited by 7,062 · see citing works
Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals in Postischemic Tissue Injury
Epstein, F. H., & McCord, J. M. (1985) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198501173120305 · Cited by 5,399 · see citing works
Biological effects of the superoxide radical
Fridovich, I. (1986) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(86)90526-6 · Cited by 1,422 · see citing works
Neuroimaging studies of mood disorders
Drevets, W. C. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01020-9 · Cited by 1,313 · see citing works
Berry, C. E., & Hare, J. M. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.055913 · Cited by 925 · see citing works
Structure and function of xanthine oxidoreductase: where are we now?
Harrison, R. (2002) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00956-5 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
The anatomy of mood disorders—review of structural neuroimaging studies
Soares, J. C., & Mann, J. J. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00006-6 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Bilici, M., Efe, H., Köroğlu, M. A., Uydu, H. A., Bekaroğlu, M., & Değer, O. (2001) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00199-3 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
Neuroimaging studies of mood disorder effects on the brain
Sheline, Y. I. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00347-0 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Petrone, W. F., English, D. K., Wong, K. L., & McCord, J. M. (1980) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.77.2.1159 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Zweier, J. L., Kuppusamy, P., & Lutty, G. A. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.11.4046 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Meyer, J. H., Ginovart, N., Boovariwala, A., Sagrati, S., Hussey, D., Garcia, A., Young, T., Praschak-Rieder, N., Wilson, A. A., & Houle, S. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.11.1209 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Depletion of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels in Red Blood Cell Membranes of Depressive Patients
Peet, M., Murphy, B., Shay, J., & Horrobin, D. F. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00206-0 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Sarandol, A., Sarandol, E., Eker, S. S., Erdinc, S., Vatansever, E., & Kirli, S. (2007) · Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.829 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Sheline, Y. I. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00994-x · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Oxidative stress: Free radical production in neural degeneration
Götz, M. E., Künig, G., Riederer, P. F., & Youdim, M. B. H. (1994) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/0163-7258(94)90055-8 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Self-citationKhanzode, S. D., Dakhale, G. N., Khanzode, S. S., Saoji, A., & Palasodkar, R. (2003) · Redox Report · doi:10.1179/135100003225003393 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
A Selective Increase in Particulate Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Parkinsonian Substantia Nigra
Saggu, H. K., Cooksey, J., Dexter, D. T., Wells, F. R., Lees, A. J., Jenner, P. G., & MARSDEN, C. D. (1989) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb11759.x · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Superoxide as an intracellular radical sink
Winterbourn, C. C. (1993) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(93)90512-s · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Grünblatt, E., Mandel, S. A., Jacob‐Hirsch, J., Zeligson, S., Amariglo, N., Rechavi, G., Li, J., Ravid, R., Roggendorf, W., Riederer, P. F., et al. (2004) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-004-0212-1 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Self-citationAkaike, T., Ando, M., Oda, T., Doi, T., Ijiri, S., Araki, S., & Maeda, H. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci114499 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Herken, H., Gurel, A., Selek, S., Armutcu, F., Ozen, M. E., Bulut, M., Kap, O., Yumru, M., Savas, H. A., & Akyol, O. (2007) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.10.005 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Molybdenum-containing hydroxylases
Hille, R. (2004) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2004.08.012 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Wang, J.-Y., Wen, L. L., Huang, Y.-N., Chen, Y.-T., & Ku, M.-C. (2006) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161206778343109 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Zoroğlu, S. S., Armutçu, F., Özen, Ş., Gürel, A., Sivaslı, E., Yetkin, O., & Meram, İ. (2004) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-004-0456-7 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Michel, T. M., Frangou, S., Thiemeyer, D., Camara, S., Jecel, J., Nara, K., Brunklaus, A., Zoechling, R., & Riederer, P. (2007) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.013 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationVasić, N., Walter, H., Höse, A., & Wolf, R. C. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.11.011 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Nishino, T. (1994) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124480 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Hypoxia injures endothelial cells by increasing endogenous xanthine oxidase activity.
Terada, L. S., Guidot, D. M., Leff, J. A., Willingham, I. R., Hanley, M. E., Piermattei, D., & Repine, J. E. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.8.3362 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Baumann, B., Danos, P., Krell, D., Diekmann, S., Leschinger, A., Stauch, R., Wurthmann, C., Bernstein, H.-G., & Bogerts, B. (1999) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.11.1.71 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Schneider, F., Gur, R. E., Mozley, L. H., Smith, R. J., Mozley, P. D., Censits, D. M., Alavi, A., & Gur, R. C. (1995) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/0925-4927(95)02678-q · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Neuroanatomic Correlates of Psychopathologic Components of Major Depressive Disorder
Milak, M. S., Parsey, R. V., Keilp, J. G., Oquendo, M. A., Malone, K. M., & Mann, J. J. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.4.397 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Ichida, K., Amaya, Y., Kamatani, N., Nishino, T., Hosoya, T., & Sakai, O. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119421 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Ichida, K., Amaya, Y., Nöda, K., Shinsei, M., Hosoya, T., Sakai, O., Shimizu, N., & Takeshi, N. (1993) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90652-j · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Brown, J. M., Terada, L. S., Grosso, M. A., Whitmann, G. J., Velasco, S. E., Patt, A., Harken, A. H., & Repine, J. E. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci113448 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Magnetic-resonance morphometry in patients with major depression
Parashos, I. A., Tupler, L. A., Blitchington, T. F., & Krishnan, K. (1998) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(98)00042-0 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Changes in brain metabolism associated with remission in unipolar major depression
Holthoff‐Detto, V., Beuthien‐Baumann, B., Zündorf, G., Triemer, A., Lüdecke, S., Winiecki, P., Koch, R., Füchtner, F., & Herholz, K. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00351.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Jana, A., & Pahan, K. (2007) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-007-9066-2 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Human liver xanthine oxidase: Nature and extent of individual variation
Guerciolini, R., Szumlanski, C. L., & Weinshilboum, R. M. (1991) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1991.205 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Generation of superoxide anion by brain endothelial cell xanthine oxidase
Terada, L. S., Willingham, I. R., Rosandich, M. E., Leff, J. A., Kindt, G. W., & Repine, J. E. (1991) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.1041480202 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Tell Me about Free Radicals, Doctor: A Review
Halliwell, B. B. (1989) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107688908201216 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
MRI study of thalamic volumes in bipolar and unipolar patients and healthy individuals
Caetano, S. C., Sassi, R. B., Brambilla, P., Harenski, K. A., Nicoletti, M., Mallinger, A. G., Frank, E., Kupfer, D. J., Keshavan, M. S., & Soares, J. C. (2001) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(01)00123-8 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Cu, Zn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase levels in brains of patients with schizophrenic psychosis
Michel, T. M., Thome, J., Martin, D., Keinosuke, N. A. R. A., Zwerina, S., Tatschner, T., Weijers, H. ‐., & Koutsilieri, E. (2004) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-004-0160-9 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigations on oxidative stress and therapeutical implications in dementia
Durany, N., Münch, G. W., Michel, T. M., & Riederer, P. F. (1999) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/pl00014177 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationDegeneration of neuronal cells due to oxidative stress—microglial contribution
Koutsilieri, E., Scheller, C., Tribl, F., & Riederer, P. F. (2002) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/s1353-8020(02)00021-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationGermain, A., Nofzinger, E. A., Kupfer, D. J., & Buysse, D. J. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.161.10.1856 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Takano, H., Motohashi, N., Uema, T., Ogawa, K., Ohnishi, T., Nishikawa, M., Kashima, H., & Matsuda, H. (2006) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.023036 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Age-related increase in xanthine oxidase activity in human plasma and rat tissues
Aranda, R., Domènech, E. B., Rus, A. D., Real, J. T., Sastre, J., Viña, J., & Pallardó, F. V. (2007) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/10715760701481461 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Herken, H., Akyol, Ö., Yılmaz, H. R., Tutkun, H., SAVAS, H. A., Özen, M. E., Kalenderoğlu, A., & Güleç, M. (2005) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.742 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Oda, K., Okubo, Y., Ishida, R., Murata, Y., Ohta, K., Matsuda, T., Matsushima, E., Ichimiya, T., Suhara, T., Shibuya, H., et al. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01548-2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Molecular Cloning, Tissue Expression of Human Xanthine Dehydrogenase
Xu, P., Huecksteadt, T. P., Harrison, R., & Hoidal, J. R. (1995) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2482 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Xanthine Oxidoreductase Gene Expression and Enzyme Activity in Developing Human Tissues
Saksela, M., Lapatto, R., & Raivio, K. O. (1998) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000014034 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
How to run a brain bank. A report from the Austro-German brain bank
Gsell, W., Lange, K. W., Pfeuffer, R., Heckers, S., Heinsen, H., Senitz, D., Jellinger, K. A., Ransmayr, G. N., Wichart, I., & Vock, R. (1993) · PubMed · doi:10.5283/epub.25424 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
XDH gene mutation is the underlying cause of classical xanthinuria: A second report
Levartovsky, D., Lagziel, A., Sperling, O., Liberman, U. A., Yaron, M., Hosoya, T., Ichida, K., & Peretz, H. (2000) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00082.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Karabulut, A. B., Kafkaslı, A., Burak, F., & Gözükara, E. M. (2004) · Cell Biochemistry and Function · doi:10.1002/cbf.1152 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Gök, F. (2003) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfg385 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Molecular Cloning, Tissue Expression of Human Xanthine Dehydrogenase
Xu, P., Huecksteadt, T. P., Harrison, R., & Hoidal, J. R. (1994) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.1328 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Thome, J., Gsell, W., Rösier, M., Kornhuber, J., Frölich, L., Hashimoto, E., Zielke, B., Wiesbeck, G. A., & Riedcrer, P. (1996) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(96)00583-8 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Saruwatari, J., Nakagawa, K., Shindo, J., Tajiri, T., Fujieda, M., Yamazaki, H., Kamataki, T., & Ishizaki, T. (2002) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1067/mcp.2002.126173 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Sakamoto, N., Yamamoto, T., Moriwaki, Y., Teranishi, T., Toyoda, M., Onishi, Y., Kuroda, S., Sakaguchi, K., Fujisawa, T., Maeda, M., et al. (2001) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s004390100477 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Two Siblings with Classical Xanthinuria Type 1: Significance of Allopurinol Loading Test.
Ichida, K., Yoshida, M., Sakuma, R., & Hosoya, T. (1998) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.37.77 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Phagomimetic Action of Antimicrobial Agents
Gutteridge, J. M. C., Quinlan, G. J., & Kovacic, P. (1998) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.3109/10715769809097871 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mapping of the gene for human xanthine dehydrogenase (oxidase) (XDH) to band p23 of chromosome 2
Minoshima, S., Wang, Y., Ichida, K., Nishino, T., & Shimizu, N. (2008) · Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics · doi:10.1159/000133887 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Assignment of Human Xanthine Dehydrogenase Gene to Chromosome 2p22
Xu, P., Zhu, X. L., Huecksteadt, T. P., Brothman, A. R., & Hoidal, J. R. (1994) · Genomics · doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1498 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Oxidative stress related markers in the “VITA” and the centenarian projects
Grünblatt, E., Schlosser, R. J., Fischer, P. A., Fischer, M. O., Li, J., Koutsilieri, E., Wichart, I., Sterba, N., Rujescu, D., Møller, H. J., et al. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.06.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationPathogenesis of Parkinson's disease
Riederer, P., & Lange, K. W. (1992) · PubMed · doi:10.5283/epub.25428 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationPregnancy in and incidence of xanthine oxidase deficiency
HARKNESS, R. A., McCreanor, G. M., Simpson, D., & MacFadyen, I. R. (1986) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1007/bf01800499 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Subcortical and medial temporal MR-detectable metabolite abnormalities in unipolar major depression
Ende, G., Demirakça, T., Walter, S., Wokrina, T., Sartorius, A., Wildgruber, D., & Henn, F. A. (2006) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0680-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
[Free radical processes and antioxidant system in depression and treatment efficiency].
Lukash, A. I., Григорьевич, З. В., Kucherenko, A. O., & Np, M. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Emmerson, B. T. (1967) · Australasian Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1111/imj.1967.16.3.205 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Regional cerebral blood flow in the patients with depressive disorders.
Murata, T., Suzuki, R., Higuchi, T., & Oshima, A. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yudofsky, S. C., & Hales, R. E. (1999) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.11.1.1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Maes, M., Galecki, P., Chang, Y. S., & Berk, M. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.05.004 · Cited by 1,140 · see citing works
“In post-mortem brain tissue of patients with recurrent depressive episodes increased XO activity has been detected in cortico-limbic-thalamic-striatal regions (Michel et al., 2008).”
BackgroundRole of oxidative stress in depression
Bhatt, S., Nagappa, A. N., & Patil, C. R. (2020) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2020.05.001 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Leonard, B., & Maes, M. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.005 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Recent progress in the development of fluorescent probes for imaging pathological oxidative stress
Geng, Y., Wang, Z., Zhou, J., Zhu, M., Liu, J., & James, T. D. (2023) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d2cs00172a · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Markers of Oxidative Stress and Neuroprogression in Depression Disorder
Vaváková, M., Ďuračková, Z., & Trebatická, J. (2015) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2015/898393 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
“Major depression is associated with imbalance between several components, including neuroprogressive and neuroprotective factors (lowered concentration of BDNF [24], NF#B [38], and 5-HT [5]; elevated concentration of NO [27]), antioxidants and prooxidants (increased activity of XO [35] and catalase [39], decreased act…”
BackgroundMaes, M., Fišar, Z., Medina, M., Scapagnini, G., Nowak, G., & Berk, M. (2012) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-011-0111-7 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
“The findings include increased serum peroxide and xanthine oxidase (XO) levels, and increased XO in postmortem brain tissue of patients with recurrent depressive episodes (Maes et al. 2010; Michel et al. 2008; Herken et al. 2007 ).”
BackgroundBeckhauser, T. F., Francis-Oliveira, J., & De Pasquale, R. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Neuroscience · doi:10.4137/jen.s39887 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Smaga, I., Niedzielska, E., Gawlik, M., Moniczewski, A., Krzek, J., Przegaliński, E., Pera, J., & Filip, M. (2015) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2014.12.015 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“In depression, xanthine oxidase (XO) levels were higher in clinical studies [10] as well as in postmortem studies which showed XO level increase in the thalamus and putamen [13].”
BackgroundDepression uncouples brain hate circuit
Tao, H., Guo, S., Ge, T., Kendrick, K. M., Xue, Z., Liu, Z., & Feng, J. (2011) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.127 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
“Elevated dopamine D2 receptor binding (36) and increased oxidative stress (37) have also been reported in the putamen of depressed patients,”
BackgroundBehl, T., Rana, T., Alotaibi, G., Shamsuzzaman, M., Naqvi, M., Sehgal, A., Singh, S., Sharma, N., Almoshari, Y., Abdellatif, A. A. H., et al. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112545 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Behr, G. A., Moreira, J. C. F., & Frey, B. N. (2012) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2012/609421 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“A recent post-mortem study found increased XO activity in the thalamus and putamen patients with recurrent MDD [35].”
BackgroundGuo, W., Liu, F., Xue, Z., Xu, X., Wu, R., Ma, C., Wooderson, S. C., Tan, C., Sun, X., Chen, J., et al. (2012) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.01.011 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Increased dopamine D2 receptor binding and oxidative stress (Michel et al., 2010) were also found in this region of MDD. Lower ALFF values in these two regions in TSD patients might partially entail the emotion and cognitive symptoms seen in these patients.”
BackgroundMaes, M. H. J., Mihaylova, I., Kubera, M., Uytterhoeven, M., Vrydags, N., & Bosmans, E. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Maes, M. H. J., Mihaylova, I., Kubera, M., Uytterhoeven, M., Vrydags, N., & Bosmans, E. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.12.014 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“In post-mortem brain tissue of patients with recurrent depressive episodes increased xanthine oxidase activity has been detected in cortico-limbic-thalamic-striatal regions (Michel et al., 2008).”
BackgroundLü, Y., Liang, H., Han, D., Mo, Y., Li, Z., Cheng, Y., Xu, X., Shen, Z., Tan, C., Zhao, W. D., et al. (2016) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.04.008 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“For example, post-mortem studies have demonstrated increases of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in the putamen and thalamus, possibly accounting for increased oxidative stress, which plays a key role in the aetiology of depression(Michel et al., 2010).”
BackgroundOxidative stress markers in affective disorders
Siwek, M., Sowa-Kućma, M., Dudek, D., Styczeń, K., Szewczyk, B., Kotarska, K., Misztak, P., Pilc, A., Wolak, M., & Nowak, G. (2013) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71517-2 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Neuroimmune, metabolic and oxidative stress pathways in major depressive disorder
Maes, M. H. J., Almulla, A. F., You, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-025-01116-4 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“For example, oxidative stress pathways might have detrimental effects on the cortico–limbic–thalamic–striatal system in people with MDD or recurrent MDD 97,98 .”
Cognitive Dysfunction in Depression – Pathophysiology and Novel Targets
Carvalho, A., Miskowiak, K., Hyphantis, T., Kohler, C., Alves, G., Bortolato, B., G. Sales, P., Machado-Vieira, R., Berk, M., & McIntyre, R. (2015) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527313666141130203627 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“XO is increased in the CNS of patients with MDD; antidepressants decrease XO [124, 125].”
BackgroundMaes, M. H. J. (2010) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.06.023 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“2009) or increased xanthine oxidase activity (Michel et al., 2008).”
Tayeb, A. E. K. A., Poinsignon, V., Chappell, K., Bouligand, J., Becquemont, L., & Verstuyft, C. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12040942 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“XO is a major ROS-producing enzyme, notably of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide [118].”
BackgroundEndothelial dysfunction in neuroprogressive disorders—causes and suggested treatments
Morris, G., Puri, B. K., OLIVE, L. S., Carvalho, A. F., Berk, M., Walder, K. R., Gustad, L. T., & Maes, M. H. J. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01749-w · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“The situation in MDD is also mixed in that there is some evidence of increased XO activity in the brain and periphery of some MDD patients [384, 385] and there has been a report that high UA levels in MDD patients are predictive of a transition to bipolarity [386].”
BackgroundEpigenetics and cerebral organoids: promising directions in autism spectrum disorders
Forsberg, S. L., Ilieva, M. S., & Michel, T. M. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0062-x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging Role of Flavonoids as the Treatment of Depression
Pannu, A. S., Sharma, P. C., Thakur, V. K., & Goyal, R. K. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11121825 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Targeting inflammation: a potential approach for the treatment of depression
Bhatt, S., Devadoss, T., Jha, N. K., Baidya, M., Gupta, G., Chellappan, D. K., Singh, S. K., & Dua, K. (2022) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-022-01095-1 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Michel, T. M., Frangou, S., Camara, S., Thiemeyer, D., Jecel, J., Tatschner, T., Zoechling, R., & Grünblatt, E. (2008) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.06.001 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of endoplasmic reticulum stress in depression (Review)
Mao, J., Hu, Y., Ruan, L., Ji, Y., & Lou, Z. (2019) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.10789 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“…reactive oxygen species and is a central mechanism of oxidative stress, is increased in temporal lobe tissue of patients with recurrent depression (54,55). in addition, upon analyzing the expression levels of GrP78, edeM1, cHoP, and XBP1, the major indicators of the er stress response, with…”
Jing, B., Liu, C.-H., Ma, X., Yan, H., Zhuo, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, S.-H., Li, J., & Wang, C. (2013) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.09.039 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Caruso, G., Fresta, C. G., Grasso, M., Santangelo, R., Lazzarino, G., Lunte, S. M., & Caraci, F. (2019) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867326666190712091515 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The significance of routine biochemical markers in patients with major depressive disorder
Peng, Y.-F., Xiang, Y., & Wei, Y.-S. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep34402 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Cecerska-Heryć, E., Polikowska, A., Serwin, N., Roszak, M., Grygorcewicz, B., Heryć, R., Michalczyk, A., & Dołęgowska, B. (2022) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105269 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
DNA Damage in Major Psychiatric Diseases
Raza, M. U., Tufan, T., Wang, Y., Hill, C. P., & Zhu, M. (2016) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-016-9621-9 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“2010) and increased xanthine oxidase activity in postmortem brain tissue of patients with recurrent depression (Michel et al. 2010).”
Xu, M., Tian, P., Zhu, H., Zou, R., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., Wang, G., & Chen, W. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14061294 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“In MDD patients, xanthine oxidase activity was shown to increase significantly in the thalamus and putamen, suggesting that oxidative stress plays a key role in some brain regions of recurrent depression [24].”
BackgroundLi, X., Wu, T., Yu, Z., Li, T., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Cai, M., Zhang, W., Xiang, J. Y., & Cai, D. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.137 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Wigner, P., Czarny, P. L., Gałecki, P., Su, K., & Śliwiński, T. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.045 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Purinergic Signaling and Related Biomarkers in Depression
Bartoli, F., Burnstock, G., Crocamo, C., & Carrà, G. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10030160 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“In addition, a significant increase of XO activity in the thalamus and the putamen of patients with recurrent depression have been found [84].”
BackgroundLiu, Q., Zhu, H., Li, B., Wang, Y.-Q., Yu, J. M., & Wu, G.-C. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.018 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Some postmortem studies indicate that patients with recurrent depressive disorder have brain regions with increased oxidative stress, such as the frontal cortex, thalamus and putamen (Michel et al., 2007, 2010).”
BackgroundZhang, X., Tang, Y., Maletić‐Savatić, M., Sheng, J., Zhang, X., Zhu, Y., Zhang, T., Wang, J., Tong, S., Wang, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.014 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Flavonols in Action: Targeting Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Major Depressive Disorder
Jembrek, M. J., Oršolić, N., Karlović, D., & Peitl, V. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24086888 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Levels of the prooxidative enzyme xanthine oxidase, which generates superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide, are usually increased in both depressed patients and animal models of depression [90,91].”
BackgroundThe Reactive Species Interactome in the Brain
Malard, E., Valable, S., Bernaudin, M., Pérès, E. A., & Châtre, L. (2021) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2020.8238 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Variation of genes involved in oxidative and nitrosative stresses in depression
Wigner, P., Czarny, P. L., Synowiec, E., Bijak, M., Białek, K. I., Talarowska, M. E., Gałecki, P., Szemraj, J., & Śliwiński, T. (2018) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.10.012 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“This long-lasting condition may be one of the causes of death of neuronal and glial cells in the central nervous system, observed in neurodegenerative diseases [26].”
BackgroundArent, C. O., Réus, G. Z., Abelaira, H. M., Ribeiro, K. F., Steckert, A. V., Mina, F., Dal‐Pizzol, F., & Quevedo, J. (2012) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2012.07.024 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Tian, P., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Song, L., Jiang, B., Zhang, X., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., Chen, W., Cryan, J. F., & Wang, G. (2021) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202000704 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Teyssier, J.-R., Ragot, S., Chauvet-Gélinier, J.-C., Trojak, B., & Bonin, B. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.030 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Proteomic-based genotyping in a mouse model of trait anxiety exposes disease-relevant pathways
Ditzen, C., Varadarajulu, J., Czibere, L., Gonik, M., Targosz, B., Hambsch, B., Bettecken, T., Kessler, M. S., Frank, E., Bunck, M., et al. (2009) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.146 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Duffy, S. L., Lagopoulos, J., Cockayne, N. L., Lewis, S. J. G., Hickie, I. B., Hermens, D. F., & Naismith, S. L. (2015) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2015.04.019 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Shi, Z., Luo, K., Deol, S., & Tan, S. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24801 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Zhu, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, B., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, C., Zhao, W., Zhu, D., & Yu, Y. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.030 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Bleibel, L., Sokołowska, P., Henrykowska, G. A., Owczarek, J., & Wiktorowska‐Owczarek, A. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18060867 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Targeting Xanthine Oxidase by Natural Products as a Therapeutic Approach for Mental Disorders
Martorell, M., Lucas, X., Alarcón, P., Capó, X., Quetglas‐Llabrés, M. M., Tejada, S., & Sureda, A. (2020) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612826666200621165839 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Wigner, P., Synowiec, E., Czarny, P. L., Bijak, M., Jóźwiak, P., Szemraj, J., Gruca, P., Papp, M., & Śliwiński, T. (2020) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.15231 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fan, C., Li, Y., Lan, T., Wang, W., Mao, X., & Yu, S. Y. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d1fo02676c · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Tasset, I., Drucker-Colı́n, R., Peña, J., Jimena, I., Montilla, P., Medina-Fernández, F. J., & Túnez, I. (2010) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-010-0172-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“These findings support the hypothesis that oxidative stress plays an important role in certain brain areas in depression [ 33 ].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLima, E. B. C., de Sousa, C. N. S., Vasconcelos, G. S., Meneses, L. N., Pereira, Y. F. E. S., Ximenes, N. C., Júnior, M. A. S., Matos, N. C. B., Brito, R., Miron, D., et al. (2016) · Journal of Natural Medicines · doi:10.1007/s11418-016-0970-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cojocariu, R. O., Ciobica, A. S., Balmuș, I.-M., Guenné, S., Trifan, A. V., Stanciu, C., Hrițcu, L. D., & Lefter, R. M. (2019) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2019/3492767 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Several studies bring evidence that mood disorders are accompanied by oxidative stress reflected by increased xanthine oxidase activity in the cortico-limbic-thalamic-striatal regions in post-mortem brain tissue of patients with recurrent depressive episodes [95], by increased levels of plasma malondialdehyde [96, 97].”
BackgroundBurrage, E. N., Coblentz, T., Prabhu, S. S., Childers, R., Bryner, R. W., Lewis, S. E., DeVallance, E., Kelley, E. E., & Chantler, P. D. (2023) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x231152551 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“oxidase (XO) has been identified in the plasma and post-mortem brain tissue of stress/depressed patients.(9,10) And in a pre-clinical model, Yisieyili et al.”
BackgroundBernardo, J., Ferreres, F., Gil‐Izquierdo, Á., Videira, R. A., Valentão, P., Veiga, F., & Andrade, P. B. (2017) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.09.039 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Xenobiotic transport and metabolism in the human brain
Silva‐Adaya, D., Garza-Lombó, C., & Gonsebatt, M. E. (2021) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2021.08.004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Imosemi, I. O., Owumi, S. E., & Arunsi, U. O. (2021) · Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jbt.22962 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hou, G., Lai, W., Jiang, W., Liu, X., Qian, L., Zhang, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2021) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135768 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wigner, P., Synowiec, E., Jóźwiak, P., Czarny, P. L., Bijak, M., Barszczewska-Pietraszek, G., Białek, K. I., Szemraj, J., Gruca, P., Papp, M., et al. (2020) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes11060644 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Then, hydrogen peroxide may be neutralized by catalase into water and oxygen [16,18,19].”
BackgroundRemali, J., & Aizat, W. M. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38986 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Serum ApoB levels in depressive patients: associated with cognitive deficits
Hui, L., Han, M., Du, X., Zhang, B. H., He, S. C., Shao, T. N., & Yin, G. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep39992 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hursitoglu, O., Kurutas, E. B., Strawbridge, R., Oner, E., Gungor, M., Tuman, T. C., & Uygur, O. F. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110670 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zhang, K., Zhao, Y., Chen, X., Li, Y., Lan, T., Chang, M., Wang, W., Wang, C., Zhuang, X., Zhang, B., et al. (2025) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2025.103836 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Preclinical and clinical studies have revealed that the increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the depletion of antioxidative defenses are key factors underlying the structural alterations observed in the brain [6,7].”
Motafeghi, F. S., Bagheri, A., Seyedabadi, M., Shaki, F., & Shokrzadeh, M. (2022) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-022-00603-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“” Oxidative stress can lead to the destruction of neuronal integrity causing direct damage to DNA or lipid peroxidation of cell membranes (Maria Michel et al. 2012; Michel et al. 2010).”
BackgroundTrazodone generates m-CPP: In 2008 risks from m-CPP might outweigh benefits of trazodone
Kast, R. E. (2009) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970902836022 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Post-mortem study of brain tissue of depressed patients shows evidence of oxidative stress (Michel et al. 2008).”
BackgroundZhu, J., Lin, X., Lin, C., & Zhuo, C. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.10.009 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wang, W., Shi, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Wabo, T. M. C., Yang, Y., He, W., & Zhu, S. (2024) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d4fo00236a · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Loftis, J. M. (2011) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.03.017 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Huang, X., Lai, S., Lü, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, G., Chen, P., Ye, K., Duan, M., Song, K., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.036 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Quevedo, K. M., Teoh, J. Y., Liu, G., Santana‐Gonzalez, C., Forbes, E. E., & Engstrom, M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.037 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The role of inflammation and oxidative stress in depression and cardiovascular disease
Wood, S. K. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815015-3.00008-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dysfunction of the Purinergic System in Bipolar Disorder
Malewska-Kasprzak, M., Permoda‐Osip, A., & RYBAKOWSKI, J. K. (2022) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000520146 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Advances of paeoniflorin in depression: the molecular mechanism and formula application
Hou, Y., Li, H., Zhu, L., Tian, Q., Feng, X., Li, Y., Bian, Y., & Wei, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1614429 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“For example, xanthine oxidase (XO), which catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, has been observed to elevate levels in the serum of depressed patients and in the thalamic region of post-mortem depressed patients (Michel et al., 2010).”
Karaaslan, Ö., Hacımusalar, Y., Bal, C., & Ercan, M. (2019) · Medical Science and Discovery · doi:10.17546/msd.488247 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“A number of studies have researched the role of oxidative metabolism in MDD (7,8).”
BackgroundHe, J., Gao, Z., Li, X., Zhao, L., Tian, X., & Gao, B. (2025) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149656 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Polyphenols in food and food wastes: Extraction, isolation, and health applications
Fredsgaard, M., Fussy, A., Nybo, G. K., Papenbrock, J., Hulkko, L. S. S., Dadjoo, M., Chaturvedi, T., & Thomsen, M. H. (2026) · Food Chemistry Molecular Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.fochms.2025.100351 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…2006; Higgins et al., 2012; Polito et al., 2021) Kidney disease, hyperuricemia, and gout (Dawson & Walters, 2006; Furuhashi, 2020; Polito et al., 2022) Liver diseases (Battelli et al., 2001; Stirpe et al., 2002) Mental and neurological disorders (Herken et al., 2006; Michel et al., 2010) 2024).”
Yan, T., Shan, H., Wang, Z., Zou, S., Chen, Z., Yu, W., Du, Q., & Dong, X. (2023) · Neurosurgical Review · doi:10.1007/s10143-023-02233-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“XO is apparently present in human or animal brain tissues under normal conditions [13, 14, 29].”
BackgroundEffect of electroconvulsive therapy on the oxidative metabolism in major depressive disorder
Şahin, Ş. K., Aybastı, Ö., Elboğa, G., & Altındağ, A. (2017) · Cukurova Medical Journal (Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi) · doi:10.17826/cutf.323838 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bee, R., Ahmad, M., & Verma, S. (2022) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527321666220516105907 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Balance of Antioxidants vs. Oxidants in Perinatal Asphyxia
Rallis, D., Dermitzaki, N., Baltogianni, M. S., Kapetaniou, K., & Giapros, V. I. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14219651 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Elevated serum xanthine oxidase activities in patients with Henoch–Schonlein purpura
Chen, T., Guo, Z., Zhang, Y., & Gao, Y. (2009) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-009-1253-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Association between total antioxidant capacity and prevalence of depression: NHANES 2007–2018
Liu, Y., Han, Y., Gao, Y.-Q., Sun, M., Wang, F., Wu, Z., Wang, S., Dong, Y., Zhao, J., Xin, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.11.004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
N -Acetylcysteine-Capped TLQP21-Containing Au Nanocages Alleviate Depression in Mice
Shi, M., Li, X., Fan, Z., Wang, Y., Li, C., Ning, Y., Ma, Y., Sun, M., Xia, X., Du, J., et al. (2025) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.5c11681 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cui, Y., Hong, Y. C., Xu, Y., Jin, Z., Ji, Y., Liu, Y., Zhao, L., & Ren, L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.040 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Valizadeh, P., Jannatdoust, P., Bagherieh, S., Cattarinussi, G., Squarcina, L., Maleki, S., Sambataro, F., Barone, Y., & Delvecchio, G. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119661 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Role of Various Types of Diets in the Treatments of Depressive Disorders
Lis, A., Maj, P., Świętek, A., & Romuk, E. B. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61101737 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Patients with depression exhibit decreased concentrations of zinc, glutathione, coenzyme Q10, and vitamins A, C, and E, alongside increased activity of pro-oxidant enzymes such as xanthine oxidase [69–71].”
Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis: A Potential New Peripheral Biomarker in Adolescent Depression
Öztürk, M., Özkan, Y., Sapmaz, Ş. Y., Erdal, S., Taneli, F., & Kandemır, H. (2024) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2024.23744 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ke, S., Li, J., Zhao, L., Yang, J., Zhao, X., Zhang, W., Qiu, X., Yang, X., Zhou, J., Tong, Y., et al. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/2633127 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This hypothesis is known as the “ oxidative stress hypothesis ” of MDD [4].”
Luo, S., Lai, S., Chu, L., Wang, Y., Chen, P., Ye, X., Zhuo, J., Abula, M., Liang, Y., Wei, D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.161 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Potential of an antioxidant combination Twendee X® to treat depressive disorders
You, F., Harakawa, Y., Toshikazu, Y., & Inufusa, H. (2023) · Archives of Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.17352/2455-5460.000083 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In MDD, OS is one of the main causes of structural and functional changes in the brain and preclinical and clinical studies have reported that increased ROS generation and depletion of antioxidant defenses are responsible for changes in brain structure [17-19].”
BackgroundKarimi, I., Motamedi, S., & Becker, L. A. (2017) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-017-0166-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…will increase in diabetic liver (Desco et al. 2002), brain ischemia (Solaroglu et al. 2005), gout, heat stress, hemorrhagic shock, viral infections (Dew et al. 2005), meningitis (Vorbach et al. 2003), xanthinuria-induced autism (Zannolli et al. 2003), and recurrent depression (Michel et al. 2010).”
BackgroundPathogenetic Mechanisms of Mental Disorders: Endogenous Intoxication
Uzbekov, M. G. (2023) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297923040053 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Petimani, M. S., Adake, P., & Aditya, A. (2019) · International Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.13189/ijbb.2019.070101 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“[13,14] A recent post mortem study found increased XO activity in the thalamus and putamen of patients with recurrent MDD.[15] It was observed that pretreatment with amitriptyline and fluoxetine associated with increased Super Oxide Dismutase activity, and no signs of cell death were observed in cultured pheochromocyt…”
BackgroundRola stresu oksydacyjnego i nitracyjnego oraz szlaku katabolitów tryptofanu w patogenezie depresji
Wigner, P., & Śliwiński, T. (2022) · Postępy Biochemii · doi:10.18388/pb.2021_436 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effects of Duloxetine on Oxidant-Antioxidant System in Rat Brain Tissues
KARAKUŞ, K., Demirci, K., Uz, E., YİĞİT, A., & Özçankaya, R. (2023) · Phoenix Medical Journal · doi:10.38175/phnx.1383064 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Luo, S., Lai, S., Liao, X., Wang, Y., Chen, P., Pei, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Zhong, S., & Jia, Y. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104660 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Investigating the Antidepressant Mechanism of Acupuncture with a Focus on Mitochondrial Homeostasis
Wei, Y., Ma, Z., Xu, N., He, Y., Cao, M., & Wang, L. (2026) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s584012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, R., He, J., Cheng, L., Huang, Z., Miao, X., Cheng, X., Wang, Y., Lin, X., & Xia, S. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18142230 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Oxidative stress has been proposed as a key contributor to these neurological changes, as supported by both preclinical and clinical studies [42,43].”
Laux, G. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_67 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Michel, T. M., Camara, S., Tatschner, T., Frangou, S., Sheldrick, A. J., Riederer, P., & Grünblatt, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Michel, Tanja Maria
- Venue
- The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2-2
- Pages
- 314-320
- ISSN
- 1562-2975 (ISSN-L)
- 1814-1412
- OpenAlex
- W2063819848
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- xanthine oxidase, recurrent depression, oxidative stress, thalamus, putamen, postmortem brain, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, caudate nucleus, free radicals
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Brain, Depressive Disorder, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Putamen, Regression Analysis, Sex Factors, Thalamus, Xanthine Oxidase, Oxidative Stress, Statistics, Nonparametric
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review