Importance of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and monitoring of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders, a review
Abstract
Oxidative stress is defined as the persistent imbalance between the activity of toxic reactive forms of both oxygen and nitrogen and the antioxidant defense. In low concentrations, they are essential for the proper functioning of the body. Still, their excessive amount contributes to the damage of the biomolecules, consequently leading to various pathologies of the organism. Due to the lipid-rich brain structure, enormous oxygen consumption, and the lack of a sufficient antioxidant barrier make it highly susceptible to oxidative imbalance. Hence, oxidative stress has been linked to various psychiatric disorders. These diseases include all behavioral, emotional, and cognitive abnormalities associated with a significant impediment to social life. Each of the diseases in question: Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder, is characterized by excessive oxidative stress. Considerable damages to DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and mitochondrial dysfunction, are observed. All conditions show increased lipid peroxidation, which appears to be typical of psychiatric disorders because the brain contains large amounts of these types of molecules. In addition, numerous abnormalities in the antioxidant defense are noted, but the results of studies on the activity of antioxidant enzymes differ significantly. The most promising biomarkers seem to be GSH in Alzheimer's disease as an early-stage marker of the disease and thioredoxin in schizophrenia as a marker for therapy monitoring. Data from the literature are consistent with the decrease in antioxidants such as vitamin C, E, uric acid, albumin, etc. Despite these numerous inconsistencies, it seems that oxidative stress is present in the course of psychiatric diseases. Still, it cannot be conclusively determined whether it is the direct cause of development, a consequence of other abnormalities at the biochemical or molecular level, or the result of the disease itself.
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Genetic examination found an association between polymorphism of genes and oxidative stress markers in schizophrenia.
“In addition, the genetic examination found an association between polymorphism of genes and oxidative stress markers in schizophrenia (Cecerska-Heryć et al. 2022).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Cecerska-Heryć et al. 2022
Incidence of bipolar disorder is between 1 and 3% of world's population with average age between 20 and 30 years.
“The incidence of bipolar disorder is between 1 and 3% of the world’s population with average age between 20 and 30 years.”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Cecerska-Heryc et al. 2022
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- Authors
- Cecerska-Heryć, E., Polikowska, A., Serwin, N., Roszak, M., Grygorcewicz, B., Heryć, R., Michalczyk, A., & Dołęgowska, B.
- Affiliations
- Pomeranian Medical University (PL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neurochemistry International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-02
- Volume
- 153
- Pages
- 105269
- ISSN
- 0197-0186 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4200062926
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11
- FWCI
- 0.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Neurochemistry International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Keywords
- oxidative stress, neuropsychiatric disorders, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense, biomarkers, glutathione, thioredoxin, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species, vitamin C, vitamin E, uric acid
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Antioxidants, Humans, Oxidation-Reduction, Lipid Peroxidation, Oxidative Stress
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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