Adenosine Deaminase, Nitric Oxide, Superoxide Dismutase, and Xanthine Oxidase in Patients with Major Depression: Impact of Antidepressant Treatment
Abstract
Background There has been much evidence in recent years that free oxygen radicals and nitric oxide (NO) may play an important role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether NO, xanthine oxidase (XO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels are associated with major depression (MD) and to evaluate the impact of antidepressant treatments on NO, SOD, ADA and XO levels in MD.Methods Thirty-six patients who were diagnosed as MD according to DSM-IV criteria and 20 healthy controls were included. The serum levels of NO, XO, SOD, and ADA were measured by spectrophotometric methods both in patients and controls. Patients were treated with antidepressant drugs for 8 weeks. All patients were assessed by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) both before and after antidepressant treatment.Results ADA and XO levels of the patients were significantly higher than the controls. SOD level of the patients was significantly lower than the controls. Although NO levels of the patients were higher than the controls, the difference was not statistically significant. There was no correlation between HDRS and the parameters studied (SOD, ADA, XO, and NO) of the patients. After 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment, ADA and SOD activities were increased, whereas NO and, XO levels decreased significantly.Conclusions ADA, XO, and SOD activity may have a pathophysiological role in MD and may predict prognosis of MD. Activity of these enzymes may be used to monitor effects of the antidepressant treatment.
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Increased oxidative stress markers and neuroinflammation have been reported in the blood of depressed patients.
“increased oxidative stress markers and neuroinflammation have been reported in the blood of depressed patients [56]”
From Oxidative Stress Implications in the Affective Disorders: Main Biomarkers, Animal Models Relevance, Genetic Perspectives, and Antioxidant Approaches (2016) · cites this paper as [56]
Increased serum xanthine oxidase (XO) levels are observed in MDD subjects.
“increased serum XO levels observed in MDD subjects suggest increased systemic ROS production [29].”
From Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Antioxidant Effects of Antidepressant Agents: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
Normalization of SOD and XO enzymes was associated with symptomatic improvement after 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment.
“suggesting that normalization of these enzymes was associated with symptomatic improvement [29].”
From Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Antioxidant Effects of Antidepressant Agents: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
Treatment with citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, or sertraline for 8 weeks increased SOD activity and decreased XO levels in MDD patients.
“Treatment with citalopram (20 mg/day, n = 10), fluoxetine (20 mg/day, n = 11), fluvoxamine (150 mg/day, n = 7), or sertraline (50 mg/day, n = 8) for 8 weeks increased SOD activity whereas decreased XO levels”
From Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Antioxidant Effects of Antidepressant Agents: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
The authors did not find a significant relationship between the duration of illness and SOD, XO activities, or nitrite levels in this cohort.
“Also, the authors did not find a significant relationship between the duration of illness and SOD, XO activities, or nitrite levels in this cohort.”
From Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Antioxidant Effects of Antidepressant Agents: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
Decreased serum SOD and increased XO were found in 20 individuals with MDD.
“Decreased serum SOD and increased XO were found in 20 individuals with MDD (age range 17–62 years, 19/17 F/M ratio) [29].”
From Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Antioxidant Effects of Antidepressant Agents: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
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- Authors
- Herken, H., Gurel, A., Selek, S., Armutcu, F., Ozen, M. E., Bulut, M., Kap, O., Yumru, M., Savas, H. A., & Akyol, O.
- Affiliations
- Pamukkale University (TR)
- Gaziantep University (TR)
- Venue
- Archives of Medical Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 247-252
- ISSN
- 0066-6769 (ISSN-L)
- 0188-4409
- OpenAlex
- W2069692485
- Cited by
- 322
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 4.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Medical Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Institutional Repository (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, adenosine deaminase, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidase, antidepressant treatment, oxidative stress, oxygen free radicals, depression pathophysiology, treatment response monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Deaminase, Adolescent, Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nitric Oxide, Prognosis, Superoxide Dismutase, Xanthine Oxidase
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