Biomass-Based Adsorbents for Removal of Dyes From Wastewater: A Review

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Coal-derived activated carbon is supposed to be the most efficient type of activated carbon in adsorption; its treatment efficiency is 99.8% and it can treat various types of dyes.

“Coal-derived activated carbon was supposed to be the most efficient type of activated carbon in adsorption.The efficiency of treatment is 99.8%, and it can treat various types of dyes (Yeow et al., 2021).”

• cites Yeow et al., 2021 sourceSupported

It may state two separate claims as one.

Excessive exposure to dye causes skin irritation, respiratory problems, and some dyes increase cancer risk in humans.

“Excessive exposure to dye causes skin irritation, respiratory problems and some dyes even increase the risk of cancer in humans (Amirza et al., 2017).”

• cites Amirza et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page not provided) says dyes can cause skin irritation and describes potential carcinogenic effects, including effects on human cells. It does not mention respiratory problems or establish an exposure threshold for these harms; it also frames carcinogenicity as potential rather than a demonstrated increase in human cancer risk. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

0.7-1.6 million tons of dyes are delivered yearly and 10-15% of this volume is disposed of as wastewater, making them major water pollutants.

“To satisfy the modern need, it is assessed that 0.7-1.6 million tons of dyes are delivered yearly and 10-15% of this volume is disposed of as wastewater, making it major water pollutants (Bhatia et al., 2017;Varghese et al., 2019;Syafiuddin and Fulazzaky, 2020).”

• cites Bhatia et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Varghese et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Syafiuddin and Fulazzaky, 2020 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page not supplied) reports approximately 700,000 metric tons of annual dye production and a 10–15% loss of colorants during dyeing. It also describes environmental harm from dyes released into water, but does not give the 1.6-million-ton upper estimate or state that all of the 10–15% loss is disposed of as wastewater. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Reactive dyes are stable and anionic, and display resistance toward light.

“Dyes are usually classified based on their chemical structure, such as anionic, cationic, and nonionic; reactive dyes are stable and anionic, and display resistance toward light (Heidari et al., 2019;Dai et al., 2018).”

• cites Heidari et al., 2019 sourceSupported
• cites Dai et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Biotreatment of dye-containing wastewater effluent by fungal cells is cost-effective, easily applicable, eco-friendly, and has no nutrient needs.

“Biotreatment of dyecontaining wastewater effluent by fungal cell was provided a cost-effective, easily applicable, eco-friendly (Salem et al., 2019;(Argumedo-Delira et al., 2021), and absence of nutrient needs (Ghany et al., 2019).”

• cites Salem et al., 2019 sourceSupported
• cites Argumedo-Delira et al., 2021 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction says biological dye-removal methods, including fungal treatments, are less costly than chemical methods and are eco-friendly. It does not establish that fungal-cell treatment is easily applicable. The separate claim about having no nutrient needs is attributed to Ghany et al., not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Ghany et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Algae are among the most favorable bio-sorbents because they have high biosorption capacity and are easily available in large amounts.

“Algae are considered one of the sources of the most favorable types of bio-sorbents because they have high biosorption capacity and are easily available in large amounts (Singh and Singh, 2017;Azam et al., 2020).”

• cites Singh and Singh, 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Biosorption section describes algae as potent biosorbents, citing their availability in fresh and salt water, relatively high surface area, and high binding affinity. It does not establish that algae are easily available in large amounts; availability across habitats is not evidence of quantity. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Azam et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Adsorption is a very effective, cheap, and commonly used method among all available dye removal techniques.

“Adsorption is found to be a very effective, cheap, and commonly used method among all available dye removal techniques (Kandisa and Saibaba KV, 2016).”

• cites Kandisa and Saibaba KV, 2016 sourceSupported

It may state two separate claims as one.

Major drawbacks of AOPs for dye removal include sludge production in Fenton reagent, formation of toxic byproduct in photocatalyst, and high cost due to expensive reagents and energy consumption.

“Sludge production in the case of Fenton reagent, formation of toxic byproduct in the case of photocatalyst, and high cost due to the use of expensive reagents (for example, H 2 O 2 ) and energy consumption (generation of O 3 or UV radiation) are the major drawback of AOPs for dye removal (Cuerda-Correa et al., 2020;Moosavi et al., 2020).”

• cites Cuerda-Correa et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  The paper identifies Fenton sludge in its Conclusions and states that expensive reagents such as H₂O₂ and energy for ozone or UV make AOPs costly. It also warns that AOPs can produce toxic byproducts, but does not establish this specifically as a drawback of photocatalysis for dye removal; the review focuses on antibiotics in water. The cited passages have no page numbers in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Moosavi et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  Table 1 in the Introduction identifies sludge production as a disadvantage of Fenton reagents, toxic byproduct formation for photocatalysts, and high operational cost for ozonation. It does not attribute AOP costs to H₂O₂, ozone generation, or UV radiation; it instead lists low-cost reagents for Fenton treatment and low operational cost for photocatalysis. (LLM, conf=0.89)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

It may state two separate claims as one.

Phosphoric acid stimulates bond cleavage in agricultural waste biomass to increase carbon yield and promotes dye biosorption by grafting phosphate functions onto the biomass and enhancing acid functions involved in dye fixation.

“For example, phosphoric acid stimulates bond cleavage in agricultural waste biomass to increase the carbon yield (Bello et al., 2019).Phosphoric acid promoted dye biosorption by grafting phosphate functions onto the biomass and enhancing the acid functions involved in dye fixation (Benabbas et al., 2021).”

• cites Bello et al., 2019 sourceSupported
• cites Benabbas et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Recovery of powder-activated carbons is very costly, time-consuming, and not very efficient, making them unsuitable for industrial applications, and reusability is almost impossible for low-cost products.

“Some authors stated that the recovery step of powder-activated carbons is very costly, time-consuming, and not very efficient so that they are not suitable for industrial applications (Moosavi et al., 2020), and more particularly reusability is almost impossible for low-cost products (Saha et al., 2020).”

• cites Moosavi et al., 2020 sourceSupported
• cites Saha et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The pH of the solution affects both the chemistry of the aqueous solution and the binding sites present on the surface of adsorbents.

“The pH of the solution affects both the chemistry of the aqueous solution and the binding sites present on the surface of adsorbents (Kumar et al., 2021).”

• cites Kumar et al., 2021 sourceSupported

It may state two separate claims as one.

Most fungal species potentially achieved more than 90% removal of a specific dye, except Pleurotus ostreatus, Aspergillus flavus, and Diaporthe schini, which had removal efficiencies of 53%, 53.62%, and 87%, respectively.

“Most species of fungi potentially achieved more than 90% of a specific type of dye except Pleurotus ostreatus, Aspergillus flavus, and Diaporthe schini which had a removal efficiency of 53%, 53.62, and 87%, respectively.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Langmuir isotherm was fitted by most biosorption studies, indicating that monolayer coverage adsorption was the dominant process.

“Table 4 revealed that Langmuir isotherm was fitted by most biosorption studies, indicating that the monolayer coverage adsorption was the dominant process.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Spirulina and Chlorella species are common microalgae studied and achieved up to 99% dye removal efficiency.

“Table 4 revealed that Spirulina and Chlorella species are common types of microalgae studied and achieved up to 99% removal efficiency.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The pseudo-2nd-order kinetic model showed the best model fit for most biosorption studies.

“Similarly, the pseudo-2 nd -order kinetic model showed the best model fit.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Sargassum species of macroalgae are commonly studied and can remove more than 90% of dyes.

“Similarly, Sargassum species of macro algae are commonly studied and can remove more than 90% of dyes.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The retrieved publications were adsorbents prepared from different biomasses activated and/or modified with various chemicals or techniques.

“The retrieved publications were found as adsorbents prepared from different biomasses activated and/or modified with various chemicals or techniques.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Most yeast biosorption studies showed best fit for Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, suggesting dominance of monolayer chemoadsorption, except some yeast species where Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models fit best.

“Table 6 revealed that most studies showed the best fit for Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, suggesting the dominance of monolayer chemoadsorption except some yeast species in which the Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models showed the best fit model.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Each study reviewed has considered different parameters for efficiency determination.

“Although most biomasses achieved a good removal efficiency, each study reviewed has considered different parameters for efficiency determination.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Among available adsorbents, biomass-based treatments are recent materials employed in various sectors to remove dyes and other pollutants.

“Among different available adsorbents, biomass-based treatments are found to be the recent materials employed at various sectors to remove dyes and other pollutants.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Conventional dye treatment methods have limitations related to operation efficiency, total cost, energy, and generation of toxic by-products, although they have good performances for a particular pollutant.

“The review reveals that the conventional dye treatment methods have some particular limitations related to operation efficiency, total cost, energy, and generation of toxic by-products, although they have good performances to a particular pollutant.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Most studies on biomass-based adsorption have been conducted on the laboratory scale using simulated wastewater, so cost analysis of biomass-based adsorbents is limited, particularly for microbial biomass.

“Unfortunately, most studies on biomassbased adsorption have been conducted on the laboratory scale using simulated wastewater, so that the cost analysis of the biomass-based adsorbents is limited, particularly for microbial biomass.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The bio-sorption process is affected by environmental parameters such as pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, contact time, and adsorbent dose, as well as the ways of preparation of materials.

“The bio-sorption process is affected by various environmental parameters such as pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, contact time, and adsorbent dose as well as the ways of the preparations of materials.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Most studies on biomass-based adsorption concentrated on the removal of a single pollutant.

“Most of the studies on biomass-based adsorption concentrated on the removal of a single pollutant”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Publication counts from 2017 to 2020 are highly consistently increased, suggesting that nonconventional adsorbents from biomass are recently attracting attention for dye removal.

“As it can be observed, publication counts from 2017 to 2020 are highly consistently increased suggested that the nonconventional adsorbents from biomass are recently attracting attention for dye removal.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In low pH solutions, the removal rate of anionic dyes increases while the removal rate of cationic dyes is lower; conversely, high pH increases cationic dye removal and lowers anionic dye removal.

“It has been observed that (Table 3) in low pH solutions, the removal rate of anionic dyes is increased while the removal rate of cationic dyes is lower.Conversely, a high pH solution increases the removal of the cationic dyes and causes a low removal percentage for anionic dyes (Ahmed and Ebrahim, 2020).”

• cites Ahmed and Ebrahim, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Activated carbon effectively removes dyes from industrial wastewater effluents, but it has constraints including capital cost, energy consumption, and loss of ability after sorption-desorption cycles.

“Dyes from the industrial wastewater effluents are effectively removed by using activated carbon; however, it has some constraints such as capital cost, energy consumption, and loss of its ability after sorption-desorption cycles.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Yeast has favorable applications in treating dye-containing solutions due to high capacity to adsorb and accumulate pollutants, fast growth, faster decolorization than filamentous fungi, and ability to survive unfavorable environments.

“Yeast is a single-celled organism, a member of the kingdom of fungi that have many favorable applications in the treatment of dye-containing solutions due to their high capacity to adsorb and accumulate pollutants, fast growth, faster decolorization than filamentous fungi, and the ability to survive unfavorable environments (Sen et al., 2016).”

• cites Sen et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Bioadsorbents may be activated with acid/base (such as HCl, NaOH) and thermal activation, and some are composited with inorganic and/or organic nanomaterials.

“For example, the bioadsorbents may be activated with acid/base (such as HCl, NaOH) and thermal activation, and also some are composited with inorganic and/or organic nanomaterials.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Dyes block sunlight penetration thereby inhibiting photosynthesis.

“It also blocks sunlight penetration thereby inhibiting photosynthesis (Bello et al., 2015;Dey et al., 2017).”

• cites Bello et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Dey et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Surface chemistry, pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dose, and preparation methods affect the biosorption process.

“Surface chemistry, pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, contact time, and adsorbent dose as well as the ways of the preparations of materials affect the biosorption process.”

It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

Magnetically responsive brown algae (Sargassum horneri) had maximum sorption capacity for acridine orange of 193.8 mg/g but lower for malachite green at 110.4 mg/g at 2 h contact time.

“The sorbent had maximum sorption capacity for acridine orange (193.8 mg/g) but lower for malachite green (110.4 mg/ g) at 2 h contact time.”

• cites Angelova et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Dye removal from wastewater using bio-based adsorbents is a promising alternative.

“Dye removal from wastewater using bio-based adsorbents is a promising alternative.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Removal of color by coagulation is strongly dependent on structure of dye molecules (chromophores and auxochromes), so structural considerations are important when choosing coagulant.

“The removal of color by coagulation is strongly dependent on the structure of dye molecules (chromophores and auxochromes), so structural considerations of dyes are very important when choosing the most appropriate coagulant for dye removal (Mcyotto et al., 2021).”

• cites Mcyotto et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

AOPs involve generation of oxidizing species such as hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals in sufficient quantity to interact with organic compounds.

“Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) involve the generation of oxidizing species such as hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals in sufficient quantity to interact with the organic compounds of the medium (Wang and Wang, 2020;Duan et al., 2020).”

• cites Wang and Wang, 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Duan et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Membrane filtration has advantages including appreciable resistance to temperature, good resistance to adverse chemical environment, and excellent performance of color removal.

“It has some advantages such as appreciable resistance to temperature, good resistance to adverse chemical environment, and excellent performance of color removal (Roy et al., 2018).”

• cites Roy et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Fungal biomasses are composed of sugars, proteins, lipids, and functional groups such as alcohols, carboxyl, and alkanes, which give them properties useful for biosorption in wastewater treatment.

“Fungal biomasses are composed of sugars, proteins, and lipids, and different functional groups (alcohols, carboxyl, and alkanes) which provide it certain properties and applications as a biosorption in treatments of wastewater (Isaza-Pérez et al., 2020;Ahmed and Ebrahim, 2020).”

• cites Isaza-Pérez et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ahmed and Ebrahim, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Sludge generation, extra operational cost for sludge disposal, and high maintenance costs are major challenges in applying chemical precipitation.

“Sludge generation, the extra operational cost for sludge disposal, and high maintenance costs are major challenges in applying this process.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Coagulation-flocculation is among the most widespread physiochemical processes for removal and destruction of coloring substances in wastewater.

“Coagulation-flocculation is among the most widespread physiochemical processes for the removal and distraction of coloring substances in wastewater.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

An optimum monolayer uptake capacity of 279.14 mg/g was reported for citric acid-functionalized brown algae modified algal adsorbent.

“An optimum monolayer uptake capacity of 279.14 mg/g was reported for the modified algal adsorbent (Essekri et al., 2021).”

• cites Essekri et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Bacteria have small size, ubiquity, and capability to grow under varying environmental conditions, making them good adsorbents.

“Their small size, ubiquity, and capability to grow under varying environmental conditions make them good adsorbents (Singh et al., 2018).”

• cites Singh et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Anionic dyes are removed in acidic conditions and cationic dyes such as methylene blue in alkaline conditions.

“Anionic dyes are removed in acidic conditions and cationic dyes (e.g.MB) in alkaline conditions.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The maximum sorption capacity for basic blue dye by Bacillus catenulatus JB-022 was 139.74 mg/g from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

“The maximum sorption capacity for basic blue dye was found to be 139.74mg/g from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.”

• cites Kim et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Dyes released from textile, paper, leather, rubber, cosmetic, and printing industries are major pollutants in wastewater effluent and disturb the aquatic environment.

“Various types of dyes and metal ions are the major pollutants encountered in wastewater effluent, which disturb the aquatic environment (Varghese et al., 2019;Saravanan et al., 2021).Dyes are organic compounds that are released from several industrial sources including textile, paper, leather, rubber, cosmetic, and printing industries (Piaskowski et al., 2018;Katheresan et al., 2018).”

• cites Varghese et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Saravanan et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Piaskowski et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Higher surface area, higher porosity, and low ash content lead to high adsorption capacity.

“Higher surface area, higher porosity, and low ash content lead to high adsorption capacity.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Among steam activation, carbon dioxide activation, and chemical activation, steam activation is the best environmentally and economically viable option, while chemical activation results in highest surface area and porosity.

“Among the above three methods, steam activation is the best environmentally and economically viable option, while chemical activation results in the highest surface area and porosity (Rahimian and Zarinabadi, 2020).”

• cites Rahimian and Zarinabadi, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Application of waste organic materials and microbial biomasses is gaining increasing interest as effective, low-cost, and ecologically friendly sorbents.

“The application of waste organic materials (e.g., compounds extracted from peels, leaves, barks) and microbial biomasses (fungus bio-sorbent, bacterial, and green algal biomasses) is gaining an increasing interest being effective, low-cost, and ecologically friendly sorbents.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Membrane technologies have disadvantages including high cost of disposal of concentrated residue, high management costs, inability to deal with high flow rates, and frequent clogging of membrane pores by dye molecules.

“Also worthy of note are disadvantages, among which the one linked to the high cost of disposal of the remaining concentrated residue following the separation, the high management costs and the inability to deal with high flow rates, and frequent clogging of membrane pores by the dye molecules (Collivignarelli et al., 2019).”

• cites Collivignarelli et al., 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Advanced oxidation processes have been effectively investigated in removal of a variety of contaminants from water and wastewater.

“Recently, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been effectively investigated in the removal of a variety of contaminants from water and wastewater.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Carboxyl groups have a negative charge at higher pH, resulting in electrostatic binding of cationic dyes.

“The carboxyl groups have a negative charge at a higher pH, which results in electrostatic binding of the cationic dyes.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Activated carbon has remarkable interior area, pore structure, high adsorption capacity, surface reactivity, and low cost compared to inorganic adsorbents such as zeolite.

“Activated carbon (AC) is a commonly used adsorbent that refers to a group of carbon materials with high oscillation and high internal surface which are unique because of their remarkable interior area, pore structure, high adsorption capacity, surface reactivity, and low cost compared to inorganic adsorbents such as zeolite (Hasanzadeh et al., 2020).”

• cites Hasanzadeh et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Adsorption using nonconventional biomass-based sorbents is the greatest attractive alternative for dye removal because of low cost, sustainability, availability, and eco-friendliness.

“Adsorption using the nonconventional biomass-based sorbents is the greatest attractive alternatives because of their low cost, sustainability, availability, and eco-friendly.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Biomass-based adsorbents are eco-friendly, low-cost, and have good surface characteristics.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Most conventional treatment methods have limitations including generation of toxic sludge, high operational and maintenance costs, and intricate technique.

“However, the limitations of most of these methods include the generation of toxic sludge, high operational and maintenance costs, and the intricate technique involved in the treatment (Yahiaoui et al., 2021).”

• cites Yahiaoui et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Adsorption involves valency forces through sharing or exchange of electrons between adsorbent and dye molecules by covalent forces and ion exchange.

“The adsorption involves valency forces through the sharing or exchange of electrons between the adsorbent and dye molecules by covalent forces and ion exchange (Mohd Nasir et al., 2021).”

• cites Mohd Nasir et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Activated carbon is a universal adsorbent for effluent treatment and is commonly used for removal of several pollutants.

“Activated carbon is undoubtedly considered a universal adsorbent for effluent treatment and is commonly used for the remo//val of several pollutants (Rahimian and Zarinabadi, 2020).”

• cites Rahimian and Zarinabadi, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Electrocoagulation is successful in removal of organic dyes, fine suspended particles, heavy metals, and oil and grease from diverse industrial effluents.

“The EC process is successful in the removal of organic dyes, fine suspended particles, heavy metals, and oil and grease (or other heavier hydrocarbons) from diverse industrial effluents (Mondal et al., 2018).”

• cites Mondal et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Algae, yeast, bacterial, fungal, agro-waste, and plant debris are potential bioadsorbent sources.

“Algae, yeast, bacterial, fungal, agro-waste, and plant debris are potential bioadsorbent sources.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

When pH is greater than pHpzc, cationic dye adsorption is favorable due to functional groups such as OH- and COO-, whereas anionic dye adsorption is favorable at pH less than pHpzc because adsorbent surfaces become positively charged.

“When pH is greater than pH pzc , it is favorable for cationic dye adsorption due to the existence of functional groups (OH -, COO -), whereas anionic dye adsorption is favorable at pH less than pH pzc because the surfaces of adsorbents become positively charged (Zhou et al., 2019).”

• cites Zhou et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Biomass-based adsorbents are attracting attention and are widely studied.

“Owing to eco-friendly, low cost, and good surface characteristics, biomass-based adsorbents are attracting attention and are widely studied.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Biomass-based adsorbents are eco-friendly, low-cost, and have good surface characteristics.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The pore volume of bioadsorbents and the functional groups of dyes are deciding factors in achieving high dye adsorption.

“The pore volume of the bioadsorbents and functional groups of dyes are the deciding factors in achieving high dye adsorption.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Congo red-loaded java citronella bio-adsorbent and commercial activated carbon showed 90.3% and 83.7% desorption, respectively, and the adsorbents were effective up to two adsorption-desorption cycles.

“They found 90.3 and 83.7% desorption for biomass and commercial AC, respectively, from dye-loaded adsorbents (Saha et al., 2020).Moreover, the adsorbents were effective up to two adsorption-desorption cycles.”

• cites Saha et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Common desorption methods include thermal treatment, acid treatment with H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, H3PO4, or NaOH, organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol, biological methods, and vacuum methods.

“The common desorption methods include thermal treatment, acid (H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 , HCl, H 3 PO 4 , NaOH) treatment, organic solvents (methanol and ethanol), biological methods, and vacuum methods (Hassan and Carr, 2021).”

• cites Hassan and Carr, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The estimated cost of 1 g of adsorbent is ₹4.54, ₹0.91, and ₹0.97 for coconut shell, groundnut shell, and rice husk biochars, respectively, considering operational costs including manufacturing, maintenance, feedstock, transportation, labor, and distribution costs.

“It was estimated that the cost of 1 g of adsorbent is ₹4.54, ₹0.91, and ₹0.97 for Coconut shell, Groundnut shell, and Rice husk, respectively, by considering operational costs including manufacturing costs, maintenance costs, feedstock costs, transportation costs, labor costs, and the distribution costs (Praveen et al., 2021).”

• cites Praveen et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Residual yeast and diatomaceous earth had dye removal capacities of 8.66 mg/g and 7.96 mg/g, respectively, for Reactive Blue 160 at pH 2.

“They found that the two biosorbents had a dye removal capacity of 8.66 mg/g and 7.96 mg/g respectively at a pH of 2 (Semião et al., 2020).”

• cites Semião et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The cost of bioadsorbents prepared from microbes and forest and agricultural waste is low compared with conventional treatment technologies, although the cited studies did not incorporate cost-benefit analysis.

“Several authors reported that the cost of bioadsorbents prepared from microbes and forest and agricultural waste is low as compared with conventional treatment technologies, although they did not incorporate cost-benefit analysis in their study.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Biomass-derived adsorbents can be used on a large scale because of their huge availability.

“One of the important features for the use of biomass-derived adsorbent for removal of dyes is that it can be used on a large scale because of its huge availability.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Potato peel biochar is a promising adsorbent for removing Cibacron Blue dye, and its sorption ability follows the order calcined > activated > native materials.

“Potato peel biochar was considered a promising adsorbent for removing Cibacron Blue dye.The sorption ability of this waste follows the order: calcined > activated > native materials (Bouhadjra et al., 2021).”

• cites Bouhadjra et al., 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Biochar prepared from Korean cabbage, rice straw, and wood chip can be used as an alternative to activated carbon to remove congo red and crystal violet, but Korean cabbage had better adsorption performance than the others.

“Sewu et al. (2017) prepared biochar from Korean cabbage (KC), rice straw, and wood chip and can be used as an alternative to activated carbon to remove congo red and CV (Sewu et al., 2017), but KC had better absorption performance than others.”

• cites Sewu et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Triethylenetetramine-modified pea peel biochar had adsorption capacity enhanced from 78.18 to 523.12 mg/g at equilibrium, and up to 98% of Acid Orange 7 was removed by the modified biochar while 96% was removed by unmodified biochar.

“The adsorption capacity of the modified biochar was significantly enhanced from 78.18 to 523.12 mg/g at equilibrium.Up to 98% of AO7 was removed by triethylenetetramine-modified biochar, while 96% removal was achieved using unmodified biochar (El-Nemr et al., 2020).”

• cites El-Nemr et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Groundnut shell-based biochar had maximum adsorption capacity of 46.3 mg/g and the least cost of ₹0.91 per unit gram for Basic Red 09 dye removal.

“Groundnut shellbased biochar had maximum adsorption capacity (46.3 mg/g) as well as the least cost (₹0.91)per unit gram of Basic Red 09 dye removal.”

• cites Praveen et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Among all adsorbents, biomass-derived adsorbent is preferred because it comparatively has the highest surface area, regardless of activation techniques, depending on source types, resulting in increased adsorption of contaminants.

“Among all the adsorbents, the biomassderived adsorbent is preferred comparatively having the highest surface area, regardless of the activation techniques, depending on source types resulted in increasing the adsorption of the contaminants.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Desorption after adsorption is important to regenerate and reuse used adsorbents, reduce waste generation, and keep process cost down.

“After the adsorption process is accomplished, the desorption process is of great importance to regenerate and reuse those used adsorbents and to reduce the generation of waste as well as to keep the process price down (Zhou et al., 2019).”

• cites Zhou et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Watermelon peel biochars had adsorption capacities ranging from 76.94 to 462.18 mg/g at pH 1.0, 3 h contact time, and room temperature, and achieved more than 96% removal of Acid Yellow 11.

“The sorption study revealed that the capacity of prepared watermelon biochars was ranged between 76.94 and 462.18 mg/g at pH of 1.0, contact time of 3 h, and room temperature, and more than 96% removal of AY11 was achieved.”

• cites El Nemr et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Potential solutions for safely disposing of the final effluent include stabilization and immobilization, for example, using a cement-based system as a binding agent.

“The potential solutions for safely disposing of the final effluent include stabilization and immobilization, for example, using a cement-based system as a binding agent (Dey et al., 2017).”

• cites Dey et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

Difficulties are faced in comparing dye removal techniques.

“Consequently, difficulties are faced in the comparison among them.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Agricultural and forestry wastes are generally rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and their surfaces comprise active groups including hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, methyl, and others.

“Agricultural and forestry wastes are generally rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.Its surface comprises several active groups including hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, carboxyl, methyl, and so on (Zhou et al., 2019).”

• cites Zhou et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Distinctive surface chemistry with incorporated functional groups (alcohol, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic, ether, phenol) gives bio-sorbents high attraction toward dye and makes biomass-based adsorbents effective for dye removal.

“Distinctive surface chemistry with the incorporation of several functional groups (alcohol, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic, ether, phenol) makes those bio-sorbents with a high attraction toward dye and makes the biomass-based adsorbents effective material for dye removal.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of brewer's yeast biomass for methylene blue, malachite green, and safranin O were 212.05, 212.05, and 76.77 mg/g, respectively.

“The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of BYB for MB, MG, and SO were 212.05, 212.05, and 76.77 mg/g, respectively.”

• cites Lin et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Biomass-derived adsorbents are commonly cellulose-based structures and can produce good porous carbon that can adsorb various types of contaminants in the natural environment.

“Moreover, the biomass-derived adsorbents are commonly cellulose-based structures and can produce a good porous carbon that can adsorb various types of contaminants in the natural environment.”

• cites Sherugar et al., 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Activated carbon from Persea Americana achieved 98% removal of basic yellow dye from wastewater and can substitute commercially available adsorbents.

“Activated carbon provided from Persea Americana was suggested for basic yellow dye removal from wastewater with 98% removal.This activated carbon can substitute the commercially available adsorbents (Regti et al., 2017).”

• cites Regti et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source