Circular RNA (circRNA) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
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GENERAL COMMENTARY article Front. Genet., 31 December 2013 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2013.00307
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Dysregulation of ciRS-7 has been found in zebrafish with an impaired midbrain and in the hippocampus of AD patients.
“In addition, dysregulation of ciRS-7 has been found in zebrafish with an impaired midbrain [71] and in the hippocampus of AD patients [45].”
From Circular RNAs in depression: Biogenesis, function, expression, and therapeutic potential (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
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Circular RNAs are a large class of animal RNAs with regulatory potency
Memczak, S., Jens, M., Elefsinioti, A., Torti, F., Krueger, J., Rybak, A., Maier, L., Mackowiak, S. D., Gregersen, L. H., Munschauer, M., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11928 · Cited by 7,990 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Intrinsically resistant to exonucleolytic RNA decay, circRNAs appear to be enriched in mammalian brain tissues (Hansen et al., 2013; Memczak et al., 2013).”
BackgroundNatural RNA circles function as efficient microRNA sponges
Hansen, T. B., Jensen, T. I., Clausen, B. H., Bramsen, J. B., Finsen, B., Damgaard, C. K., & Kjems, J. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11993 · Cited by 7,985 · see citing works
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“Recently characterized, traditional methods of RNA detection and analysis requiring a free 5′ or 3′ ribonucleotide terminus may have significantly underestimated circRNA abundance and significance in eukaryotic cells (Salzman et al., 2012; Wilusz and Sharp, 2013; unpublished observations).”
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“…or AD groups (p > 0.05, ANOVA); a dashed horizontal line at 1.0 indicates homeostatic (control) ciRS-7 levels for ease of comparison; ∗p < 0.001 (ANOVA). contribute to the down-regulation of selective miRNA-7-sensitive messenger RNA (mRNA) targets (Cogswell et al., 2008; unpublished observations).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Circuitous Route to Noncoding RNA
Wilusz, J. E., & Sharp, P. A. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1238522 · Cited by 533 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recently characterized, traditional methods of RNA detection and analysis requiring a free 5′ or 3′ ribonucleotide terminus may have significantly underestimated circRNA abundance and significance in eukaryotic cells (Salzman et al., 2012; Wilusz and Sharp, 2013; unpublished observations).”
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A Gene Expression Profile of Alzheimer's Disease
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“…systems” and ambient up-regulation of specific inducible miRNAs may help explain the widely observed, generalized and progressive down-regulation of gene expression that is characteristic of the sporadic AD brain (Loring et al., 2001; Colangelo et al., 2002; Ginsberg et al., 2012; Lukiw, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialDeconstruction for Reconstruction: The Role of Proteolysis in Neural Plasticity and Disease
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“, 2013); detection was performed using a nonisotopic BrightStar BioDetect Kit (Ambion, Austin, TX; detection limit ∼100 fg) or by standard autoradiography (Lukiw et al., 1992); (B) AD ciRS-7 is significantly reduced to about 0.”
MethodInfluentialMicroRNA in schizophrenia: Genetic and expression analysis of miR-130b (22q11)
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“…but are also associated with a circRNA for miRNA-7 (ciRS-7), in the same tissues; ciRS-7 contains multiple, tandem anti-miRNA-7 sequences (Burmistrova et al., 2007; Hansen et al., 2013; Lukiw et al., 2013). ciRS-7 thereby acts as a kind of endogenous, competing, anti-complementary miRNA…”
BackgroundLonskaya, I., Shekoyan, A. R., Hebron, M. L., Desforges, N. M., Algarzae, N. K., & Moussa, C. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-121141 · Cited by 91 · cited 2× · see citing works
“GENERAL COMMENTARY published: 31 December 2013 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00307”
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“…systems” and ambient up-regulation of specific inducible miRNAs may help explain the widely observed, generalized and progressive down-regulation of gene expression that is characteristic of the sporadic AD brain (Loring et al., 2001; Colangelo et al., 2002; Ginsberg et al., 2012; Lukiw, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialStudying micro RNA Function and Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease
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“32; an important post-transcriptional regulator of human brain gene expression), are not only highly abundant in human brain, but are also associated with a circRNA for miRNA-7 (ciRS-7), in the same tissues; ciRS-7 contains multiple, tandem anti-miRNA-7 sequences (Burmistrova et al., 2007; Hansen et al., 2013; Lukiw e…”
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“…systems” and ambient up-regulation of specific inducible miRNAs may help explain the widely observed, generalized and progressive down-regulation of gene expression that is characteristic of the sporadic AD brain (Loring et al., 2001; Colangelo et al., 2002; Ginsberg et al., 2012; Lukiw, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
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The biogenesis, biology and characterization of circular RNAs
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circRNA biogenesis competes with pre-mRNA splicing
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“In support of this idea, reduced levels of CDR1as/ciRS-7 circRNA have already been reported in patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (Lukiw, 2013).”
BackgroundCircular RNAs in the Mammalian Brain Are Highly Abundant, Conserved, and Dynamically Expressed
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“Additionally, this circRNA is less abundant in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease CA1 hippocampal regions relative to agematched controls (Lukiw 2013).”
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“It was thus predicted that ciRS-7 deficiency might result in decreased expression of selective miR-7 targets, such as the AD-relevant target UBE2A, via the abovementioned “miRNA sponge” function (Lukiw, 2013).”
CircRNA: a novel type of biomarker for cancer
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“Furthermore, it is also shown that CDR1as may be connected with Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and brain development [21, 39, 40].”
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“Alzheimer’s Disease ciRS-7 Up-regulates UBE2A that aids the clearance of amyloid peptides (Lukiw, 2013).”
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“Through its ability to sponge miR-7 (refs 9,10), it could play a crucial role in nervous system diseases deregulating targets with important function 17,18 .”
Specific expression and functions of circular RNAs
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“Recent research has revealed that CDR1as has crucial roles in brain development [78] and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [79].”
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“Disruption of circRNA expression was found to be associated with human diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and cancers (Bachmayr-Heyda et al., 2015; Dou et al., 2016; Lukiw, 2013; Panda et al., 2017; Shang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2015; Zhong et al., 2016).”
BackgroundCircular RNA: An emerging non-coding RNA as a regulator and biomarker in cancer
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Circular RNAs: a new frontier in the study of human diseases
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“25 Using northern blot hybridisation techniques and the circularity-sensitive circRNA probe, RNaseR, Lukiw 25 provided evidence of a misregulated miR-7 – circRNA system in the sporadic AD hippocampal CA1 region.”
BackgroundMethodCircular RNA: an emerging key player in RNA world
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“Additionally, CDR1as (ciRS-7), which is an abundant circRNA in the human brain, was shown to be downregulated in the brains of AD patients (Lukiw, 2013).”
BackgroundCircular RNAs (circRNAs) in Health and Disease
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“CircRNAs play important roles in various diseases, including tumor, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, myotonic dystrophy and Alzheimer's disease [15-18].”
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A circular transcript of ncx1 gene mediates ischemic myocardial injury by targeting miR-133a-3p
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“Increasing evidences suggest that circRNAs are involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases [16], neurological dysfunction [17, 18] and cancers [19, 20].”
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“CDR1as/ciRS-7 is also strongly miss-regulated in the hippocampal CA1 region of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients.(47) Moreover, neural overexpression of CDR1as/ciRS-7 in zebrafish leads to brain developmental defects and impairment in midbrain development, which resembles the phenotype of miR-7 knock-down.”
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“However, one circRNA, ciRS-7, which acts as a sponge of miR-7, was found to be lower in sporadic AD, as determined in the hippocampal CA1 region (Lukiw, 2013).”
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“circRNAs are abundant in the mammalian brain, and their roles in many nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (Lukiw, 2013), multiple system atrophy (Chen et al., 2016), neuropathic pain (Zhou et al., 2017), major depressive disorder (Cui et al., 2016), drug abuse (Huang et al., 2017),…”
BackgroundCircular RNAs: A novel type of non-coding RNA and their potential implications in antiviral immunity
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“A decreased expression of ciRS-7 in the hippocampus of Alzheimer’s patients indicates that the deficiency of ciRS-7/miRNA-7 leads to the progression of Alzheimer’s disease [67].”
BackgroundRegulatory Role of Circular RNAs and Neurological Disorders
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“Moreover, the dysregulation of the miR-7/Cdr1as axis is involved in some other diseases, such as Alzheimer’s diseases (Lukiw, 2013), diabetes (Xu et al., 2015) and cardiometabolic diseases (Geng et al., 2016).”
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“For instance, CDR1as has been confirmed to be associated with Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and tumor evolution and progression [15, 16].”
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“Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is progressive neurological disorder affecting aged humans (1).”
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CircRNAs: a regulator of cellular stress
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“Subsequently, studies proposed a similar function for some other circRNAs (Geng et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2016; Lukiw, 2013; Wang et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016b; Werfel et al., 2016; Zheng et al., 2016).”
BackgroundEmerging roles and context of circular RNAs
Panda, A. C., Grammatikakis, I., Munk, R. B., Gorospe, M., & Abdelmohsen, K. (2016) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1386 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
CircRNA_0000392 promotes colorectal cancer progression through the miR-193a-5p/PIK3R3/AKT axis
Xu, H., Liu, Y., Cheng, P., Wang, C., Liu, Y., Zhou, W., Xu, Y., & Ji, G. (2020) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-020-01799-1 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“The role of circRNA in the development of diseases, such as encephalopathy and tumors, has also been gradually revealed [8,9].”
BackgroundLu, D., & Xu, A.-D. (2016) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2016.00053 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“…addition, circRNAs have been shown to serve as biomarkers for a potential non-invasive diagnosis for atherosclerosis (Burd et al., 2010), disorders of the central neural diseases (Lukiw, 2013), degenerative diseases (Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014), and cancers (Li P. et al., 2015; Li Y. et al., 2015).”
Wang, L., You, Z., Li, Y., Zheng, K., & Huang, Y. (2020) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007568 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“Lukiw [19] found that in the hippocampal CA1 region of Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is a dysregulation of the miRNA-circRNA system.”
BackgroundCircular RNAs in Eukaryotic Cells
Chen, L., Huang, C., Wang, X., & Shan, G. (2015) · Current Genomics · doi:10.2174/1389202916666150707161554 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Millan, M. J. (2017) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.004 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Ouyang, Q., Wu, J., Jiang, Z., Zhao, J., Wang, R., Lou, A., Zhu, D., Shi, G., & Yang, M. (2017) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000477883 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The Epigenetics of Alzheimer’s Disease: Factors and Therapeutic Implications
Liu, X., Jiao, B., & Shen, L. H. (2018) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00579 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“In an in vitro preparation, MiR-16 was found to be an effective inhibitor of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and BACE1 expression, Aβ peptide production, and tau phosphorylation (Parsi et al., 2015). miRNA regulators have also been evaluated for use in treating AD.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Parkinson's disease CircRNAs Resource reveals a link between circSLC8A1 and oxidative stress
Hanan, M., Simchovitz, A., Yayon, N., Vaknine, S., Cohen‐Fultheim, R., Karmon, M., Madrer, N., Rohrlich, T. M., Maman, M., Bennett, E. R., et al. (2020) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.201911942 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Zeng, X., Zhong, Y., Lin, W., & Zou, Q. (2019) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbz080 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Advances in circular RNAs and their roles in breast Cancer
Wang, X., & Fang, L. (2018) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-018-0870-8 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Increasing evidence suggest that circRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, such as neurological dystrophy [16], cardiovascular diseases [17] and cancer [18, 19].”
Circular RNAs in monkey muscle: age-dependent changes
Abdelmohsen, K., Panda, A. C., De, S., Grammatikakis, I., Kim, J., Ding, J., Noh, J. H., Kim, K. M., Mattison, J. A., de Cabo, R., et al. (2015) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100834 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“In sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the brain-specific circRNA ciRS-7, which contains sites that are capable of sponging miR-7, was found to be downregulated compared to age-matched control brains, likely by increasing the availability of miR-7 to brain cells in AD [13].”
BackgroundHanan, M., Simchovitz, A., Yayon, N., Vaknine, S., Cohen‐Fultheim, R., Karmon, M., Madrer, N., Rohrlich, T. M., Maman, M., Bennett, E. R., et al. (2020) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.202013551 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Interestingly, several reports have suggested a link between circRNAs and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lukiw, 2013; Errichelli et al , 2017; Shi et al , 2017; Dube et al , 2019).”
The emerging role and clinical implication of human exonic circular RNA
Lyu, D., & Huang, S. (2016) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2016.1227904 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
A comprehensive review of circRNA: from purification and identification to disease marker potential
Xu, S., Zhou, L., Ponnusamy, M., Zhang, L., Dong, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, Q., Liu, J., & Wang, K. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.5503 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Circular RNAs: An emerging type of RNA in cancer
Hou, L., & Zhang, J. (2017) · International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/0394632016686985 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Zhu, D., Li, H., Li, H., Feng, C., & Zhang, W. (2017) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.06.009 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“The studies of Lukiw13 and Zhao et al.14 are the only explorations in this respect.”
BackgroundRoles of Circular RNAs in Neurologic Disease
Shao, Y., & Chen, Y. (2016) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2016.00025 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“Functional deficiency of CDR1as can upregulate miR-7 expression and may lead to the downregulation of AD-relevant targets, such as ubiquitin protein ligase A (UBE2A; Bingol and Sheng, 2011; Lonskaya et al., 2013; Lukiw, 2013).”
BackgroundSaaoud, F., Charles Drummer, I. V., Shao, Y., Sun, Y., Lu, Y., Xu, K., Ni, D., Jiang, X., Wang, H., & Yang, X. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107715 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“…2016), diabetes (Zhao et al., 2017a), cancers (Bachmayr-Heyda et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2017a; Geng, Jiang, & Wu, 2018; Qin et al., 2016), Alzheimer’s disease (Lukiw, 2013; Zhao, Alexandrov, Jaber, & Lukiw, 2016), nervous system disorders (Bai et al., 2018), and osteoarthritis (Liu et al., 2016).”
Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Long, Y., & Li, W. (2016) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.13897 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Dysregulated miR-671-5p / CDR1-AS / CDR1 / VSNL1 axis is involved in glioblastoma multiforme
Barbagallo, D., Condorelli, A. G., Ragusa, M., Salito, L., Sammito, M., Banelli, B., Caltabiano, R., Barbagallo, G. M. V., Zappalà, A., Battaglia, R., et al. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6621 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
RNA sequencing and Prediction Tools for Circular RNAs Analysis
López-Jiménez, E. A., Rojas, A. M., & Andrés‐León, E. (2018) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1426-1_2 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease: Aβ, Tau, and Epigenetic Alterations
Li, K., Wei, Q., Liu, F., Hu, F., Xie, A., Zhu, L., & Liu, D. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0533-3 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Quan, Z., Zheng, D., & Qing, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.00175 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“The ciRS-7 deficiency was expected to induce ambient miR-7 levels in AD-affected brain cells, which is probably responsible for down-regulating AD-associated targets, such as, the ubiquitin protein ligase A (UBE2A; Cogswell et al., 2008; Lukiw, 2013).”
BackgroundWang, Z., Xu, P., Chen, B., Zhang, Z., Zhang, C., Zhan, Q., Huang, S., Xia, Z.-A., & Peng, W. (2018) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101427 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“[12, 13] demonstrated that circRNA-7(ciRS-7) acted as a natural miRNA sponge for miRNA-7 and regulated the expression of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2A (UBE2A) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in sporadic AD hippocampal brain.”
BackgroundCircular RNAs: Isolation, characterization and their potential role in diseases
Liu, L., Wang, J., Khanabdali, R., Kalionis, B., Tai, X., & Xia, S. (2017) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2017.1367886 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Biogenesis of circular RNA s and their roles in cardiovascular development and pathology
Li, M., Ding, W., Sun, T., Tariq, M., Xu, T., Li, P., & Wang, J. (2017) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.14191 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Circular RNA involvement in aging: An emerging player with great potential
Cai, H., Li, Y., Niringiyumukiza, J. D., Su, P., & Xiang, W. (2018) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2018.11.002 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Zhou, H., Wei, J., Luo, P., Qiu, S., Liu, X., Zhu, M., Liang, C., Yu, M., & Tu, J. (2018) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2018/3073467 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“As a result, circRNAs can inhibit miRNA functions and could play important roles in various cellular activities and disease processes [12 – 14].”
The roles of circular RNAs in human development and diseases
Lee, E. C. S., Elhassan, S. A. M., Lim, G. P. L., Kok, W. H., Tan, S. W., Leong, E. N., Tan, S. H., Chan, E. W. L., Bhattamisra, S. K., Rajendran, R., et al. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.052 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Ren, S., Lin, P., Wang, J., Yu, H., Lv, T., Sun, L., & Du, G. (2020) · Molecular Therapy — Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.027 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“The role of circRNAs in AD has gradually been recognized.(92) For example, evolutionarily conserved miRNA-7 was abundant in the human brain, and its levels correlated with ciRS-7 (also known as CDR1as), a circRNA specific for miRNA7 and containing multiple tandem anti-miRNA-7 sequences; in addition, ciRS-7 acts as an…”
BackgroundYang, L., Han, B., Zhang, Y., Bai, Y., Chao, J., Hu, G., & Yao, H. (2017) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2017.1414755 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Hu, X., Ao, J., Li, X., Zhang, H., Wu, J., & Cheng, W. (2018) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-018-0482-3 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Deep Matrix Factorization Improves Prediction of Human CircRNA-Disease Associations
Lu, C., Zeng, M., Zhang, F., Wu, F., Li, M., & Wang, J. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.2999638 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Partakinginadiversityoforganicprocesses,thedysregulation and mutation of circRNAs may give rise to the progression of diseases,includingatherosclerosis[9],Alzheimer’sdisease[10], [11],cancers[12]andsoon.”
BackgroundCircular RNAs: A novel type of biomarker and genetic tools in cancer
Han, Y., Xia, S., Zhang, Y., Zheng, J., & Li, W. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.18350 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Li, H., Li, K., Lai, W., Li, X., Wang, H., Yang, J., Chu, S., Wang, H., Kang, C., & Qiu, Y. (2018) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2018.01.026 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lukiw, W. J.
- Affiliations
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lukiw, Walter J.
- ORCID
- Lukiw, Walter J.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Genetics
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 307-307
- ISSN
- 1664-8021 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3875874
- OpenAlex
- W2095799789
- Cited by
- 636
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Instytut Medycyny Doswiadczalnej i Klinicznej im. M. Mossakowskiego, Polskiej Akademii Nauk
- National Institute on Aging (AG038834, NIA AG038834, R01AG038834)
- National Eye Institute (NEI-EY-006311, R01EY006311, EY-006311)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Circular RNAs in diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- circular RNA, Alzheimer's disease, non-coding RNA, RNA circularization
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