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Leucocyte trafficking via the lymphatic vasculature—mechanisms and consequences

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Jackson, David G.·2019·Frontiers in Immunology
DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00471PMC PMC6426755
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Abstract

The lymphatics fulfil a vital physiological function as the conduits through which leucocytes traffic between the tissues and draining lymph nodes for the initiation and modulation of immune responses. However, until recently many of the molecular mechanisms controlling such migration have been unclear. As a result of careful research, it is now apparent that the process is regulated at multiple stages from initial leucocyte entry and intraluminal crawling in peripheral tissue lymphatics, through to leucocyte exit in draining lymph nodes where the migrating cells either participate in immune responses or return to the circulation via efferent lymph. Furthermore, it is increasingly evident that most if not all leucocyte populations migrate in lymph and that such migration is not only important for immune modulation, but also for the timely repair and resolution of tissue inflammation. In this article, we review the latest research findings in these areas, arising from new insights into the distinctive ultrastructure of lymphatic capillaries and lymph node sinuses. Accordingly, we highlight the emerging importance of the leucocyte glycocalyx and its novel interactions with the endothelial receptor LYVE-1, the intricacies of endothelial chemokine secretion and sequestration that direct leucocyte trafficking and the significance of the process for normal immune function and pathology.

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  • Inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils enter initial lymphatics at sites of infection and have a capacity for antigen processing and presentation.

    “In addition, inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils, also with a capacity for antigen processing and presentation, enter initial lymphatics at sites of infection (27, 87).”

    From Transport and Immune Functions of the Lymphatic System. (2025) · cites this paper as [87]

    The “Leucocyte Populations that Traffic via Lymph” section says macrophages leave inflamed tissue through lymphatics and neutrophils leave tissues during sepsis and trauma through inflamed lymphatics. It also describes neutrophils transporting pathogens and influencing T-cell responses; the References list includes studies of neutrophil antigen presentation. The paper does not establish antigen-processing and presentation capacity for the trafficking macrophages, or specifically place both cell types’ entry at sites of infection. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Some types of T cells, including recirculating tissue-resident effector memory cells, Tregs, and some short-lived effector T cells, enter initial lymphatics.

    “Lastly, some types of T cells enter initial lymphatics, including recirculating tissue-resident effector memory cells, Tregs, and some short-lived effector T cells (87).”

    From Transport and Immune Functions of the Lymphatic System. (2025) · cites this paper as [87]

    In “Leucocyte Populations that Traffic via Lymph” (page unavailable), the paper says recirculating effector-memory T cells exit tissues through afferent lymphatics and that FOXP3+ Tregs are present in afferent lymph. It distinguishes those recirculating cells from tissue-resident T cells, which mostly remain in tissues, and does not identify short-lived effector T cells as an entering population. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • DCs and T cells enter initial lymphatics through the basement membrane pores of these vessels where CCL21 is concentrated.

    “DCs and T cells enter into initial lymphatics through the basement membrane pores of these vessels where CCL21 is concentrated (87).”

    From Transport and Immune Functions of the Lymphatic System. (2025) · cites this paper as [87]

    The ‘Migration Through Interstitial Matrix and the Peri-Lymphatic Basement Membrane’ section (page unavailable) describes pores in the basement membrane of initial lymphatics and CCL21 deposits at pores used by DCs in inflamed mouse ear skin. ‘The Key Roles of CCL21 and CCR7’ says CCL21 drives T-cell entry into afferent lymph vessels, but the copy does not establish that T cells use those CCL21-marked basement-membrane pores. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Lymph flow in LVs is thought to carry CCL21 to distal sites where it is trapped, probably through binding to podoplanin and heparin sulfate.

    “Lymph flow in LVs is thought to carry CCL21 to distal sites where it is trapped, probably through binding to podoplanin and heparin sulfate (87, 99).”

    From Transport and Immune Functions of the Lymphatic System. (2025) · cites this paper as [87]

  • Neutrophils do not contain a hyaluronan glycocalyx and hence do not use LYVE-1 to enter initial LVs.

    “Distinct from DCs, neutrophils do not contain a hyaluronan glycocalyx and hence do not use LYVE-1 to enter initial LVs (87).”

    From Transport and Immune Functions of the Lymphatic System. (2025) · cites this paper as [87]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Jackson, D. G.
Affiliations
University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author
Jackson, David G.
ORCID
Jackson, David G.
Venue
Frontiers in Immunology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2019-03-14
Volume
10
Pages
471-471
ISSN
1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fimmu.2019.00471
PMC
PMC6426755
OpenAlex
W2920943674
Cited by
120
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 6
FWCI
1.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Medical Research Council
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Lymphatic System and Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lymphatic Disorders and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
Keywords
lymphatic vessels, lymphatic capillaries, lymph node sinuses, leukocyte migration, LYVE-1, efferent lymph, immune response
MeSH terms
Cell Movement, Endothelium, Lymphatic, Humans, Leukocytes, Lymph Nodes, Vesicular Transport Proteins, Lymphatic Vessels

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