Interactions Between the Gut Microbiota and the Host Innate Immune Response Against Pathogens
Open accessAbstract
The mammalian intestine is colonized by over a trillion microbes that comprise the "gut microbiota," a microbial community which has co-evolved with the host to form a mutually beneficial relationship. Accumulating evidence indicates that the gut microbiota participates in immune system maturation and also plays a central role in host defense against pathogens. Here we review some of the mechanisms employed by the gut microbiota to boost the innate immune response against pathogens present on epithelial mucosal surfaces. Antimicrobial peptide secretion, inflammasome activation and induction of host IL-22, IL-17, and IL-10 production are the most commonly observed strategies employed by the gut microbiota for host anti-pathogen defense. Taken together, the body of evidence suggests that the host gut microbiota can elicit innate immunity against pathogens.
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Host-microbe interactions in the brain, similar to those in the gut, could influence crucial traits, such as brain metabolic status, pathogen resistance and education of the brain's immune system.
“Therefore, host-microbe interactions in the brain, similar to those in the gut could influence crucial traits, such as brain metabolic status, pathogen resistance and education of the brain’s immune system [141,142].”
From What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease? (2025) · cites this paper as [141]
The Introduction says gut microbiota contribute to innate immune-system maturation and defense against pathogens, supporting the gut side of the analogy. The paper does not establish that microbes in the brain influence brain metabolism, pathogen resistance, or education of the brain’s immune system; searches for those brain-specific claims found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Cheng, H.-Y., Ning, M.-X., Chen, D.-K., & Ma, W.-T.
- Affiliations
- Northwest A&F University (CN)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-03-29
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 607-607
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6449424
- OpenAlex
- W2926238016
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 2.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University (00500/Z109021716)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, innate immunity, host-pathogen interaction, intestinal epithelium, antimicrobial peptides, inflammasome activation, IL-22, IL-17, IL-10, mucosal immunity, immune system maturation
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Intestinal Mucosa, Cytokines, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides, Inflammasomes
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