Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections
Open accessAbstract
The new pandemic virus SARS-CoV-2 emerged in China and spread around the world in <3 months, infecting millions of people, and causing countries to shut down public life and businesses. Nearly all nations were unprepared for this pandemic with healthcare systems stretched to their limits due to the lack of an effective vaccine and treatment. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is respiratory disease that can result in a cytokine storm with stark differences in morbidity and mortality between younger and older patient populations. Details regarding mechanisms of viral entry via the respiratory system and immune system correlates of protection or pathogenesis have not been fully elucidated. Here, we provide an overview of the innate immune responses in the lung to the coronaviruses MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. This review provides insight into key innate immune mechanisms that will aid in the development of therapeutics and preventive vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Type I and type III interferons seem centrally important for protection from COVID-19, though other innate components likely matter too.
“Although it is likely that there are many innate immune components that are relevant to protection from COVID-19, type I and type III interferons appear centrally important69,70.”
From Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [69]
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Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans
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- Authors
- Ahmed-Hassan, H., Sisson, B., Shukla, R. K., Wijewantha, Y., Funderburg, N. T., Li, Z., Hayes, D., Demberg, T., & Liyanage, N. P. M.
- Affiliations
- Cairo University (EG)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liyanage, Namal P. M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-08-18
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 1979-1979
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7468245
- OpenAlex
- W3072998297
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 253
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Greater South Information System
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- innate immunity, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, coronavirus, respiratory viral infections, lung immunity, cytokine storm, viral pathogenesis, vaccine development, antiviral agents
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Female, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Male, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Respiratory Mucosa, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Immune Evasion, Pandemics, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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