Gut-Lung Crosstalk in Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury
Open accessAbstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common acute and severe cases of the respiratory system with complicated pathogenesis and high mortality. Sepsis is the leading indirect cause of ALI/ARDS in the intensive care unit (ICU). The pathogenesis of septic ALI/ARDS is complex and multifactorial. In the development of sepsis, the disruption of the intestinal barrier function, the alteration of gut microbiota, and the translocation of the intestinal microbiome can lead to systemic and local inflammatory responses, which further alter the immune homeostasis in the systemic environment. Disruption of homeostasis may promote and propagate septic ALI/ARDS. In turn, when ALI occurs, elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and the shift of the lung microbiome may lead to the dysregulation of the intestinal microbiome and the disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Thus, the interaction between the lung and the gut can initiate and potentiate sepsis-induced ALI/ARDS. The gut–lung crosstalk may be a promising potential target for intervention. This article reviews the underlying mechanism of gut-lung crosstalk in septic ALI/ARDS.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The inflammatory cascade from gastrointestinal-released bacteria and endotoxins can exacerbate pulmonary dysfunction, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome and worsening pulmonary outcomes.
“The inflammatory cascade stemming from GI-released bacteria and endotoxins can exacerbate pulmonary dysfunction, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [27], worsening pulmonary outcomes [28].”
From Gastrointestinal function and nutritional interventions in septic shock (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Bellani, G., Laffey, J. G., Pham, T., Fan, E., Brochard, L., Esteban, A., Gattinoni, L., van Haren, F., Larsson, A., McAuley, D. F., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0291 · Cited by 5,766 · cited 9× · see citing works
“Sepsis is the leading indirect cause of ALI/ARDS in the intensive care unit (ICU).”
BackgroundInfluentialMacrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease
Shapouri‐Moghaddam, A., Mohammadian, S., Vazini, H., Taghadosi, M., Esmaeili, S., Mardani, F., Seifi, B., Mohammadi, A., Afshari, J. T., & Sahebkar, A. (2018) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.26429 · Cited by 4,930 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Macrophages, commonly polarized into M1 (proinflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) types according to responses to environmental stimuli, are key orchestrators in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS (Shapouri-Moghaddam et al., 2018).”
BackgroundHost-gut microbiota metabolic interactions
Nicholson, J. K., Holmes, E., Kinross, J., Burcelin, R., Gibson, G., Jia, W., & Pettersson, S. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1223813 · Cited by 4,760 · see citing works
Parada Venegas, D., De la Fuente, M. K., Landskron, G., González, M. J., Quera, R., Dijkstra, G., Harmsen, H. J. M., Faber, K. N., & Hermoso, M. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00277 · Cited by 3,820 · see citing works
The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease
Cho, I., & Blaser, M. J. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3182 · Cited by 3,449 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Notably, the differential immune responses to sepsis are determined by the microbiome (Cho and Blaser, 2012).”
BackgroundAcute respiratory distress syndrome
Matthay, M. A., Zemans, R. L., Zimmerman, G. A., Arabi, Y. M., Beitler, J. R., Mercat, A., Herridge, M. S., Randolph, A. G., & Calfee, C. S. (2019) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0069-0 · Cited by 2,420 · see citing works
A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease
Mazmanian, S. K., Round, J. L., & Kasper, D. L. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07008 · Cited by 2,340 · see citing works
The gut microbiota–brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders
Morais, L. H., Schreiber, H. L., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2021) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00460-0 · Cited by 2,149 · see citing works
The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease
Honda, K., & Littman, D. R. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature18848 · Cited by 1,846 · see citing works
Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: A gut microbiota perspective
LeBlanc, J. G., Milani, C., de Giori, G. S., Sesma, F., van Sinderen, D., & Ventura, M. (2013) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2012.08.005 · Cited by 1,613 · see citing works
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Fan, E., Brodie, D., & Slutsky, A. S. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.21907 · Cited by 1,482 · see citing works
Claudins and the Modulation of Tight Junction Permeability
Günzel, D., & Yu, A. S. L. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2012 · Cited by 1,456 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Members of the claudin family are major driving forces in the formation of paracellular barriers (Günzel and Yu, 2013).”
BackgroundImpact of the Gut Microbiota on Intestinal Immunity Mediated by Tryptophan Metabolism
Gao, J., Xu, K., Liu, H., Liu, G., Bai, M., Peng, C., Li, T., & Yin, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00013 · Cited by 1,313 · see citing works
Hydrocortisone, Vitamin C, and Thiamine for the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock
Marik, P. E., Khangoora, V., Rivera, R., Hooper, M. H., & Catravas, J. (2017) · Chest · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2016.11.036 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Mechanisms and treatment of organ failure in sepsis
Lelubre, C., & Vincent, J. (2018) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-018-0005-7 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Dickson, R. P., Singer, B. H., Newstead, M. W., Falkowski, N. R., Erb-Downward, J. R., Standiford, T. J., & Huffnagle, G. B. (2016) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.113 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
The microbial metabolite desaminotyrosine protects from influenza through type I interferon
Steed, A. L., Christophi, G. P., Kaiko, G. E., Sun, L., Goodwin, V. M., Jain, U., Esaulova, E., Artyomov, M. N., Morales, D. J., Holtzman, M. J., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aam5336 · Cited by 569 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Phenolic One of the degradation products of flavonoids and amino acids by commensal bacteria is desaminotyrosine (DAT; Steed et al., 2017).”
BackgroundZhao, Y., Chen, F., Wu, W. H., Sun, M., Bilotta, A. J., Yao, S., Xiao, Y., Huang, X., Eaves-Pyles, T. D., Golovko, G., et al. (2018) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2017.118 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Guidelines on the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome
Griffiths, M., McAuley, D. F., Perkins, G. D., Barrett, N. A., Blackwood, B., Boyle, A. J., Chee, N., Connolly, B. A., Dark, P. M., Finney, S. J., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open Respiratory Research · doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2019-000420 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Tang, J., Xu, L., Zeng, Y., & Gong, F. (2020) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107272 · Cited by 506 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This inhibits the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in the lung, inflammation, and the release of oxidative stress factors in ALI animals (Tang et al., 2021).”
BackgroundWang, J., Li, F., Wei, H., Lian, Z.-X., Sun, R., & Tian, Z. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20140625 · Cited by 490 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the context of experimental influenza infection, it has been reported that the IFN-γ produced by lung-derived CCR9 + CD4 + T cells changed the composition of the gut microbiota, and caused intestinal immune injury (Wang et al., 2014).”
BackgroundThe microbiome and critical illness
Dickson, R. P. (2016) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00427-0 · Cited by 460 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2016), which allows intact microbes and microbiota products to translocate, resulting in amplification of the systemic inflammatory response and contribution to multiple organ failure (Dickson, 2016).”
BackgroundPathogenesis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Huppert, L. A., Matthay, M. A., & Ware, L. B. (2019) · Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0039-1683996 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Chen, X., Tang, J., Shuai, W., Meng, J., Feng, J., & Han, Z. (2020) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s00011-020-01378-2 · Cited by 428 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Thus, the regulation of macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 may be a novel therapeutic strategy of ALI/ARDS (Chen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe Gut as the Motor of Multiple Organ Dysfunction in Critical Illness
Klingensmith, N. J., & Coopersmith, C. M. (2016) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2015.11.004 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
The role of the gut microbiota in sepsis
Haak, B. W., & Wiersinga, W. J. (2017) · The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30119-4 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Dickson, R. P., Erb-Downward, J. R., & Huffnagle, G. B. (2014) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70028-1 · Cited by 371 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2015) may alter the lung microbiome that in turn perpetuates a positive-feedback loop of inflammation, injury, and further dysbiosis (Dickson et al., 2014).”
BackgroundIntestinal Permeability Defects: Is It Time to Treat?
Odenwald, M. A., & Turner, J. R. (2013) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.07.001 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Lung Microbiota Predict Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients
Dickson, R. P., Schultz, M. J., van der Poll, T., Schouten, L. R. A., Falkowski, N. R., Luth, J. E., Sjoding, M. W., Brown, C. A., Chanderraj, R., Huffnagle, G. B., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201907-1487oc · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Gut-origin sepsis: evolution of a concept
Deitch, E. A. (2012) · The Surgeon · doi:10.1016/j.surge.2012.03.003 · Cited by 359 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A massive release of DAMPs accelerates the progression of organ damage and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), further aggravating gut injury, forming a vicious cycle (Deitch, 2012; Assimakopoulos et al., 2018; Haussner et al., 2019).”
BackgroundThe gut microbiome’s role in the development, maintenance, and outcomes of sepsis
Adelman, M. W., Woodworth, M. H., Langelier, C., Busch, L. M., Kempker, J. A., Kraft, C. S., & Martin, G. S. (2020) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-020-02989-1 · Cited by 342 · cited 2× · see citing works
“An increasing body of evidence has illustrated the role of the gut microbiome in the occurrence, development, and outcomes of sepsis (Adelman et al., 2020).”
BackgroundClinical Application and Potential of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Ooijevaar, R. E., Terveer, E. M., Verspaget, H. W., Kuijper, E. J., & Keller, J. J. (2018) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-111717-122956 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Regulation of alveolar macrophage death in acute lung inflammation
Fan, E., & Fan, J. (2018) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-018-0756-5 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Deriu, E., Boxx, G. M., He, X., Pan, C., Benavidez, S. D., Cen, L., Rozengurt, N., Shi, W., & Cheng, G. (2016) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005572 · Cited by 280 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Moreover, the pulmonary production of IFN-Is promotes the consumption of obligate anaerobic bacteria and the enrichment of proteobacteria in the gut, leading to significant intestinal dysregulation (Deriu et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLankelma, J. M., van Vught, L. A., Belzer, C., Schultz, M. J., van der Poll, T., de Vos, W. M., & Wiersinga, W. J. (2016) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-016-4613-z · Cited by 279 · see citing works
The Immature Gut Barrier and Its Importance in Establishing Immunity in Newborn Mammals
Weström, B. R., Sureda, E. A., Pierzynowska, K. G., Pierzynowski, S. G., & Pérez-Cano, F. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01153 · Cited by 257 · cited 1× · see citing works
“When the selective barrier functions normally, it allows the cell-side movement of water, solutes, and immunomodulatory factors but prevents the movement of macromolecules and microorganisms (Weström et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMechanisms of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Sepsis
Yoseph, B. P., Klingensmith, N. J., Liang, Z., Breed, E. R., Burd, E. M., Mittal, R., Dominguez, J. A., Petrie, B., Ford, M. L., & Coopersmith, C. M. (2016) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000000565 · Cited by 256 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Sepsis induces significantly compromised gut barrier integrity (Yoseph et al., 2016), which allows intact microbes and microbiota products to translocate, resulting in amplification of the systemic inflammatory response and contribution to multiple organ failure (Dickson, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialThiamine deficiency in critically ill patients with sepsis
Donnino, M. W., Carney, E., Cocchi, M. N., Barbash, I. J., Chase, M., Joyce, N. R., Chou, P. P., & Ngo, L. H. (2010) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2010.03.003 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Role of gut microbiota on intestinal barrier function in acute pancreatitis
Li, X.-Y., He, C., Zhu, Y., & Lü, N. (2020) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v26.i18.2187 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Gut-origin sepsis in the critically ill patient: pathophysiology and treatment
Assimakopoulos, S. F., Triantos, C., Thomopoulos, K., Fligou, F., Maroulis, I., Marangos, M., & Gogos, C. A. (2018) · Infection · doi:10.1007/s15010-018-1178-5 · Cited by 244 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A massive release of DAMPs accelerates the progression of organ damage and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), further aggravating gut injury, forming a vicious cycle (Deitch, 2012; Assimakopoulos et al., 2018; Haussner et al., 2019).”
BackgroundWang, J., Li, F., Sun, R., Gao, X., Wei, H., Li, L.-J., & Tian, Z. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3106 · Cited by 239 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In clinical cases, the most common source of sepsis is the lung (Wang et al., 2013).”
BackgroundGut microbiota dependent trimethylamine N-oxide aggravates angiotensin II–induced hypertension
Jiang, S., Shui, Y., Cui, Y., Tang, C., Wang, X., Qiu, X., Hu, W., Fei, L., Li, Y., Zhang, S., et al. (2021) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.102115 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Commensal Microbes Induce Serum IgA Responses that Protect against Polymicrobial Sepsis
Wilmore, J. R., Gaudette, B. T., Gómez, D., Hashemi, T., Jones, D. D., Gardner, C. A., Cole, S. D., Misic, A. M., Beiting, D. P., & Allman, D. (2018) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2018.01.005 · Cited by 236 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Commensal bacteria directly produce IgA, which has a protective activity against mucosal barrier disruption and the resulting sepsis (Wilmore et al., 2018).”
BackgroundShimizu, K., Yamada, T., Ogura, H., Mohri, T., Kiguchi, T., Fujimi, S., Asahara, T., Yamada, T., Ojima, M., Ikeda, M., et al. (2018) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-018-2167-x · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in human health
Gątarek, P., & Kałużna-Czaplińska, J. (2020) · EXCLI journal · doi:10.17179/excli2020-3239 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Challenge to the Intestinal Mucosa During Sepsis
Haußner, F., Chakraborty, S., Halbgebauer, R., & Huber-Lang, M. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00891 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Li, X., Jamal, M., Guo, P., Jin, Z. Y., Zheng, F., Song, X., Zhan, J., & Wu, H. (2019) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109363 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
for the LUNG-SAFE Investigators and the ESICM Trials Group, Abe, T., Madotto, F., Pham, T. O., Nagata, I., Uchida, M., Tamiya, N., Kurahashi, K., Bellani, G., & Laffey, J. G. (2018) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-018-2126-6 · Cited by 186 · cited 8× · see citing works
“Sepsis is the leading indirect cause of ALI/ARDS in the intensive care unit (ICU).”
BackgroundInfluentialCollapse of the Microbiome, Emergence of the Pathobiome, and the Immunopathology of Sepsis
Alverdy, J. C., & Krezalek, M. A. (2017) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000002172 · Cited by 185 · cited 3× · see citing works
“DAMPS are recognized by cells expressing intrinsic pattern receptors in the intrinsic immune system, including macrophages, white blood cells, and dendritic cells, then secreting pro-inflammatory factors that promote lung injury and the development of MODS, which further aggravate intestinal barrier injury and lead to…”
BackgroundSze, M. A., Tsuruta, M., Yang, S.-W. J., Oh, Y., Man, S. F. P., Hogg, J. C., & Sin, D. D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111228 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Interplay between gut microbiota and antimicrobial peptides
Zong, X., Fu, J., Xu, B., Wang, Y., & Jin, M. (2020) · Animal nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2020.09.002 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Microbial Contribution to the Human Metabolome: Implications for Health and Disease
Treuren, W. V., & Dodd, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043559 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Pulmonary infections complicating ARDS
Luyt, C. E., Bouadma, L., Morris, A. C., Dhanani, J., Kollef, M. H., Lipman, J., Martín‐Loeches, I., Nseir, S., Ranzani, O., Roquilly, A., et al. (2020) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06292-z · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Flavonoids and Immune Function in Human: A Systematic Review
Peluso, I., Miglio, C., Morabito, G., Ioannone, F., & Serafini, M. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.656770 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Agudelo-Ochoa, G. M., Valdés-Duque, B. E., Giraldo-Giraldo, N. A., Jaillier-Ramírez, A. M., Giraldo-Villa, A., Acevedo-Castaño, I., Yepes-Molina, M. A., Barbosa-Barbosa, J., & Benítez-Paéz, A. (2020) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2019.1707610 · Cited by 166 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Concomitantly, researchers have detected an increased abundance of Enterococcus and other pathogenic bacteria in sepsis patients who died, suggesting that these bacteria may be potential biomarkers for ICU care (Agudelo-Ochoa et al., 2020).”
BackgroundGut integrity in critical illness
Otani, S., & Coopersmith, C. M. (2019) · Journal of Intensive Care · doi:10.1186/s40560-019-0372-6 · Cited by 165 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Three factors contribute to intestinal barrier damage: visceral hypoperfusion or ischemia, restoration of intestinal blood flow during resuscitation leading to ischemiareperfusion injury, and loss of the intestinal barrier function, which allows bacteria, endotoxins, or both to cross the mucosal barrier (Otani and Coo…”
BackgroundHomeostasis and its disruption in the lung microbiome
Dickson, R. P., Erb‐Downward, J. R., & Huffnagle, G. B. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00279.2015 · Cited by 164 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2019), the flow of protein-rich alveolar exudate, the establishment of oxygen gradients, the surge of inflammatory mediators, and the impairment of local immune defenses (Dickson et al., 2015) may alter the lung microbiome that in turn perpetuates a positive-feedback loop of inflammation, injury, and further dysbios…”
BackgroundTherapeutic Potential of the Gut Microbiota in the Prevention and Treatment of Sepsis
Haak, B. W., Prescott, H. C., & Wiersinga, W. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02042 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Panzer, A. R., Lynch, S. V., Langelier, C., Christie, J. D., McCauley, K. E., Nelson, M. F., Cheung, C. K., Benowitz, N. L., Cohen, M. J. M., & Calfee, C. S. (2017) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201702-0441oc · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Overexpression of Bcl-2 in the intestinal epithelium improves survival in septic mice
Coopersmith, C. M., Chang, K. C., Swanson, P. E., Tinsley, K. W., Stromberg, P. E., Buchman, T. G., Karl, I. E., & Hotchkiss, R. S. (2002) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200201000-00028 · Cited by 152 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2003), with increased intestinal epithelial cells (IECs; Coopersmith et al., 2002) and crypt cell apoptosis (Perrone et al.”
BackgroundAdministration of nicotinamide riboside prevents oxidative stress and organ injury in sepsis
Hong, G., Dong, Z., Zhang, L., Ni, R., Wang, G., Fan, G., Lu, Z., & Peng, T. (2018) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.073 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Neal, M. D., Sodhi, C. P., Dyer, M., Craig, B. T., Good, M. L., Jia, H., Yazji, I., Afrazi, A., Richardson, W. M., Beer–Stolz, D., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1202264 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Kim, S. M., DeFazio, J. R., Hyoju, S. K., Sangani, K. A., Keskey, R. C., Krezalek, M. A., Khodarev, N. N., Sangwan, N., Christley, S., Harris, K. G., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15545-w · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Kim, W., Jo, E., Eom, J. S., Mok, J., Kim, M., Kim, K. U., Park, H.-K., Lee, M. K., & Lee, K. (2018) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.07.004 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Increased gut permeability and bacterial translocation in Pseudomonas pneumonia-induced sepsis
Yu, P. W., & Martin, C. M. (2000) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200007000-00065 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota in Intestinal and Liver Disease
Jones, R. M., & Neish, A. S. (2020) · Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-030320-095722 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Coopersmith, C. M., Stromberg, P. E., Davis, C. G., Dunne, W. M., Amiot, D. M., Karl, I. E., Hotchkiss, R. S., & Buchman, T. G. (2003) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000055385.29232.11 · Cited by 110 · cited 1× · see citing works
“At the cellular level, crypt cell proliferation is markedly decreased (Coopersmith et al., 2003), with increased intestinal epithelial cells (IECs; Coopersmith et al.”
BackgroundDisruption of tight junctions during polymicrobial sepsis in vivo
Li, Q., Zhang, Q., Wang, C., Liu, X., Li, N., & Li, J. (2009) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.2525 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Breakdown of Mucin as Barrier to Digestive Enzymes in the Ischemic Rat Small Intestine
Chang, M., Alsaigh, T., Kistler, E. B., & Schmid‐Schönbein, G. W. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040087 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Moreover, cytokines cause an abnormal intestinal and barrier function of the mucous layer, characterized by reduced thickness, diminished lumen coverage, and poor adhesion (Chang et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAlterations of lung microbiota in a mouse model of LPS-induced lung injury
Poroyko, V., Meng, F., Meliton, A., Afonyushkin, T., Ulanov, A., Semenyuk, E., Latif, O., Tesic, V., Birukova, A. A., & Birukov, K. G. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00061.2014 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Liu, J., Chang, G., Huang, J., Wang, Y., Ma, N., Roy, A.-C., & Shen, X. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06359 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Pinheiro, N. M., Santana, F. P. R., Almeida, R. R., Guerreiro, M., Martins, M. A., Caperuto, L. C., Câmara, N. O. S., Wensing, L. A., Prado, V. F., Tibério, I. D. F. L. C., et al. (2016) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201600431r · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Shimizu, K., Ogura, H., Asahara, T., Nomoto, K., Morotomi, M., Nakahori, Y., Osuka, A., Yamano, S., Goto, M., Matsushima, A., et al. (2010) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01653.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Yamada, T., Shimizu, K., Ogura, H., Asahara, T., Nomoto, K., Yamakawa, K., Hamasaki, T., Nakahori, Y., Ohnishi, M., Kuwagata, Y., et al. (2014) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607114529596 · Cited by 93 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Several studies have confirmed significantly decreased SCFA concentrations in sepsis patients (Shimizu et al., 2011, 2018; Yamada et al., 2015; Valdes-Duque et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe gut microbiome alters immunophenotype and survival from sepsis
Fay, K. T., Klingensmith, N., Chen, C.-W., Zhang, W., Sun, Y.-N., Morrow, K. N., Liang, Z., Burd, E. M., Ford, M. L., & Coopersmith, C. M. (2019) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201802188r · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Enteral nutrient deprivation in patients leads to a loss of intestinal epithelial barrier function
Ralls, M. W., Demehri, F. R., Feng, Y., Ignatoski, K. M. W., & Teitelbaum, D. H. (2015) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.surg.2014.12.004 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Kapetanaki, S., Kumawat, A. K., Persson, K., & Demirel, I. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111864 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Xu, Y., Zhang, P., Ruan, W., Zhang, L., Yuan, S., Pang, T., & Jia, A. (2018) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.002 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Claudins: vital partners in transcellular and paracellular transport coupling
Günzel, D. (2016) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-016-1909-3 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Sodium butyrate alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice via inhibiting HMGB1 release
Li, N., Liu, X., Hong, M., Huang, X., Chen, H., Xu, J., Wang, C., Zhang, Y.-X., Zhong, J., Nie, H., et al. (2018) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2018.01.017 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Vitamin C and Thiamine for Sepsis and Septic Shock
Mitchell, A. B., Ryan, T. E., Gillion, A. R., Wells, L., & Muthiah, M. P. (2019) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.07.054 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Senthil, M., Watkins, A. C., Barlos, D., Xu, D.-Z., Lu, Q., Abungu, B., Caputo, F. J., Feinman, R., & Deitch, E. A. (2007) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e3180caa3af · Cited by 67 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Moreover, mesenteric lymphatic vessels collected from critically ill mice induces lung injury upon intravenous injection in healthy mice (Senthil et al., 2007).”
BackgroundAlterations of the murine gut microbiome with age and allergic airway disease
Vital, M., Harkema, J. R., Rizzo, M., Tiedje, J., & Brandenberger, C. (2015) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2015/892568 · Cited by 65 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Thus, lung inflammation directly changes the intestinal bacterial community structure and further worsens lung inflammation (Vital et al., 2015).”
BackgroundPerrone, E. E., Jung, E., Breed, E. R., Dominguez, J. A., Liang, Z., Clark, A. T., Dunne, W. M., Burd, E. M., & Coopersmith, C. M. (2012) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0b013e318259abdb · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Cathelicidin preserves intestinal barrier function in polymicrobial sepsis
Ho, J., Chan, H., Liang, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, L., Li, Q., Zhang, Y., Zeng, J., Ugwu, F. N., Ho, I. H. T., et al. (2020) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-020-2754-5 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Wang, J., Li, R., Peng, Z., Zhou, W.-H., Hu, B., Rao, X., Yang, X., & Li, J. (2018) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000001144 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
MESENTERIC LYMPH DUCT LIGATION IMPROVES SURVIVAL IN A LETHAL SHOCK MODEL
Badami, C. D., Senthil, M., Caputo, F. J., Rupani, B., Doucet, D. R., Pisarenko, V., Xu, D.-Z., Lu, Q., Feinman, R., & Deitch, E. A. (2008) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0b013e318173edd1 · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Studies have suggested that ligation of mesenteric lymphatic vessels attenuates lung injury and neutrophil activation and improves survival in mice with endotoxemia (Badami et al., 2008).”
BackgroundLiu, M.-J., Bao, S.-Y., Napolitano, J., Burris, D. L., Yu, L., Tridandapani, S., & Knoell, D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094934 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Zhuo, Y., Li, D., Cui, L., Li, C., Zhang, S., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., Wang, X., & Yang, L. (2019) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109012 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Inhibition of myeloid differentiation factor 2 by baicalein protects against acute lung injury
Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Liu, H., Sun, C., Zhang, B., Bai, B., Wu, D., Xiao, Z., Lum, H., et al. (2019) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152997 · Cited by 57 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It is worth noting that the mortality rate of ARDS caused by sepsis is higher than that of ARDS caused by other factors (Chen et al., 2019).”
BackgroundDiagnosis and management of acute respiratory distress syndrome
Fernando, S. M., Ferreyro, B. L., Urner, M., Munshi, L., & Fan, E. (2021) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.202661 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Bittencourt-Mernak, M. I., Pinheiro, N. M., Santana, F. P. R., Guerreiro, M., Saraiva-Romanholo, B. M., Grecco, S. S., Caperuto, L. C., Felizardo, R. J. F., Câmara, N. O. S., Tibério, I. D. F. L. C., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00444.2015 · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Accumulating evidence indicates that some natural or synthetic materials can ameliorate the prognosis of sepsis-induced ALI in animal models by inhibiting pulmonary M1 polarization and altering the macrophage function (Bittencourt-Mernak et al., 2017; Pinheiro et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2018, 2019; Zhuo et al., 2019).”
BackgroundLorentz, A., Liang, Z., Meng, M., Chen, C., Yoseph, B. P., Breed, E. R., Mittal, R., Klingensmith, N. J., Farris, A. B., Burd, E. M., et al. (2017) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2119/molmed.2016.00256 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Wei, Y., Gao, J., Kou, Y., Liu, M., Meng, L., Zheng, X., Xu, S., Ming, L., Sun, H., Liu, Z., et al. (2020) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201902900rr · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Zhu, J., Feng, B., Lin, F., Zhou, J., Liu, J., Shi, X., Lu, X., Pan, Q., Yu, J., et al. (2021) · Cell Proliferation · doi:10.1111/cpr.13028 · Cited by 49 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Depletion of intestinal microbiota with broad-spectrum antibiotics could exacerbate lung and intestinal damage and increase the mortality in sepsis (Xu et al., 2021).”
BackgroundThe lung lesion in four different types of shock in rabbits
Cuevas, P. (1972) · Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1001/archsurg.1972.04180030067015 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“When the bacterial burden of the gut is minimized, the inflammation and injury sustained with distal organs are lessened during sepsis (Cuevas et al., 1972).”
BackgroundIndole signaling decreases biofilm formation and related virulence of Listeria monocytogenes
Rattanaphan, P., Mittraparp‐arthorn, P., Srinoun, K., Vuddhakul, V., & Tansila, N. (2020) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1093/femsle/fnaa116 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Liu, J., Wang, M., Chen, W., Ma, J., Peng, Y., Zhang, M., Wang, C., Yan, G., & Lü, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.645060 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Dominguez, J. A., Vithayathil, P. J., Khailova, L. S., Lawrance, C. P., Samocha, A. J., Jung, E., Leathersich, A. M., Dunne, W. M., & Coopersmith, C. M. (2011) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0b013e31822793c4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Stool Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis
Valdés-Duque, B. E., Giraldo, N. A. G., Jaillier-Ramírez, A. M., Villa, A. G., Acevedo-Castaño, I., Yepes-Molina, M. A., Barbosa-Barbosa, J., Barrera-Causil, C., & Agudelo, G. M. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1727379 · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Several studies have confirmed significantly decreased SCFA concentrations in sepsis patients (Shimizu et al., 2011, 2018; Yamada et al., 2015; Valdes-Duque et al., 2020).”
BackgroundNew markers for sepsis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa during burn infection
Elmassry, M. M., Mudaliar, N. S., Colmer‐Hamood, J. A., Francisco, M. J. S., Griswold, J., Dissanaike, S., & Hamood, A. N. (2020) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-020-01658-2 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Vitamin B6 reduces oxidative stress in lungs and liver in experimental sepsis
Giustina, A. D., Danielski, L. G., NOVOCHADLO, M. M., Goldim, M. P. D. S., Joaquim, L. D. S., Metzker, K. L. L., Carli, R. J. D., Denicol, T. L., Cidreira, T., Vieira, T. C., et al. (2019) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920190434 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Special Issue on “The Tight Junction and Its Proteins: More than Just a Barrier”
Krug, S. M., & Fromm, M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21134612 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
5-HT Drives Mortality in Sepsis Induced by Cecal Ligation and Puncture in Mice
Zhang, J., Bi, J., Liu, S., Pang, Q., Zhang, R., Wang, S., & Liu, C. (2017) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2017/6374283 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Schmitt, F. C. F., Lipinski, A. L., Hofer, S., Uhle, F., Nußhag, C., Hackert, T., Dalpke, A. H., Weigand, M. A., Brenner, T., & Boutin, S. (2020) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.028 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A recent clinical study (Schmitt et al., 2020) compared the pulmonary microbiota in 15 patients with sepsisinduced ARDS undergoing abdominal surgery and 15 patients post esophagectomy.”
BackgroundLevesque, C. L., Turner, J. M., Li, J., Wizzard, P. R., Pierre, B. S., Lim, D. W., & Wales, P. W. (2016) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607115626903 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
[ The intestine-liver-lung axis in septic syndrome].
Pugin, J., & Chevrolet, J.-C. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Vancomycin-induced gut dysbiosis duringPseudomonas aeruginosapulmonary infection in a mice model
Rosa, C. P., Pereira, J. A., Santos, N. C. D. M., Brancaglion, G. A., Silva, E. N., Tagliati, C. A., Novaes, R. D., Corsetti, P. P., & de Almeida, L. A. (2019) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.4ab0919-432r · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Su, H., Zhao, W., Zhang, F., Song, M., Liu, F., Zheng, J., Ling, M., Yang, X., Yang, Q., He, H., et al. (2020) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo00376j · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Xu, M., Wang, C., Li, N., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., & Deng, X. (2019) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.911444 · Cited by 19 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, acetic acid alleviates septic ALI by regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, improving the alveolar permeability, reducing inflammatory factors, and inhibiting oxygen free radical production (Xu et al., 2019).”
BackgroundChou, R., Wu, P.-S., Wang, S., Wu, C., Lu, S., Lien, R., Tsai, Y., Lu, Y., Kuo, M.-R., Guo, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Intensive Care · doi:10.1186/s40560-021-00581-5 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, a recent single-center prospective study reveals that TMAO may play different roles in CV and infectious diseases (Chou et al., 2021).”
BackgroundChen, Y., Yang, X.-Q., Tseng, B.-Y., Tsai, Y., Tseng, S., Lee, C.-H., & Yao, C. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.01.023 · Cited by 12 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Notably, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is widely expressed in intestinal stem cells and regulates their proliferation or apoptosis (Chen et al., 2018).”
BackgroundALTERATIONS IN MUCOSAL IMMUNE CELL DISTRIBUTION IN SEPTIC RATS
Österberg, J., Johnsson, C., Gannedahl, G., Westlund, A., & Haglund, U. (1997) · Shock · doi:10.1097/00024382-199703000-00005 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yoo, J., Kim, R. B., Ju, S., Lee, S. J., Cho, Y. J., Jeong, Y. Y., Lee, J. D., & Kim, H. C. (2020) · Tuberculosis & respiratory diseases · doi:10.4046/trd.2020.0008 · Cited by 9 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, an recent single center, retrospective study didn’t find that vitamin B1 and C supplementation improve clinical outcomes (mortality rates, ventilator and ICU-free days) in septic ARDS patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (Yoo et al., 2020).”
BackgroundYin, G., Li, B., & Fan, X. M. (2019) · PubMed · doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2019.20.013 · Cited by 6 · cited 1× · see citing works
“FMT intervention could correct the changes in the intestinal flora and improve lung injury by inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway and decreasing the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; Yin et al., 2019).”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lung microbiome: new insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases
Li, R., Li, J., & Zhou, X. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01722-y · Cited by 466 · see citing works
“16,137,138 The gut-lung axis is bidirectional, which means that the lung can affect gut homeostasis.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAcute lung injury caused by sepsis: how does it happen?
Sun, B., Lei, M., Zhang, J., Kang, H., Liu, H., & Zhou, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1289194 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“It is also one of the most important causes of death of critically ill patients (4, 5).”
BackgroundQiu, F.-S., Wang, J., Guo, M.-Y., Li, X.-J., Shi, C.-Y., Wu, F., Zhang, H., Ying, H., & Yu, C.-H. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115007 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Exploring immune-related pathogenesis in lung injury: Providing new insights Into ALI/ARDS
Zheng, J., Li, Y., Kong, X., & Guo, J. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116773 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The leaky gut and the gut microbiome in sepsis – targets in research and treatment
Chancharoenthana, W., Kamolratanakul, S., Schultz, M. J., & Leelahavanichkul, A. (2023) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20220777 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Xin, J., Sun, Y., Wang, X., Sun, L., Zhao, F., Niu, C., & Liu, S. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17040472 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of acute lung injury in patients with acute brain injury: the triple-hit hypothesis
Ziaka, M., & Exadaktylos, A. K. (2024) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-024-04855-w · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Anaerobic bacteria imbalances can further harm the gut immune barrier, promoting pathogenic bacteria growth and the production of inflammatory mediators [97, 146, 147].”
BackgroundLu, Y., Wu, Y. Q., Huang, M., Chen, J., Zhang, Z., Li, J., Yang, R., Liu, Y., & Cai, S. (2023) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155190 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Exploring the lung-gut direction of the gut-lung axis in patients with ARDS
Ziaka, M., & Exadaktylos, A. K. (2024) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-024-04966-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“1, 3) [116].”
Role of gut microbes in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome
Ren, Z., Zheng, Z., & Feng, X. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2440125 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Shaheen, N., Miao, J., Xia, B., Zhao, Y., & Zhao, J. (2025) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202500295r · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Gut dysbiosis-caused gut-lung crosstalk has been shown to promote lung injury [74].”
Hu, X., Han, Z., Zhou, R., Su, W., Gong, L., Yang, Z., Song, X., Zhang, S., Shu, H., & Wu, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1127369 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that inflammatory factors can migrate from the gut to the lung, recruit neutrophils in the blood, and cause lung inflammation (Mjösberg and Rao, 2018; Zhou and Liao, 2021).”
BackgroundRNF128 regulates neutrophil infiltration and myeloperoxidase functions to prevent acute lung injury
Liu, P., Chen, C.-Y., Lin, Y., Lin, C., Tsai, W., Tsai, Y., Lin, G., Chen, Y., Wang, S.-Y., Sun, R.-N., et al. (2023) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-023-05890-1 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Sepsis is the most common cause of ALI [24].”
Zhang, J., Yan, W., Dong, Y., Luo, X., Miao, H., Maimaijuma, T., Xu, X., Jiang, H., Huang, Z., Qi, L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd-24-1191 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Many patients meet the consensus criteria for both sepsis and ARDS and are considered to have sepsis-related ARDS (26,27).”
Chen, F., Wang, N., Liao, J., Jin, M., Qu, F., Wang, C., Min, L., Cui, H., Wen, W., & Chen, F. (2024) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.70178 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Xuan, W., Xu, W., Zheng, L., Jia, H., Zhang, X., Zhang, X., & Cao, B. (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-024-05474-y · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“These responses ultimately disrupt the immune balance in the body [14].”
BackgroundShen, J., Wang, S., Huang, Y., Wu, Z., Han, S., Xia, H., Chen, H., & Li, L. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15194256 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Crosstalk between the gut and the lungs is strongly correlated with lung disease severity, and the main direction of this crosstalk is from the gut to the lungs, although it cannot be ruled out that it occurs in the opposite direction [6,27–29].”
BackgroundGut microbiota and its metabolic products in acute respiratory distress syndrome
Zhang, D., Lu, J., Dong, B.-Y., Fang, M.-Y., Xiong, X., Qin, X., & Fan, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330021 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Additionally, indole can regulate cytokines to improve in fl ammation and damage (62).”
BackgroundFan, S., & Ma, J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55257-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Thapa, R., Magar, A. T., Shrestha, J., Panth, N., Idrees, S., Sadaf, T., Bashyal, S., Elwakil, B. H., Sugandhi, V. V., Rojekar, S. V., et al. (2024) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70018 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Zou, F., Zou, J., Du, Q., Liu, L., Ding, L., Zhao, L., Tang, M., Zuo, L., & Sun, Z. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.118732 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Zhou, H., Yang, T., Lu, Z., He, X., Quan, J., Liu, S., Chen, Y., Wu, K., Cao, H., Liu, J., et al. (2023) · Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13020-023-00739-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The production of excess inflammatory mediators and cytokines can mediate, amplify, and perpetuate the lung injury process, which in turn promote ALI pathogenesis and development [23].”
BackgroundChen, Y., Wang, L., Liu, M., Zhao, J., Xu, X., Dong, W., & Chen, J. (2023) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.surg.2023.06.017 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Zhu, Z., Lian, X., & Bhatia, M. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11112162 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Xing, P., Zhou, M., Sun, J. P., Wang, D., Huang, W., & An, P. (2024) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-024-00912-w · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Acute lung injury (ALI), one of the most common complications of sepsis, is difficult to treat and has a high fatality rate (Zhou and Liao 2021; Li et al. 2022a).”
BackgroundZhang, P., Liu, W., Wang, S., Wang, Y., & Han, H. (2024) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s496568 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Emerging role of N-acetyltransferase 10 in diseases: RNA ac4C modification and beyond
Jiao, L., Si, Y., Yuan, Y., Lei, X., Jiang, Q., Yang, L., Mao, W., Ying, B., Ma, L., & Sun, T. (2025) · Molecular Biomedicine · doi:10.1186/s43556-025-00286-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Gut-lung immunometabolic crosstalk in sepsis: from microbiota to respiratory failure
Li, Q., Song, X.-C., Li, K., & Wang, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1685044 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sapra, L., Saini, C., Das, S., Mishra, P. K., Singh, A. K., Mridha, A. R., Yadav, P. K., & Srivastava, R. K. (2023) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2023.109872 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wang, Q., Wen, W., Zhou, L., Liu, F., Ren, X., Yu, L., Chen, H., & Jiang, Z. G. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111580 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
β-Glucan reprograms alveolar macrophages via neutrophil/IFNγ axis in a murine model of lung injuryPreprint
Prével, R., Pernet, E., Tran, K. A., Sadek, A., Sadeghi, M., Lapshina, E., Jurado, L. F., Kristof, A. S., Moumni, M., Poschmann, J., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.102068 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Dysregulation of these mechanisms can lead to either persistent inflammation or immunosuppression, both of which contribute to the pathogenesis of sepsis ( Sun et al., 2023 ; Kumar, 2020 ; Zhou and Liao, 2021 ).”
Cao, X., Zhao, M., Wang, X., Lin, J., Yang, M., Zhong, L., Liang, L., Yue, Y., Du, J., Li, J., et al. (2024) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155345 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Progress in the study of the correlation between sepsis and intestinal microecology
Tao, Y.-L., Wang, J.-R., Liu, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, Y., Li, S., & Zhu, S.-F. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1357178 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Li, C., Qi, X., Xu, L., Sun, Y., Chen, Y., Yao, Y., & Zhao, J. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25084276 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Compared to the control group, the model group with an imbalance in the gut flora showed more obvious gut damage and decreased expression of ZO-1 and occludin [29,49].”
ResultWang, Z., Yue, Q., Wang, F., Zhang, B., & Jianguo, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151728 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Hence, it is crucial to develop effective measures of sepsis-induced intestinal barrier injury prevention and treatment (22, 23).”
BackgroundMechanism and therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine extracts in sepsis
Fu, C.-F., Li, J., Chen, J.-W., Liang, H., Zhao, W.-R., He, S.-Y., Ma, X., Yang, X., & Wang, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1365639 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Acute Endotoxemia-Induced Respiratory and Intestinal Dysbiosis
Goossens, E., Li, J., Callens, C., Rysselberghe, N. V., Kettunen, H., Vuorenmaa, J., García-González, N., Libert, C., Ducatelle, R., & Immerseel, F. V. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911602 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“To determine the effect of a LPS-induced SIRS and ALI/ARDS on the overall intestinal and respiratory microbial diversity, the microbial richness, diversity and community structures of both the intestinal and respiratory samples from unchallenged healthy mice were compared to samples from mice at 4 h or 8 h after the L…”
BackgroundInfluentialZhai, Y., Chen, K., Xu, Z., Chen, X., Tong, J., He, Y., Chen, C., Ding, M., Liang, G., & Zheng, X. (2025) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-025-03196-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The pathogenesis of ALI is complex and systemic inflammation leads to serious complications, making clinical treatment challenging even in advanced medical settings [6].”
Zhang, J., Zhou, N., Wang, Y., Liu, T., Cao, Y.-M., Feng, W., & Zheng, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1080962 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gao, J., Wang, N., Song, W., Yuan, Y., Teng, Y., & Liu, Z. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.117862 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Damage effects of bisphenol A against sepsis induced acute lung injury
Shi, Y., Chen, W., Du, Y., Zhao, L., & Li, Q. (2023) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2023.147575 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Yang, T., Xie, S., Cao, L., Li, M., Ding, L., Wang, L., Pang, S., Wang, Z., & Geng, L. (2023) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000002262 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Therapeutic role of gut microbiota in lung injury-related cognitive impairment
Cheng, Y., Hu, G., Deng, L., Zan, Y., & Chen, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1521214 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“For example, pulmonary edema or alveolar collapse can create a hypoxic or anaerobic environment, that creates more favorable conditions for the colonization of anaerobic microbiota (71).”
Gut Microbiota Metabolites Targeting the Immune Response in Sepsis: Mechanisms and Therapies
Xu, P. (2025) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s539237 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mao, X., Wu, Y., & Weifeng, X. (2023) · The Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1111/crj.13646 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Respiratory failure is one of the most significant complications of sepsis, and about half of the patients with severe sepsis may develop into acute lung injury (ALI) or even acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).(3) Patients with sepsis-induced ALI have a poor prognosis with a mortality rate of more than 40%.”
BackgroundWu, X., Xuan, W., Yang, X., Liu, W., Zhang, H., Jiang, G., Cao, B., & Jiang, Y. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110548 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sun, B., Bai, L., Li, Q., Sun, Y., Li, M., Wang, J., Shi, X., & Zhao, M. (2023) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105709 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tidy up - The unfolded protein response in sepsis
Vivas, W., & Weis, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.980680 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Li, Y., Yang, D., Zhao, H., Dou, L., Chen, Q., Cheng, Y., Hu, B., Tang, Y., Duan, Y., Guo, C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-06674-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Disruptions in the gut microbiota and gut barrier dysfunction have been found to heighten the risk of SALI [11, 12].”
Lu, N., Xu, S., Xiang, W., Xue, M., Hu, H., Tang, X., Gong, X., & Wang, X. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17182944 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Gut dysbiosis exacerbates ALI via the “gut-lung axis” [8]—intestinal barrier compromise enables endotoxin translocation, while reduced probiotic-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) diminish inhibition of pulmonary neutrophil activation [9–11].”
Zheng, Y., Zheng, M., Shao, J., Jiang, C., Shen, J., Tao, R., Deng, Y., Xu, Y., & Lu, Y. (2022) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.1080/13880209.2022.2128824 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Shenfu diminished the tissue damage of ALI mice exacerbated by induced AGI A previous study reported that intestinal epithelial injury may also aggravate ALI (Zhou and Liao 2021).”
BackgroundPinitchun, C., Panpetch, W., Bhunyakarnjanarat, T., Udompornpitak, K., Thanh, H., Visitchanakun, P., Wannigama, D. L., Udomkarnjananun, S., Sukprasansap, M., Tencomnao, T., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311774 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Fang, J., Ding, H., Huang, J., Liu, P., Hong, T., Yang, J., Wu, Z., Li, Z., Zhang, S., Liu, P., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1548913 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The lungs are typically the fi rst and most susceptible organ affected, with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) being the most common and lethal complication (2).”
Gastrointestinal function and nutritional interventions in septic shock
Bachmann, K. F., Cotoia, A., & Reintam Blaser, A. (2025) · Current Opinion in Critical Care · doi:10.1097/mcc.0000000000001302 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Conversely, pulmonary dysfunction can exacerbate GI barrier impairment [27,28].”
Ding, N., Xiao, H., Zhen, L., Li, H., Zhang, Z., Ge, J., & Jia, H. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115237 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wang, X., Zhang, K., Zhang, J., Xu, G., Guo, Z., Lu, X., Liang, C., Gu, X., Huang, L., Liu, S., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1528222 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…association between in fl ammatory factors and Proteobacteria , possibly due to the activation of TLR4 by Proteobacteria leading to an in fl ammatory response, this includes heightened levels of circulating IL-1 b , which conveys in fl ammatory signals to the lungs, thereby activating NF-k B (10).”
He, S., Zhuo, Y., Cui, L., Zhang, S., Tu, Z., Wang, M., Lv, X., Ge, L., Lin, J., Yang, L., et al. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112418 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Guo, L.-F., Bao, W., Yang, S., Liu, Y., Lyu, J., Wang, T., Lu, Y., Li, H., Zhu, H., & Chen, D. (2023) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.117231 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chen, C.-K., Lin, J.-Z., Wang, X., Yang, S.-M., Duan, X.-D., Deng, Y.-A., Zeng, S.-T., Zhou, T., Li, J., Yu, J., et al. (2025) · Microbiology Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2025.128279 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The interplay between gastrointestinal dysfunction and gut microbiota dynamics in sepsis
郑黎荣, Jia, T., Li, Y., Zhang, Z., Su, H., & Zhang, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2026.1761536 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Peng, Q., Liu, X., Ai, M., Huang, L., Li, L., Liu, W., Zhao, C., Hu, C., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Journal of Intensive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jointm.2023.12.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“[ 44 ] The decrease in PaO 2 may result from insufficient blood perfusion or lung injury, which is unfavorable for tissue oxygen supply.”
BackgroundHuang, L., Luo, J., Wang, Y., Gan, L., Xu, N., Chen, J., & Li, C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84758-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…lead to PPCs. Sepsis can cause ARDS through systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and develop into multiple organ dysfunction or failure in severe conditions 29 , which will lead to PPCs. Prolonged postoperative time of bed increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) formation 30,31 .”
Sakagianni, A., Koufopoulou, C., Koufopoulos, P., Feretzakis, G., Αναστασίου, Α., Theodorakis, N., & Myrianthefs, P. M. (2025) · Acta Microbiologica Hellenica · doi:10.3390/amh70020014 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mechanism of miR-338-3p in sepsis-induced acute lung injury via indirectly modulating ATF4
Yang, J., Huang, Q., Liao, P., Zhang, P., Sun, S., & Xu, Q. (2022) · Transplant Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.trim.2022.101681 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
He, W., Xu, C., Huang, Y., Zhang, Q., Chen, W., Zhao, C., Chen, W., Zheng, D., XinyueLin, Luo, Q., et al. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111519 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Li, H., Xie, W., Gao, X., Geng, Z., Gao, J., Ma, G., Liu, X., Han, S., Chen, Y., Wen, X., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115941 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yang, L., He, S., Wei, A., Wang, X., He, L., Cui, L., Zhang, S., Zhong, C., Zhuo, Y., & Wang, X. (2025) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2025.05.024 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ni, J., Shen, J., Wang, F., Wu, Y., Qiu, B., Zhou, Z., Xie, Q., Li, S., Xiang, Q., Song, T., et al. (2026) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d5fo04619j · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, M., Yu, B., & Ai, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1117285 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“, are likely to occur, which are closely associated with the mortality risk of sepsis (Zhou and Liao, 2021; Lu et al., 2022).”
BackgroundLi, T., Wan, M., Qing, C., Guan, X., Pi, J., Lv, H., & Li, W. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122156 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Liao, W., Wu, H., Pang, L., He, B., Tong, J., Qin, J., Li, L., Liu, W. Y., Zhou, X., Huang, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2023.105820 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationNi, W., Wang, Y., Yao, J., & Zhang, G. (2025) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.120232 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
He, Y., Fan, T., Zhuge, R., Li, H., Li, G., Zhou, L., Xu, L., Hao, X., Gu, W., & Wang, J. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30122572 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Globally, ALI affects approximately 3 million people annually, representing 10% of ICU admissions, and it carries a mortality rate of 30% to 50% [7].”
Lu, F., Huang, T., Chen, R., & Yin, H.-Y. (2024) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01424-24 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The gut-lung axis plays a pivotal role in diseases such as ALI (26), bronchiectasis (27), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (28).”
He, F., Zhong, J., Chen, C.-L., Tian, P., Chen, J., & Fan, X. (2024) · 3 Biotech · doi:10.1007/s13205-024-04130-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This process also activates mucosal immune cells, resulting in acute inflammation and exacerbating lung injury, thereby contributing to the development of ARDS (Zhou and Liao 2021).”
Is Punica granatum Efficient Against Sepsis? A Comparative Study of Amifostine Versus Pomegranate
Sahin, K., AKTURA, S. Ş., Bahçeci, İ., Mercantepe, T., Tümkaya, L., Topçu, A., Mercantepe, F., Duran, Ö. F., Uydu, H. A., & Yazıcı, Z. A. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15010078 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Fan, Y., Meng, S., Song, Y., Zhang, Y., Song, Y., Chen, Z., & Xie, K. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114222 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jogani, V. G., Elfadil, O. M., Varayil, J. E., & Mundi, M. S. (2025) · Current Opinion in Critical Care · doi:10.1097/mcc.0000000000001294 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Khalifa, A. K., Osman, W. A., Eesa, A. N., Ramadan, N. M., Abdelkader, A., Abdallah, S. S. K., Aboulhoda, B. E., Al‐Shahed, F. A. N., Alghamdi, M. A., El-Rashedy, A. A. E., et al. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.115261 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gut microbiota and metabolites in acute lung injury: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives
Yi, S., Zhuang, X., Luo, L., Fu, L., Dong, Z., Wang, K., Jiang, Y. Y., Yang, X., & Hei, F. (2026) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-026-03525-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The sustained recruitment of inflammatory factors leads to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which interact and mutually influence each other, causing further damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane and potentially respiratory failure [20].”
Xie, C., Wang, T., Liu, A., Huang, B., Zeng, W., Li, Z., Peng, S., & Wu, S. (2024) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-024-01588-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The lungs are the predominant organ system affected by sepsis, resulting in acute lung injury (ALI) [4].”
Huang, J., Qiao, H., Li, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., Su, H., & Sun, X. (2025) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00389-25 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The impairment of intestinal barrier function facilitates microbial translocation, potentially triggering both systemic and local inflammatory responses that disrupt immune homeostasis (52).”
Fu, Y., Wang, X., Nie, L., Wang, Z., Ma, X., Wu, L., Han, L., Fu, W., Wang, R., Ren, H., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1544055 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Therefore, changes in gut microbial diversity in NRDS may reflect early activation of the infants’ immune systems and the impact of incomplete lung development on the intestinal microbial communities (Yang et al., 2021; Zhou and Liao, 2021).”
The intricate interactions between the lungs and gut in patients: unraveling the crosstalk mechanism
Li, J., Chen, Y., & Hu, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1624907 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The compromised permeability of the alveoli-capillary membrane in LI/ARDS caused by epithelial or endothelial damage may contribute to gut-lung bacterial translocation (77).”
Zhang, Y., Wu, W., An, P., & Yu, Z. (2025) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.b25-00114 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ziaka, M. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14121206 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Narrative review on microbiota and sepsis: the host’s betrayal?
Guarino, M., Ciaula, A. D., Portincasa, P., & GIORGIO, R. D. (2025) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-025-04215-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The gut–lung axis is increasingly recognized in the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [40].”
Gentiopicroside Ameliorates Sepsis‐Induced Acute Lung Injury via Inhibiting Inflammatory Response
Hu, M., Du, H., Xu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Canadian Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1155/2024/1068326 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Acute lung injury (ALI) is the earliest sign among all organ injuries, and the highest incidence is closely related to sepsis [6].”
BackgroundZhang, F., Wang, J., Wang, W., Chen, G., Tang, H., & Zhai, X. (2025) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605251340338 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Joshi, K., Singh, V., Chatterjee, S., Khandelwal, P., Nair, R., Qureshi, S., Siddh, S., & Nunia, V. (2024) · Fitoterapia · doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106298 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Li, W., Zhang, A., Cai, Y., Sun, H., Teng, Y., Meng, Z., Zhou, W., Liu, R., Zhang, Z., Tian, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.70944 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ma, Y., Tian, T., Meng, J., Qi, S., Qin, L., Xu, K., You, L., Chang, Y., Liu, W., Ge, G., et al. (2025) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.121064 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pleiotropic modulation of the gut-brain-lung axis by ketamine and its enantiomers
Zhao, X., Zhang, X., Yuan, S., Hashimoto, K., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03590-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Under physiological conditions, the intestinal barrier tightly regulates the passage of water, small solutes, and immunomodulatory factors while excluding microbes and macromolecules [142].”
InfluentialRadix Sanguisorbae Improves Intestinal Barrier in Septic Rats via HIF-1 α/HO-1/Fe2+ Axis
Liu, Y.-Y., Bao, D., Zhang, Z., Zhu, Y., Liu, L., & Li, T. (2024) · Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11655-023-3550-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Uçar, M., Çelebi, Ö., Çelebi, D., Başer, S., Güler, M. C., Tanyeli̇, A., Kılıçlıoğlu, M., Yılmaz, A. B., & Yıldırım, S. (2025) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-025-11308-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions between microbial pathogens, host immune responses, and intracellular signaling pathways [2, 3].”
Weng, J., Wang, X., Lin, J., Ye, Y., Wei, J., Yu, R., & Shang, X. (2025) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.15.04117 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, Q., Zhou, J., Yang, J., Zhang, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Italian Journal of Food Science · doi:10.15586/ijfs.v37i1.2760 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Sepsis-induced ALI is typified by inflammatory cell infiltration, alveolar epithelium damage, pulmonary edema, and compromised gas exchange (Zhou and Liao, 2021).”
Chen, X., Zheng, Y., Zhang, X., Zheng, A., Huang, J., Deng, G., Wu, X., Peng, Y.-Y., Zhang, X., Chen, R., et al. (2025) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2025.117383 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Xu, Q., Qian, Y., Cao, Y., Lü, W., & Li, J. (2025) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s532405 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“1,8 In the early stages, pro-inflammatory mediators increase alveolar-capillary membrane permeability, resulting in protein-rich edema fluid entering the alveolar spaces and impairing gas exchange.”
Zhang, P., Bao, J., Yuan, C., Kim, H.-J., Shin, H. S., Yu, Z. N., & Chai, O. H. (2025) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157620 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zhou, X., & Liao, Y.
- Affiliations
- Wuhan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhou, Xin
- ORCID
- Zhou, Xin
- Venue
- Frontiers in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-12-23
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 779620-779620
- ISSN
- 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8733643
- OpenAlex
- W4200159901
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 2.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- sepsis, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, intestinal barrier dysfunction, gut microbiota, lung microbiome, inflammatory cytokines, immune dysregulation, sepsis pathogenesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
