Maintenance of non-consciously presented information engages the prefrontal cortex
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Conscious processing is generally seen as required for flexible and willful actions, as well as for tasks that require durable information maintenance. Here we present research that questions the assumption that only consciously perceived information is durable (>500 ms). Using the attentional blink (AB) phenomenon, we rendered otherwise relatively clearly perceived letters non-conscious. In a first experiment we systematically manipulated the delay between stimulus presentation and response, for the purpose of estimating the durability of non-conscious perceptual representations. For items reported not seen, we found that behavioral performance was better than chance across intervals up to 15 s. In a second experiment we used fMRI to investigate the neural correlates underlying the maintenance of non-conscious perceptual representations. Critically, the relatively long delay period demonstrated in experiment 1 enabled isolation of the signal change specifically related to the maintenance period, separate from stimulus presentation and response. We found sustained BOLD signal change in the right mid-lateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and crus II of the cerebellum during maintenance of non-consciously perceived information. These findings are consistent with the controversial claim that working-memory mechanisms are involved in the short-term maintenance of non-conscious perceptual representations.
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Cognitive capacities indicated by nonverbal behavior alone are generally not sufficient to demonstrate conscious awareness.
“However, because not all cognitive processing leads to conscious experience (52, 58-62), cognitive capacities indicated by nonverbal behavior alone are generally not sufficient to demonstrate conscious awareness”
From A higher-order theory of emotional consciousness (2017) · cites this paper as [61]
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Fernandes, P., Lee, S., Kable, J. W., Seidel, P., Almeida, J. M., Eriksson, J., de Sousa, B. C., & Bergström, F. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.11.642695 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Bergström, F., & Eriksson, J.
- Affiliations
- Umeå University (SE)
- ORCID
- Eriksson, Johan
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2014-11-21
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 938-938
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4240068
- OpenAlex
- W2136747005
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 2.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Torsten Söderbergs Stiftelse
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Umeå Universitet
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- attentional blink, information maintenance, prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, cerebellar Crus II, working memory, short-term memory, BOLD signal, visual perception
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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