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The Temperature Dependence of Sleep
Open accessAbstract
Mammals have evolved a range of behavioural and neurological mechanisms that coordinate cycles of thermoregulation and sleep. Whether diurnal or nocturnal, sleep onset and a reduction in core temperature occur together. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep episodes are also accompanied by core and brain cooling. Thermoregulatory behaviours, like nest building and curling up, accompany this circadian temperature decline in preparation for sleeping. This could be a matter of simply comfort as animals seek warmth to compensate for lower temperatures. However, in both humans and other mammals, direct skin warming can shorten sleep-latency and promote NREM sleep. We discuss the evidence that body cooling and sleep are more fundamentally connected and that thermoregulatory behaviours, prior to sleep, form warm microclimates that accelerate NREM directly through neuronal circuits. Paradoxically, this warmth might also induce vasodilation and body cooling. In this way, warmth seeking and nesting behaviour might enhance the circadian cycle by activating specific circuits that link NREM initiation to body cooling. We suggest that these circuits explain why NREM onset is most likely when core temperature is at its steepest rate of decline and why transitions to NREM are accompanied by a decrease in brain temperature. This connection may have implications for energy homeostasis and the function of sleep.
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“Similarly, features of sleep-wake time series can directly capture insomnia-like patterns in sleep related to DM6,34,43,44.”
From Sleep and temperature data from wearable devices support noninvasive detection of diabetes mellitus in a large-scale, retrospective analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Within a night, the complexity of the distal body temperature time series has been related to the autonomic nervous system’s (ANS) health during sleep6,34.”
From Sleep and temperature data from wearable devices support noninvasive detection of diabetes mellitus in a large-scale, retrospective analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
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In the citing paper
“Studies suggest associations between DMN connectivity and subsequent sleep quality as measured by polysomnography, with greater DMNcortical connectivity associated with be er sleep efficiency and total sleep time [37].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“As a practical example, a hot bath (inducing vasodilation) prior to, but not immediately before the sleep period, is known to help with its initiation [9,52].”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
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Citations
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“Narcoleptic patients also have a strongly altered proximalto-distal skin temperature gradient during daytime waking (Fronczek et al., 2006).”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Kerman, I. A., Laque, A., Nguyen, P., Faouzi, M., Louis, G. W., Jones, J. C., Rhodes, C. J., & Münzberg, H. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3223-10.2011 · Cited by 240 · cited 1×
“This results in a reduced energy expenditure, through inhibited thermogenesis, and a decrease in food consumption (Zhang et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMolecular and Metabolic Aspects of Mammalian Hibernation
Boyer, B. B., & Barnes, B. M. (1999) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1313595 · Cited by 239 · cited 2×
“These are periods of interbout euthermia (Boyer and Barnes, 1999; Carey et al., 2003).”
BackgroundKräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., & Wirz-Justice, A. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.134 · Cited by 227 · cited 1×
“Under natural conditions, increased circulating melatonin also coincides with declining core temperature prior to sleep onset (Krauchi et al., 1997; Krauchi et al., 2006; Logan and McClung, 2019).”
BackgroundIntegration of body temperature into the analysis of energy expenditure in the mouse
Abreu-Vieira, G., Xiao, C., Gavrilova, O., & Reitman, M. L. (2015) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.001 · Cited by 225
Regulation of REM and Non-REM Sleep by Periaqueductal GABAergic Neurons
Weber, F., Do, J. P. H., Chung, S., Beier, K. T., Bikov, M., Doost, M. S., & Dan, Y. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02765-w · Cited by 224 · cited 1×
“POMC neurons also inhibit AgRP neurons which project to several sleeppromoting regions including the PO, the ventral periaqueductal grey (vPAG) and parabrachial nucleus (Pb) (Betley et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2015; Weber and Dan, 2016; Weber et al., 2018) (see Figure 4).”
BackgroundWarming up for sleep? — Ground squirrels sleep during arousals from hibernation
Daan, S., Barnes, B. M., & Strijkstra, A. M. (1991) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(91)90276-y · Cited by 222 · cited 1×
“In these periods of warming, squirrels transition from wake to NREM and then REM sleep before returning to hibernation (Daan et al., 1991).”
BackgroundSkin deep: enhanced sleep depth by cutaneous temperature manipulation
Raymann, R. J. E. M., Swaab, D. F., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm315 · Cited by 218
Central Nervous Regulation of Body Temperature During Sleep
Glotzbach, S. F., & Heller, H. C. (1976) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.973138 · Cited by 215 · cited 4×
“Although this study did not assess sleep, activation of POMC neurons by Goldstein et al. (2018) could rescue sleep in animals deprived of food (Goldstein et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialCircadian Clues to Sleep Onset Mechanisms
Kräuchi, K. (2001) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00315-3 · Cited by 213
Identification of a population of sleep-active cerebral cortex neurons
Gerashchenko, D., Wisor, J. P., Burns, D., Reh, R. K., Shiromani, P. J., Sakurai, T., de la Iglesia, H. O., & Kilduff, T. S. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0803125105 · Cited by 207 · cited 1×
“In crucial experiments, using a ‘thermode’ implanted into the PO, warming, but not cooling, increases delta power in the EEG (Roberts and Robinson, 1969; Glotzbach and Heller, 1976; McGinty et al., 1994).”
MethodSleep‐waking discharge patterns of median preoptic nucleus neurons in rats
Suntsova, N., Szymusiak, R. S., Alam, N., Guzmán-Marı́n, R., & McGinty, D. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.023085 · Cited by 205 · cited 1×
“This included a gradual increase in firing into, and peaking during, NREM sleep and, unexpectedly, even higher firing rates during REM sleep (Suntsova et al., 2002).”
BackgroundHeat or Insulation: Behavioral Titration of Mouse Preference for Warmth or Access to a Nest
Gaskill, B. N., Gordon, C. J., Pajor, E. A., Lucas, J. R., Davis, J. K., & Garner, J. P. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032799 · Cited by 204
Popov, V. I., & Bocharova, L. S. (1992) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(92)90337-2 · Cited by 203
Altered sleep regulation in leptin-deficient mice
Laposky, A. D., Shelton, J., Bass, J., Dugovic, C., Perrino, N., & Turek, F. W. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00304.2005 · Cited by 203
Cutaneous warming promotes sleep onset
Raymann, R. J. E. M., Swaab, D. F., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00492.2004 · Cited by 201
Szymusiak, R. S., Gvilia, I., & McGinty, D. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.013 · Cited by 200
Seasonally hibernating phenotype assessed through transcript screening
Williams, D. R., Epperson, L. E., Li, W., HUGHES, M. A., Taylor, R., Rogers, J., Martin, S. L., Cossins, A. R., & Gracey, A. Y. (2005) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00301.2004 · Cited by 191 · cited 1×
“Large changes in gene expression are also observed both in the brain and across the body in hibernators (Williams et al., 2005).”
BackgroundImpact of nesting material on mouse body temperature and physiology
Gaskill, B. N., Gordon, C. J., Pajor, E. A., Lucas, J. R., Davis, J. K., & Garner, J. P. (2013) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.12.018 · Cited by 189
Maximal REM sleep time defines a narrower thermoneutral zone than does minimal metabolic rate
Szymusiak, R. S., & Satinoff, E. (1981) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(81)90145-1 · Cited by 176 · cited 1×
“This is consistent with the idea of a narrow temperature range for optimised REM sleep (Czeisler et al., 1980; Szymusiak and Satinoff, 1981).”
BackgroundLeshan, R. L., Greenwald-Yarnell, M. L., Patterson, C. M., Gonzalez, I. E., & Myers, M. G. (2012) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2724 · Cited by 172
Night-time sleep EEG changes following body heating in a warm bath
Horne, J. A., & Reid, A. (1985) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(85)90022-7 · Cited by 169 · cited 1×
“This is the known as the ‘Warm Bath Effect’ (Horne and Reid, 1985; Parmeggiani, 1987; Bunnell et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1989; Jordan et al., 1990; Dorsey et al., 1999).”
BackgroundSleep Deprivation in the Rat: V. Energy Use and Mediation
Bergmann, B. M., Everson, C. A., Kushida, C. A., Fang, V. S., Leitch, C. A., Schoeller, D. A., Refetoff, S., & Rechtschaffen, A. (1989) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/12.1.31 · Cited by 166
Yu, S., Qualls‐Creekmore, E., Rezai-Zadeh, K. P., Jiang, Y., Berthoud, H., Morrison, C. D., Derbenev, A. V., Zsombok, A., & Münzberg, H. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0213-16.2016 · Cited by 160 · cited 2×
“PO glutamatergic neurons expressing the leptin receptor (leptinRb) are excited (they express c-FOS) when ambient temperature rises (Yu et al., 2016).”
BackgroundA role for cortical nNOS/NK1 neurons in coupling homeostatic sleep drive to EEG slow wave activity
Morairty, S. R., Dittrich, L., Pasumarthi, R. K., Valladao, D., Heiss, J. E., Gerashchenko, D., & Kilduff, T. S. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1314762110 · Cited by 152
Thermoregulatory effects of melatonin in relation to sleepiness
Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., Pache, M., Flammer, J., & Wirz‐Justice, A. (2006) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520500545854 · Cited by 152 · cited 1×
“Under natural conditions, increased circulating melatonin also coincides with declining core temperature prior to sleep onset (Krauchi et al., 1997; Krauchi et al., 2006; Logan and McClung, 2019).”
BackgroundGordon, C. J., Becker, P., & Ali, J. S. (1998) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00148-6 · Cited by 146
Magariños, A. M., McEwen, B. S., Saboureau, M., & Pévet, P. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0608785103 · Cited by 145
Sleep and hibernation in ground squirrels (Citellus spp): electrophysiological observations
Walker, J. M., Glotzbach, S. F., Berger, R. J., & Heller, H. C. (1977) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1977.233.5.r213 · Cited by 142 · cited 1×
“At brain temperatures between 10C and 25C reduced-power delta oscillations can still be identified in the EEG signal, whereas below about 10C the signal is isoelectric (Walker et al., 1977).”
BackgroundSleep-related c-Fos protein expression in the preoptic hypothalamus: effects of ambient warming
Gong, H., Szymusiak, R. S., King, J., Steininger, T. L., & McGinty, D. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.6.r2079 · Cited by 140 · cited 1×
“When they can, mice engage in huddling with group members (Gaskill et al., 2011, 2012; Gordon et al., 2014).”
BackgroundA neuronal hub binding sleep initiation and body cooling in response to a warm external stimulus
Harding, E. C., Yu, X., Miao, A., Andrews, N., Ma, Y., Ye, Z., Lignos, L., Miracca, G., Ba, W., Yustos, R., et al. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.054 · Cited by 136 · cited 8×
“The heat generated by these mechanisms could activate the sensory receptors in the skin and so trigger NREM sleep (Harding et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNeuronal discharge of preoptic/anterior hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons: relation to NREM sleep
Alam, M. N., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (1995) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.5.r1240 · Cited by 133
Uschakov, A., Gong, H., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.05.055 · Cited by 130 · cited 2×
“As core temperature falls it coincides with a decrease in self-assessed alertness (Czeisler et al., 1980; van den Heuvel et al., 1998).”
BackgroundGalanin Neurons Unite Sleep Homeostasis and α2-Adrenergic Sedation
Ma, Y., Miracca, G., Yu, X., Harding, E. C., Miao, A., Yustos, R., Vyssotski, A. L., Franks, N. P., & Wisden, W. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.087 · Cited by 130
Self-citationRapid Decline in Body Temperature Before Sleep: Fluffing the Physiological Pillow?
Campbell, S. S., & Broughton, R. (1994) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420529409055899 · Cited by 127 · cited 2×
“In experiments where participants ‘selfselected’ their bed time, subjects were most likely to select a moment when the body temperature was at its maximum rate of decline (Campbell and Broughton, 1994).”
BackgroundAmbient temperature and human sleep
Muzet, A. G., Libert, J., & Candas, V. (1984) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01952376 · Cited by 126
The effects of leptin on REM sleep and slow wave deltain rats are reversed by food deprivation
Sinton, C. M., Fitch, T. E., & Gershenfeld, H. K. (1999) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1999.00158.x · Cited by 122 · cited 1×
“Systemic administration of recombinant leptin in food-deprived mice increases both NREM and REM sleep durations, while mice deficient in leptin (ob/ob) have fragmented sleep as well as lower average core temperature (Sinton et al., 1999; Laposky et al., 2006).”
BackgroundAlföldi, P., Rubicsek, G., Cserni, G., & Obál, F. (1990) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00371001 · Cited by 121 · cited 3×
“Transitions to wakefulness or REM sleep are accompanied by vasoconstriction and brain warming (Alföldi et al., 1990; Imeri and Opp, 2009).”
BackgroundOzaki, S., Uchiyama, M., Shirakawa, S., & Okawa, M. (1996) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/19.1.36 · Cited by 117
Relaxation and sleep induced by warming of preoptic region and anterior hypothalamus in cats
Roberts, W. W., & Robinson, T. C. L. (1969) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(69)90051-x · Cited by 114 · cited 1×
“A change in temperature in the fingers is a good measure of change in blood flow, and so it seems likely that these subjects started sleep in a state of vasodilation that was progressively replaced by vasoconstriction until waking (Rubinstein and Sessler, 1990; van Marken Lichtenbelt et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInteraction Between Sleep and Thermoregulation: An Aspect of the Control of Behavioral States
Parmeggiani, P. L. (1986) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/10.5.426 · Cited by 110 · cited 1×
“Mammals have a range of thermoregulatory behaviours that allow adaptation to environmental temperature fluctuations throughout the day, but these are most visible in the preparations for sleep (Peever, 2018).”
BackgroundPassive Body Heating and Sleep: Influence of Proximity to Sleep
Bunnell, D. E., Agnew, J. A., Horvath, S. M., Jopson, & Wills, M. (1988) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/11.2.210 · Cited by 109 · cited 1×
“This is the known as the ‘Warm Bath Effect’ (Horne and Reid, 1985; Parmeggiani, 1987; Bunnell et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1989; Jordan et al., 1990; Dorsey et al., 1999).”
BackgroundCold feet and prolonged sleep-onset latency in vasospastic syndrome
Pache, M., Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., Wirz-Justice, A., Dubler, B., Flammer, J., & Kaiser, H. J. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05344-2 · Cited by 104 · cited 1×
“Similarly, this sleep could be deferred by sleep deprivation suggesting the accumulation of a sleep debt during torpor (Deboer and Tobler, 1994; Palchykova et al., 2002).”
From observation to experimentation: leptin action in the mediobasal hypothalamus
Williams, K. W., Scott, M. M., & Elmquist, J. K. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26788d · Cited by 104 · cited 1×
“Leptin works through well-established pathways in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus, where it inhibits NPY expressing AgRP neurons (Williams et al., 2009).”
BackgroundKoops, K., McGrew, W. C., VRIES, H. D., & Matsuzawa, T. (2012) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9585-4 · Cited by 103 · cited 1×
“Chimpanzees and other primates select their arboreal sleeping sites (Figure 1A), at least partly, on thermal characteristics, and during colder weather even adjust their nest sites to be more insulating (Koops et al., 2012; Samson and Hunt, 2012; Stewart et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBrain temperature dependent changes in the electroencephalogram power spectrum of humans and animals
Deboer, T. (1998) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1998.00125.x · Cited by 101 · cited 3×
“Animals in either daily torpor or hibernation enter a state of inactivity or quiescence, but the power of the EEG signal observed in these animals scales with temperature: the lower the body temperature, the lower the power of the EEG (Deboer, 1998).”
BackgroundHypothalamic Neurons that Regulate Feeding Can Influence Sleep/Wake States Based on Homeostatic Need
Goldstein, N., Levine, B. J., Loy, K. A., Duke, W. L., Meyerson, O. S., Jamnik, A. A., & Carter, M. E. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.055 · Cited by 99 · cited 1×
“Indeed, warm stimuli are well known to increase activity in the PO (e.g., as seen by c-FOS expression) (Scammell et al., 1993; Gong et al., 2000).”
BackgroundHyperthermia induces c-fos expression in the preoptic area
Scammell, T. E., Price, K., & Sagar, S. M. (1993) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)91280-6 · Cited by 94
Altered Skin-Temperature Regulation in Narcolepsy Relates to Sleep Propensity
Fronczek, R., Overeem, S., Lammers, G. J., van Dijk, J. G., & van Someren, E. J. W. (2006) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.11.1444 · Cited by 92
Raymann, R., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2008) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep/31.9.1301 · Cited by 90 · cited 2×
“In the sleep-deprived animals this strategy ultimately failed, as the rats rapidly lost weight (Bergmann et al., 1989; Everson et al., 1989; Rechtschaffen and Bergmann, 1995).”
BackgroundActivation of temperature-sensitive TRPV1-like receptors in ARC POMC neurons reduces food intake
Jeong, J. H., Lee, D. K., Liu, S.-M., Chua, S. C., Schwartz, G. J., & Jo, Y.-H. (2018) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2004399 · Cited by 89 · cited 1×
“Optogenetic activation of these neurons produces feeding inhibition (Jeong et al., 2018).”
BackgroundKalinchuk, A. V., McCarley, R. W., Porkka‐Heiskanen, T., & Basheer, R. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0014-10.2010 · Cited by 83
Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disturbances in Patients with Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome
Watanabe, T., Kajimura, N., Kato, M., Sekimoto, M., Nakajima, T., Hori, T., & Takahashi, K. (2003) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/26.6.657 · Cited by 83
To sleep or not to sleep: neuronal and ecological insights
Eban-Rothschild, A., Giardino, W. J., & de Lecea, L. (2017) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2017.04.010 · Cited by 80
Hoekstra, M. M., Emmenegger, Y., Hubbard, J. T., & Franken, P. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.43400 · Cited by 78
Guzmán-Marı́n, R., Alam, M. N., Szymusiak, R. S., Drucker-Colı́n, R., Gong, H., & McGinty, D. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02561-0 · Cited by 76 · cited 1×
“During warming in the rat brain, they could inhibit important arousal nuclei including dorsal raphe and posterior hypothalamic neurons (Krilowicz et al., 1994; Guzmán-Marín et al., 2000; Steininger et al., 2001).”
BackgroundFronczek, R., Raymann, R. J. E. M., Romeijn, N., Overeem, S., Fischer, M., Dijk, J. G. V., Jan Lammers, G., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2008) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/31.2.233 · Cited by 76 · cited 2×
“Mice that are inactive or sleeping are much more likely to do so in contact with nesting material (Gaskill et al., 2011).”
BackgroundNitric oxide in the regulation of the sleep-wake states
Cespuglio, R., Amrouni, D., Meiller, A., Buguet, A., & Gautier-Sauvigné, S. (2012) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.01.006 · Cited by 75 · cited 1×
“However, NO is implicated in modulating arousal in other areas of the brain (Gerashchenko et al., 2008; Kalinchuk et al., 2010; Cespuglio et al., 2012; Morairty et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2019).”
BackgroundTøien, Ø., Blake, J. E., & Barnes, B. M. (2015) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-015-0891-y · Cited by 75 · cited 1×
“Like the dwarf lemurs, these higher temperatures appear to allow brown bears to spend large amount of time in NREM sleep (Tøien et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMcGinty, D., Szymusiak, R. S., & Thomson, D. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91506-7 · Cited by 74
Core Body Temperature and Sleep of Older Female Insomniacs Before and After Passive Body Heating
Dorsey, C. M., Teicher, M. H., Cohen‐Zion, M., Stefanovic, L., Satlin, A., Tartarini, W. L., Harper, D. G., & Lukas, S. E. (1999) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/22.7.891 · Cited by 72
van den Heuvel, C. J., NOONE, J. T., Lushington, K., & Dawson, D. E. (1998) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1998.00112.x · Cited by 70
Gaskill, B. N., Rohr, S. A., Pajor, E. A., Lucas, J. R., & Garner, J. P. (2011) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.02.004 · Cited by 66
Popov, V. I., Medvedev, N. I., Patrushev, I. V., Ignat’ev, D. A., Morenkov, É. D., & Stewart, M. G. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.059 · Cited by 65
The Effect of Afternoon Body Heating on Body Temperature and Slow Wave Sleep
Jordan, J., Montgomery, I., & Trinder, J. C. (1990) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb01976.x · Cited by 65 · cited 1×
“This is the known as the ‘Warm Bath Effect’ (Horne and Reid, 1985; Parmeggiani, 1987; Bunnell et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1989; Jordan et al., 1990; Dorsey et al., 1999).”
BackgroundSamson, D. R., & Hunt, K. D. (2012) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22031 · Cited by 64 · cited 1×
“WSNs can directly sense brain temperature and are proposed to be modulated by pyrogens such as prostaglandin E2 (Scammell et al., 1996; Lazarus et al., 2007).”
BackgroundExposure to heat restores sleep in cats with preoptic/anterior hypothalamic cell loss
Szymusiak, R. S., Danowski, J., & McGinty, D. (1991) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91086-g · Cited by 63 · cited 1×
“Consistent with this idea, lesions in the PO of the cat disrupt both warm-defence behaviour and reduce total sleep (Szymusiak et al., 1991).”
BackgroundHibi, M., Kubota, C., Mizuno, T., Aritake, S., Mitsui, Y., Katashima, M., & Uchida, S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep39640 · Cited by 63 · cited 1×
“Indeed, estimates of energy use over 24 h put the cost of sleep as high as 85–95% of the metabolic cost of waking (Jung et al., 2011; Abreu-Vieira et al., 2015; Hibi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundDeboer, T., & Tobler, I. (1994) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90834-6 · Cited by 59 · cited 1×
“Similarly, this sleep could be deferred by sleep deprivation suggesting the accumulation of a sleep debt during torpor (Deboer and Tobler, 1994; Palchykova et al., 2002).”
BackgroundHuddling, locomotor, and nest-building behaviors of furred and furless Siberian hamsters
Kauffman, A. S., Paul, M. J., Butler, M. P., & Zucker, I. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00115-x · Cited by 58 · cited 1×
“Fur removal in Siberian hamsters, for example, increases food consumption by almost a quarter; whereas, in cold conditions, group huddling or the provision of nesting material can reduce food consumption by 15–20%, respectively (Kauffman et al., 2003; Batavia et al., 2010).”
BackgroundEnergy Reallocation to Breeding Performance through Improved Nest Building in Laboratory Mice
Gaskill, B. N., Pritchett‐Corning, K. R., Gordon, C. J., Pajor, E. A., Lucas, J. R., Davis, J. K., & Garner, J. P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074153 · Cited by 58
The effect of skin temperature on the hypothalamic control of heat loss and heat production
Boulant, J. A., & Gonzalez, R. R. (1977) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90916-7 · Cited by 57 · cited 1×
“The MnPO and MPO hypothalamus receives sensory afferents conveying thermal information from the skin (Hammel, 1968; Boulant and Gonzalez, 1977; Morrison and Nakamura, 2011) (Figure 4).”
BackgroundDeboer, T., & Tobler, I. (2003) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/26.5.567 · Cited by 57 · cited 1×
“In fact, essentially all sedatives and general anaesthetics used clinically induce coreto-peripheral heat redistribution from vasodilation and, without warming, hypothermia (Díaz and Becker, 2010; Sessler, 2016).”
BackgroundSelective increases in non-rapid eye movement sleep following whole body heating in rats
Morairty, S. R., Szymusiak, R. S., Thomson, D., & McGinty, D. (1993) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)90606-n · Cited by 56
Krilowicz, B. L., Szymusiak, R. S., & McGinty, D. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90507-x · Cited by 55
Manipulation of skin temperature improves nocturnal sleep in narcolepsy
Fronczek, R., Raymann, R. J. E. M., Overeem, S., Romeijn, N., van Dijk, J. G., Lammers, G. J., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2008) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.143610 · Cited by 51
Intracranial temperature across 24-hour sleep–wake cycles in humans
Landolt, H., Moser, S., Wieser, H. G., Borbély, A. A., & Dijk, D. (1995) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199504190-00022 · Cited by 49
Cellular populations and thermosensing mechanisms of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center
Siemens, J., & Kamm, G. B. (2018) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-017-2101-0 · Cited by 49 · cited 1×
“Systemic administration of recombinant leptin in food-deprived mice increases both NREM and REM sleep durations, while mice deficient in leptin (ob/ob) have fragmented sleep as well as lower average core temperature (Sinton et al., 1999; Laposky et al., 2006).”
BackgroundStrijkstra, A. M., & Daan, S. (1997) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1997.00024.x · Cited by 47 · cited 1×
“5C, the time spent in NREM sleep is proportional to the hibernation bout length, not temperature per se (Strijkstra and Daan, 1997).”
BackgroundPreoptic leptin signaling modulates energy balance independent of body temperature regulation
Yu, S., Cheng, H., François, M., Qualls‐Creekmore, E., Huesing, C., He, Y., Jiang, Y., Gao, H., Xu, Y., Zsombok, A., et al. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.33505 · Cited by 45 · cited 1×
“Ambient temperature is a critical determinant of energy expenditure, and failure to carry out thermal defence behaviours has consequences for energy homeostasis (Yu et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSzentirmai, É., & Kapás, L. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01047-1 · Cited by 44 · cited 8×
“These data suggest that UCP-1 mediated BAT thermogenesis is helpful in both recovery sleep (sleep following sleep deprivation) and NREM sleep induction.”
BackgroundInfluentialGordon, C. J., Aydın, C., Repasky, E. A., Kokolus, K. M., Dheyongera, G., & Johnstone, A. F. M. (2014) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.06.006 · Cited by 41
Shapiro, C. M., Allan, M., Driver, H. S., & Mitchell, D. (1989) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90110-8 · Cited by 37 · cited 1×
“This is the known as the ‘Warm Bath Effect’ (Horne and Reid, 1985; Parmeggiani, 1987; Bunnell et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1989; Jordan et al., 1990; Dorsey et al., 1999).”
BackgroundHibernation at moderate temperatures: a continuation of slow wave sleep
Walker, J. M., Haskell, E. H., Berger, R. J., & Heller, H. C. (1981) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01967947 · Cited by 36 · cited 1×
“Hibernation of the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Callospermophilus lateralis) under warmer laboratory conditions (22C) produced continuous NREM sleep (Walker et al., 1981).”
BackgroundSelective sleep deprivation after daily torpor in the Djungarian hamster
Palchykova, S., Deboer, T., & Tobler, I. (2002) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00310.x · Cited by 36 · cited 1×
“This is the known as the ‘Warm Bath Effect’ (Horne and Reid, 1985; Parmeggiani, 1987; Bunnell et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1989; Jordan et al., 1990; Dorsey et al., 1999).”
BackgroundSzentirmai, É., & Kapás, L. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12463 · Cited by 36 · cited 1×
“They also show a blunted sleep induction effect of warmer temperatures observed in control mice (Szentirmai and Kapas, 2014).”
BackgroundLarkin, J. E., & Heller, H. C. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1996.270.4.r777 · Cited by 33
Hibernation in a primate: does sleep occur?
Blanco, M. B., Dausmann, K. H., Faherty, S. L., Klopfer, P. H., Krystal, A. D., Schopler, R. L., & Yoder, A. D. (2016) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.160282 · Cited by 31 · cited 2×
“In other species of lemur (C. crossleyi and C. sibreei) that occupy a cooler environmental niche, sleep is consistently absent during the torpor phase, but returns during periods of interbout euthermia (Blanco et al., 2016).”
BackgroundChanges in sleep–wakefulness in the medial preoptic area lesioned rats: role of thermal preference
Ray, B., Mallick, H. N., & Kumar, V. M. (2005) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.08.006 · Cited by 30 · cited 2×
“Warming of the core (proximal-skin) by less than 1◦C, easily within the range encountered within the circadian day, is sufficient to shorten sleep latency (Raymann et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSleep Deprivation in the Rat:XII. Effect on Ambient Temperature Choice
Prete, F. R., Bergmann, B. M., Holtzman, P., Obermeyer, W. H., & Rechtschaffen, A. (1991) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/14.2.109 · Cited by 30 · cited 1×
“In rats, PO lesions alter thermal preference behaviour which subsequently converges on warmer temperatures (∼30◦C) that promote sleep recovery (Ray et al., 2005).”
BackgroundThe Relationship of Sleep with Temperature and Metabolic Rate in a Hibernating Primate
Krystal, A. D., Schopler, B., Kobbe, S., Williams, C. V., Rakatondrainibe, H., Yoder, A. D., & Klopfer, P. H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069914 · Cited by 29
Savanna chimpanzees adjust sleeping nest architecture in response to local weather conditions
Stewart, F. A., Piel, A. K., Cristóbal‐Azkarate, J., & Pruetz, J. D. (2018) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23461 · Cited by 28 · cited 1×
“Chimpanzees and other primates select their arboreal sleeping sites (Figure 1A), at least partly, on thermal characteristics, and during colder weather even adjust their nest sites to be more insulating (Koops et al., 2012; Samson and Hunt, 2012; Stewart et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBrown adipose tissue plays a central role in systemic inflammation-induced sleep responses
Szentirmai, É., & Kapás, L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197409 · Cited by 26 · cited 1×
“UCP-1 may also have a role facilitating NREM sleep during systemic inflammation (Szentirmai and Kapas, 2018).”
BackgroundBrain temperature regulation during sleep and arousal in the dog
Hayward, J. N. (1968) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(68)90138-6 · Cited by 24 · cited 1×
“When our core and brain temperatures are in rapid decline we are most likely to choose to sleep, and if we dissociate from this cycle of body cooling we experience insomnia (Hayward, 1968; Campbell and Broughton, 1994; Lack et al., 2008).”
BackgroundVyazovskiy, V. V., Palchykova, S., Achermann, P., Tobler, I., & Deboer, T. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx020 · Cited by 23 · cited 1×
“However, comparisons of recovery sleep EEG, following sleep deprivation or torpor, revealed differences in cortical network activity suggesting that torpor is not entirely equivalent to either sleep deprivation or natural sleep (Vyazovskiy et al., 2017).”
BackgroundDistal–proximal skin temperature gradient prior to sleep onset in infants for clinical use
Abe, N., & Kodama, H. (2014) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/ped.12473 · Cited by 15 · cited 1×
“Additional work in the clinic has shown that neonates are three times more likely to fall asleep within 30 min, if their distal-to-proximal skin gradient is greater than 2.5◦C (Abe and Kodama, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialDistal skin vasodilation promotes rapid sleep onset in preterm neonates
Barcat, L., Décima, P., Bodin, E., Delanaud, S., Blanchard, E. S., Leke, A., Libert, J., Tourneux, P., & Bach, V. (2017) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12514 · Cited by 15 · cited 1×
“Distal vasodilation and higher foot temperature in preterm neonates is also correlated with shorter wake bouts (Barcat et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBatavia, M., Matsushima, A., Eboigboden, O., & Zucker, I. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.07.001 · Cited by 8
The Effect of Ambient Temperature Change on the Covered Area of the Body during Sleep
Okamoto-Mizuno, K., Nagai, Y., & Iizuka, S. (2003) · Journal of home economics · doi:10.11428/jhej1987.54.1025 · Cited by 4
Neuroscience: A ‘Skin Warming’ Circuit that Promotes Sleep and Body Cooling
Peever, J. H. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.043 · Cited by 4 · cited 2×
“At temperatures of 20◦C or less, during which sleep debt is accumulated, morphological changes have been observed in dendritic spines (Peretti et al., 2015).”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Ma, 2019, Galanin neurons in the hypothalamus link sleep homeostasis, body temperature and actions of the alpha2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine., bioRxiv, 10.1101/565747 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rising temperatures erode human sleep globally
Minor, K., Bjerre-Nielsen, A., Jonasdottir, S. S., Lehmann, S., & Obradovich, N. (2022) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2022.04.008 · Cited by 261
Sleep Deprivation and Neurological Disorders
Bishir, M., Bhat, A., Essa, M. M., Ekpo, O. E., Ihunwo, A. O., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Surapaneni, K. M., Mahalakshmi, A. M., Ray, B., Tuladhar, S., et al. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/5764017 · Cited by 267
“NREM sleep is characterized by a low metabolic rate and an increase in brain temperature which helps to overcome the damages that are introduced during the wake cycle [7].”
The Promise of Sleep: A Multi-Sensor Approach for Accurate Sleep Stage Detection Using the Oura Ring
Altini, M., & Kinnunen, H. O. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21134302 · Cited by 208
“The reason is that core body temperature reductions are mechanistically accomplished through vasodilation of peripheral surface blood vessels of the skin in the extremities, particularly the hands and feet [48].”
BackgroundA systematic review of ambient heat and sleep in a warming climate
Chevance, G., Minor, K., Vielma, C., Campi, E., O’Callaghan-Gordo, C., Basagaña, X., Ballester, J., & Bernard, P. (2024) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101915 · Cited by 150
Galanin Neurons Unite Sleep Homeostasis and α2-Adrenergic Sedation
Ma, Y., Miracca, G., Yu, X., Harding, E. C., Miao, A., Yustos, R., Vyssotski, A. L., Franks, N. P., & Wisden, W. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.087 · Cited by 130
“Given that sleep induction occurs when the rate of core body temperature decline is maximal [40, 41], this could explain why LPO-DGal mice are actually more awake compared with LPO-Gal-GFP mice at the start of lights on (Figure 1A).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Harding, E. C., Franks, N. P., & Wisden, W.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- UK Dementia Research Institute (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Franks, Nicholas P.
- Wisden, William
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-04-24
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 336-336
- ISSN
- 1662-453X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6491889
- OpenAlex
- W2940903564
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 159
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 2.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep, thermoregulation, core body temperature, brain cooling, circadian rhythm, behavioral thermoregulation, nest building, skin warming, sleep latency, vasodilation, energy homeostasis, sleep function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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