Energy expenditure during sleep, sleep deprivation and sleep following sleep deprivation in adult humans
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Non‐technical summary: One of the proposed functions of sleep is to conserve energy. We determined the amount of energy conserved by sleep in humans, how much more energy is expended when missing a night of sleep, and how much energy is conserved during recovery sleep. Findings support the hypothesis that a function of sleep is to conserve energy in humans. Sleep deprivation increased energy expenditure indicating that maintaining wakefulness under bed‐rest conditions is energetically costly. Recovery sleep after sleep deprivation reduced energy use compared to baseline sleep suggesting that human metabolic physiology has the capacity to make adjustments to respond to the energetic cost of sleep deprivation. The finding that sleep deprivation increases energy expenditure should not be interpreted that sleep deprivation is a safe or effective strategy for weight loss as other studies have shown that chronic sleep deprivation is associated with impaired cognition and weight gain.
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When 24-hour energy expenditure was measured in a metabolic chamber, energy expenditure was increased with sleep restriction relative to habitual sleep.
“However, when 24-hour energy expenditure was measured in a metabolic chamber, which provides a more confined environment, energy expenditure was increased with sleep restriction relative to habitual sleep.59,82,83”
From Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2016) · cites this paper as [82]
Resting energy expenditure, as determined by indirect calorimetry, was lower in healthy volunteers during sleep compared to wakefulness.
“Indeed, resting EE, as determined by indirect calorimetry, was lower in healthy volunteers during sleep compared to wakefulness.43”
From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [43]
Mean 24-hour plasma cortisol often remains unchanged by sleep deprivation, but circadian cortisol pattern changes.
“Mean 24-h levels of plasma cortisol often remain unchanged by sleep deprivation,43,95,96,99,106,109,123 but the circadian cortisol-pattern changes, as described above.”
From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [43]
One night of total sleep deprivation increases energy expenditure during the night, but reduces next-day resting and postprandial energy expenditure by 5% and 20%, leading to positive energy balance.
“Two groups found that one night of total sleep deprivation increased EE during the night, whereas the following day, resting and postprandial EE were reduced by 5% and 20%, respectively, overall leading to a positive energy balance43,100”
From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [43]
One night of total sleep deprivation in 7 healthy participants increased energy expenditure by 32% during the night of TSD and then decreased by 4% during the recovery night when compared to baseline.
“One night of TSD in 7 healthy participants increased EE by 32% during the night of TSD and then decreased by 4% during the recovery night when compared to baseline [58].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [58]
Sleep restriction increases energy expenditure due to increased wakefulness.
“While sleep restriction increases energy expenditure due to increased wakefulness, it can lead to a disproportionate increase in food intake, decrease in physical activity, and weight gain.”
From Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [38]
Total sleep deprivation for 40 h increases 24-h energy expenditure by 7% compared to baseline day including 8 h TIB.
“In a study measuring energy expenditure (EE) by a whole room calorimetry, total sleep deprivation for 40 h increased the 24-h EE by 7% as compared to a baseline day including 8 h time in bed (TIB) [38].”
From Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [38]
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- Authors
- Jung, C. M., Melanson, E. L., Frydendall, E. J., Perreault, L., Eckel, R. H., & Wright, K. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- University of Denver (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-12-23
- Volume
- 589
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 235-244
- ISSN
- 0022-3751 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7793
- PMC
- PMC3039272
- OpenAlex
- W2117374280
- Cited by
- 318
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 13.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Sleep Research Society
- Sleep Research Society Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (NIH-R01, RR025780, Grant Number UL1 RR025780)
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL08570)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-025780, UL1RR025780)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- energy expenditure, sleep, sleep deprivation, recovery sleep, sleep stages, wakefulness, whole-body energy metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adolescent, Adult, Calorimetry, Indirect, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Time Factors, Wakefulness, Polysomnography, Recovery of Function, Young Adult
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