Empathizing with sensory and movement differences: moving toward sensitive understanding of autism
Open accessAbstract
The autism diagnosis requires deficits in social interaction and communication, yet neither occurs in isolation.This brief literature-based analysis provides evidence that other factors are involved in autistic people's atypical social communication.The brain is a complicated system where regions serve multiple, general, and overlapping roles.Sensorimotor and broad cognitive processes underlie both neurotypicals' and autistics' social cognition and behavior.Sensory strengths sometimes underlie autistic people's difficulties, especially in dynamic contexts that require multimodal integration.Social abilities and behaviors occur between people in social contexts, and autistic and neurotypical people share mutual difficulties in understanding one another.This paper challenges attempts to reduce autism to social deficits, and suggests the need for better interpersonal and societal understanding of and support for autistic people.
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Social communication always results from broad factors within and between people.
“social communication always results from broad factors within and between people [36, 37].”
From Lobbying Autism's Diagnostic Revision in the DSM-5 (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
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Bolling, D. Z., Pitskel, N. B., Deen, B., Crowley, M. J., McPartland, J. C., Kaiser, M. D., Wyk, B. C. V., Wu, J., Mayes, L. C., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.02.002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Winkielman, P., McIntosh, D. N., & Oberman, L. M. (2009) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073908100442 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Once an island, now the focus of attention
Craig, A. D. (2010) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0270-0 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Gaze Following, Gaze Reading, and Word Learning in Children at Risk for Autism
Gliga, T., Elsabbagh, M., Hudry, K., Charman, T., Johnson, M. H., & The BASIS Team (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01750.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Sounds and scents in (social) action
Aglioti, S. M., & Pazzaglia, M. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.12.003 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Doherty‐Sneddon, G., Riby, D. M., & Whittle, L. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02481.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Williams, D., Boucher, J., Lind, S. E., & Jarrold, C. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1703-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Altered integration of speech and gesture in children with autism spectrum disorders
Hubbard, A. L., McNealy, K., Zeeland, A. A. S., Callan, D. E., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Dapretto, M. (2012) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.81 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Body Odors Promote Automatic Imitation in Autism
Parma, V., Bulgheroni, M., Tirindelli, R., & Castiello, U. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.010 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Weisberg, J., Milleville, S. C., Kenworthy, L. E., Wallace, G. L., Gotts, S. J., Beauchamp, M. S., & Martin, A. D. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs276 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Learning From the Body About the Mind
Riley, M. A., Shockley, K. D., & Orden, G. C. V. (2011) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2011.01163.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Linkenauger, S. A., Lerner, M. D., Ramenzoni, V. C., & Proffitt, D. R. (2012) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1248 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Deficits in volitional oculomotor control align with language status in autism spectrum disorders
Kelly, D. J., Walker, R., & Norbury, C. (2012) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01188.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Primary sensory cortices, top-down projections and conscious experience
Meyer, K. (2011) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.05.010 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Saxbe, D., Yang, X., Piero, L. B. D., & Immordino‐Yang, M. H. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss075 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Rhythm and timing in autism: learning to dance
Amos, P. (2013) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2013.00027 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Atypical visual change processing in children with autism: An electrophysiological Study
Cléry, H., Bonnet‐Brilhault, F., Lenoir, P., Barthélémy, C., Bruneau, N., & Gomot, M. (2013) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12006 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
‘Travel in parallel with us for a while’: sensory geographies of autism
Davidson, J., & Henderson, V. L. (2010) · Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2010.00309.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Perryman, T., Carter, A. S., Messinger, D. S., Stone, W. L., Ivanescu, A. E., & Yoder, P. J. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1725-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Transition to Adulthood for High-Functioning Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Steven, K., Gantman, A., & Elizabeth, A. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/21506 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationDamico, J. S., & Nelson, R. L. (2005) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699200400027163 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Rajendran, G., Law, A. S., Logie, R. H., van der Meulen, M., Fraser, D., & Corley, M. M. B. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1151-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Does the Autistic Brain Lack Core Modules?
Gernsbacher, M. A., & Frymiare, J. L. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wilkinson, M. R., & Ball, L. J. (2012) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-012-0097-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Electrophysiological evidence of atypical visual change detection in adults with autism
Cléry, H., Roux, S., Houy‐Durand, E., Bonnet‐Brilhault, F., Bruneau, N., & Gomot, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00062 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ohta, H., Yamada, T., Watanabe, H., Kanai, C., Tanaka, E., Ohno, T., Takayama, Y., Iwanami, A., Kato, N., & Hashimoto, R. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.042 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The association between past and future oriented thinking: Evidence from autism spectrum disorder
Lind, S. E., & Williams, D. M. (2012) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2012.05.004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Theory Theory 2.0: Probabilistic Models and Cognitive Development
Alison Gopnik, C. (2011) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00179.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Egelhoff, K., & Lane, A. E. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1626-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Information routing in the basal ganglia: Highways to abnormal connectivity in autism?
Prat, C. S., & Stocco, A. (2011) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2011.12.005 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Brief Report: Further Evidence of Sensory Subtypes in Autism
Galea, V. (2012) · Yearbook of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.yspm.2012.03.017 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Temperament and Sensory Features of Children with Autism
Brock, M. E., Baranek, G. T., Freuler, A., Sabatino, A., Poe, M. D., & Watson, L. R. (2020) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/bp8g-y839 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Avoiding Ableist Language: Suggestions for Autism Researchers
Bottema-Beutel, K., Kapp, S. K., Lester, J. N., Sasson, N. J., & Hand, B. N. (2021) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0014 · Cited by 1,251 · see citing works
Self-citationAutistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement: Stories from the Frontline
(2020) · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Self-citationAutism and Accommodations in Higher Education: Insights from the Autism Community
Sarrett, J. C. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3353-4 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Anti-ableism and scientific accuracy in autism research: a false dichotomy
Bottema‐Beutel, K., Kapp, S. K., Sasson, N. J., Gernsbacher, M. A., Natri, H. M., & Botha, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1244451 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurodiversity, Advocacy, Anti-Therapy
Chapman, R., & Bovell, V. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_67 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Editorial for research topic “Autism: the movement perspective”
Torres, E. B., & Donnellan, A. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2015.00012 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Lobbying Autism's Diagnostic Revision in the DSM-5
Kapp, S. K., & Ne’eman, A. (2020) · Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0_13 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationThe relationship between atypical visual processing and social skills in young children with autism
Hellendoorn, A., Langstraat, I., Wijnroks, L., Buitelaar, J. K., van Daalen, E., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.11.012 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Understanding social engagement in autism: being different in perceiving and sharing affordances
Hellendoorn, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00850 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Toward a Phenomenological Account of Embodied Subjectivity in Autism
Boldsen, S. (2018) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-018-9590-y · Cited by 25 · see citing works
How do I see you, and what does that mean for us? An autoethnographic study
Devlin, K. (2018) · Music Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.1093/mtp/miy005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Living with embodied vibrations: Sensory experiences following a traumatic brain injury
Gombay, N., & Andrews, G. J. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114233 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sensory–movement underpinnings of lifelong neurodivergence: getting a grip on autism
Kapp, S. K. (2025) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2025.1489322 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationHudac, C. M., Friedman, N. R., Ward, V. R., Estreicher, R. E., Dorsey, G. C., Bernier, R., Kurtz‐Nelson, E. C., Earl, R. K., Eichler, E. E., & Neuhaus, E. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05897-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kapp, S. K., Goldknopf, E. J., Brooks, P. J., Kofner, B., & Hossain, M. (2019) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x18002479 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationHalder, S., & Bruyère, S. M. (2021) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2021.1917111 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“There is just too much going on there”: Nonverbal communication experiences of autistic adults
Radford, H., Reidinger, B., Kapp, S. K., & de Marchena, A. B. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0325465 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat are Replicable Aspects of the Broader Autism Phenotype among College Students?
Riccio, A., Kapp, S. K., Daou, N., Shane, J., & Gillespie‐Lynch, K. (2020) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.271 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationKumazaki, H., Sumioka, H., Muramatsu, T., Yoshikawa, Y., Shimaya, J., Iwanaga, R., Ishiguro, H., Sumiyoshi, T., & Mimura, M. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05173-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
CoViD-19 effects on social-emotional development: impact of early intervention
Chiappelli, F., & 90095 (2023) · Bioinformation · doi:10.6026/97320630019889 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cross-Neurotype Communication Competence
Stones, E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14447-9_4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Comparing narrative writing of autistic and non-autistic College students
Shevchuk-Hill, S., Szczupakiewicz, S., Kofner, B., & Gillespie‐Lynch, K. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05516-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Strengths of Speech Divergence in Autistic People: Implications for Assessment and Support
Kapp, S. K., & Gudknecht, J. (2025) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.70017 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationArtiran, S., Cohen, S., & Cosman, P. C. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102494 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Neurodivergent Voices in the Classroom: Acquired or Innate, Still a Student
Brice, A. E., & Dwan, S. (2025) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2025_persp-24-00156 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Alvear, I. C., & Vargas, M. G. (2022) · Resistances Journal of the Philosophy of History · doi:10.46652/resistances.v3i6.101 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alvear, I. C., & Vargas, M. G. (2024) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2024.2360132 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bridging neuroscience and practice: A semi-structured music therapy approach with autistic children
Ruiz, M., Salomon-Gimmon, M., Specht, K., Gold, C., & Posserud, M.-B. R. (2025) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2025.102375 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Posner, D. S. (2021) · Psychoanalysis Self and Context · doi:10.1080/24720038.2020.1856110 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neuropsychologie et remédiations des troubles du spectre de l’autisme
Plumet, M. (2018) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.breti.2018.01.0105 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Stones, E. (2025) · The CASE Journal · doi:10.1108/tcj-01-2024-0003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Anne M. Donnellan (1943–2024): a tribute to an autism legend, mentor, and friend
Kapp, S. K. (2024) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2024.1469778 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentity-First vs. Person-First Language: Preferences and Impact of Use
Taboas, A. (2022) · doi:10.30707/etd2023.20231004061830214665.999941 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sélection de références bibliographiques
Plumet, M. (2014) · Armand Colin eBooks · doi:10.3917/arco.lumet.2014.01.0245
Kasmire, J., Ciucă, A., & Moldovan, R. (2025) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/14604582241304708
Use of Restrictive and Punishment Procedures: A Survey of Behavior Analysts
Flowers, J. M., Dawes, J. M., Lund, E. M., & Georgio, T. (2025) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330251367846
Integrating Polyvagal Theory and the Neurodiversity Paradigm for Inclusive Practice
Dwan, S., & Brice, A. E. (2025) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2025_persp-24-00322
Nadler, R., & Seung, H. (2025) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2025_persp-24-00205
Prologue: Madness Revisited: A 360-Degree Perspective
Posner, D. S. (2026) · Psychoanalytic Inquiry · doi:10.1080/07351690.2026.2625640
- Authors
- Kapp, S. K.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kapp, Steven K.
- ORCID
- Kapp, Steven K.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 38-38
- ISSN
- 1662-5145 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3662878
- OpenAlex
- W1996572777
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, sensory differences, social cognition, social communication, sensorimotor processing, multimodal integration, autism support, neurodiversity
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