A critical review of habit learning and the basal ganglia

Seger, Carol A.; Spiering, Brian J.

doi:10.3389/fnsys.2011.00066

Cited by 171Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMemory and Neural MechanismsNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

A critical review of habit learning and the basal ganglia

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Seger, Carol A., Spiering, Brian J.·2011·Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience

DOI 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00066PMC PMC3163829

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Abstract

The current paper briefly outlines the historical development of the concept of habit learning and discusses its relationship to the basal ganglia. Habit learning has been studied in many different fields of neuroscience using different species, tasks, and methodologies, and as a result it has taken on a wide range of definitions from these various perspectives. We identify five common but not universal, definitional features of habit learning: that it is inflexible, slow or incremental, unconscious, automatic, and insensitive to reinforcer devaluation. We critically evaluate for each of these how it has been defined, its utility for research in both humans and non-human animals, and the evidence that it serves as an accurate description of basal ganglia function. In conclusion, we propose a multi-faceted approach to habit learning and its relationship to the basal ganglia, emphasizing the need for formal definitions that will provide directions for future research.

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Behaviours that are repeated many times become governed by different regions of the brain, making them more resistant to change.
“Neuroscientists have also shown how behaviours which are repeated many times become governed by different regions of the brain, making them more resistant to change (Seger & Spiering, 2011).”
From Identifying the characteristics of effective teacher professional development: a critical review (2021) · cites this paper as Seger & Spiering, 2011
The review links continued practice to changes in basal-ganglia activity (Slow or incremental) and associates habitual action with different neural circuits and reduced flexibility (Conclusion; Inflexible). But the Conclusion presents a transfer of behavioral control across brain systems as one proposed account, not a demonstrated outcome for behaviours generally. The claim overstates how firmly the review establishes that repetition causes such a shift. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Experiential memory parallels human nondeclarative memory, specifically the procedural and habit systems.
“Theoretically grounded in cognitive science, this paradigm parallels human nondeclarative memory , specifically the procedural and habit systems (Squire, 2004; Seger and Spiering, 2011).”
From Memory in the Age of AI Agents (2025) · cites this paper as Seger and Spiering, 2011
The fast and involuntary character of habits renders them relatively impervious to cognitive and inhibitory control.
“The fast and involuntary character of habits, which require limited thought to be performed, renders them relatively impervious to cognitive and inhibitory control [10 -15].”
From Habit as a therapeutic component in psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomised controlled feasibility study. (2026) · cites this paper as [13]

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Authors: Seger, C. A., & Spiering, B. J.
Affiliations: Colorado State University (US)
Corresponding author: Seger, Carol A.
ORCID: Seger, Carol A.
Venue: Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2011
Volume: 5
Pages: 66-66
ISSN: 1662-5137 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00066
PMC: PMC3163829
OpenAlex: W2093599061
Cited by: 170
References: 95
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 6.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH079182)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: habit learning, basal ganglia, unconscious behavior, automatism, reinforcer devaluation, basal ganglia function

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A critical review of habit learning and the basal ganglia

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