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Cited by 147Psychedelics and Drug StudiesSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesReligion, Spirituality, and Psychology

Psychedelic harm reduction and integration: A transtheoretical model for clinical practice

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Gorman, Ingmar, Nielson, Elizabeth M., Molinar, Aja, Cassidy, Ksenia, Sabbagh, Jonathan·2021·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645246PMC PMC8008322
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Abstract

Psychedelic Harm Reduction and Integration (PHRI) is a transtheoretical and transdiagnostic clinical approach to working with patients who are using or considering using psychedelics in any context. The ongoing discussion of psychedelics in academic research and mainstream media, coupled with recent law enforcement deprioritization of psychedelics and compassionate use approvals for psychedelic-assisted therapy, make this model exceedingly timely. Given the prevalence of psychedelic use, the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, and the unique cultural and historical context in which psychedelics are placed, it is important that mental health providers have an understanding of the unique motivations, experiences, and needs of people who use them. PHRI incorporates elements of harm reduction psychotherapy and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, and can be applied in both brief and ongoing psychotherapy interactions. PHRI represents a shift away from assessment limited to untoward outcomes of psychedelic use and abstinence-based addiction treatment paradigms and toward a stance of compassionate, destigmatizing acceptance of patients' choices. Considerations for assessment, preparation, and working with difficult experiences are presented.

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  • This critical period is context-dependent and has been linked to the ability to induce social reward learning, psychological flexibility, cognitive reappraisal, and new patterns of behavior.

    “This critical period is context-dependent and has been linked to the ability to induce social reward learning, psychological flexibility, cognitive reappraisal and new patterns of behavior (46, 48, 49).”

    From Ayahuasca-assisted meaning reconstruction therapy for grief: a non-randomized clinical trial protocol (2025) · cites this paper as [48]

    In Integration > Working With Positive Experiences (Afterglow; page unavailable), the paper describes a possible post-psychedelic neuroplastic window associated with psychological flexibility and exploration of new behaviors and ways of thinking. It does not link that period to social reward learning or cognitive reappraisal, or explicitly describe the period as context-dependent. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Clare S. (2018). Cultivating inner growth: the inner healing intelligence in MDMA-assisted psychotherpay. MAPS Bull. 28, 30– 33. Available online at: https://maps.org/news/bulletin/articles/435-maps-bulletin-winter-2018-vol-28-no-3/7515-cultivating-inner-growth-the-inner-healing-intelligence-in-mdma-assisted-psychotherapy-winter-2018
  2. Mithoefer M. (2013). MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy: How Different is it From Other Psychotherapy. MAPS Bulletin Special Edition, Berkeley, CA: Springer, 10– 14.
  3. Taylor K. (2014). “Ethical caring in psychedelic work,” in Manifesting Minds: A Review of Psychedelics in Science, Medicine, Sex, and Spirituality, Vol. 136, eds Doblin R. Burge B. (Berkeley: North Atlantic Books).

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Authors
Gorman, I., Nielson, E. M., Molinar, A., Cassidy, K., & Sabbagh, J.
Affiliations
  • Fluent (United States) (US)
  • The New School (US)
Corresponding author
  • Gorman, Ingmar
  • Nielson, Elizabeth M.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-03-15
Volume
12
Pages
645246-645246
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645246
PMC
PMC8008322
OpenAlex
W3139397908
Cited by
147
References
147
Citations by year
2026: 28 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 5
FWCI
12.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Vlaamse regering
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Keywords
psychedelic integration, transtheoretical model, transdiagnostic approach, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelic use, compassionate use, psychedelic therapy, stigma reduction, patient assessment, mental health professionals

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