Awareness of knowledge or awareness of processing? Implications for sleep-related memory consolidation
Open accessAbstract
The present study assessed the effects of awareness at encoding on off-line learning during sleep. A new framework is suggested according to which two aspects of awareness are distinguished: awareness of task information, and awareness of task processing. The number reduction task (NRT) was employed because it has two levels of organization, an overt one based on explicit knowledge of task instructions, and a covert one based on hidden abstract regularities of task structure (implicit knowledge). Each level can be processed consciously (explicitly) or non-consciously (implicitly). Different performance parameters were defined to evaluate changes between two sessions for each of the four conditions of awareness arising from whether explicit or implicit task information was processed explicitly or implicitly. In two groups of subjects, the interval between the pre-sleep and post-sleep sessions was filled either with early-night sleep, rich in slow wave sleep (SWS), or late-night sleep, rich in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Results show that implicit processing of explicit information was improved in the post-sleep relative to the pre-sleep session only in the early-night group. Independently of sleep stage, changes between sessions occurred for explicit processing of implicit information only in those subjects who gained insight into the task regularity after sleep. It is concluded that SWS but not REM sleep specifically supports gains in computational skills for the processing of information that was accessible by consciousness before sleep.
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Gain of insight depends on occurrence of spindle activity during early SWS-rich nocturnal sleep.
“Subsequent studies of the same group specified that the gain of insight depended on the occurrence of spindle activity during early SWS-rich nocturnal sleep (1346 -1350).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1346]
The Results report that explicit insight into the hidden regularity did not differ significantly between the early, SWS-rich and late-night groups (31.04% versus 19.2%; p = 0.32). The Discussion likewise says that markers preceding explicit insight increased equally in both groups. The paper does not establish a dependence of insight on spindle activity during early sleep; its early-sleep finding concerns improvement in computational skills instead. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2012 · Cited by 2,783 · see citing works
Labile sleep promotes awareness of abstract knowledge in a serial reaction time task.
Kirov, R., Kolev, V., Verleger, R., & Yordanova, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01354 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Yordanova, J.
- Affiliations
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BG)
- Corresponding author
- Yordanova, Juliana
- ORCID
- Yordanova, Juliana
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 3
- Pages
- 40-40
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2779092
- OpenAlex
- W2056331339
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB654)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- sleep-dependent memory consolidation, awareness, explicit knowledge, tacit knowledge, slow-wave sleep, REM sleep, offline learning, implicit learning, computational skills, sleep timing
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