A Double-Edged Sword: Aneuploidy is a Prevalent Strategy in Fungal Adaptation
Open accessAbstract
Aneuploidy, a deviation from a balanced genome by either gain or loss of chromosomes, is generally associated with impaired fitness and developmental defects in eukaryotic organisms. While the general physiological impact of aneuploidy remains largely elusive, many phenotypes associated with aneuploidy link to a common theme of stress adaptation. Here, we review previously identified mechanisms and observations related to aneuploidy, focusing on the highly diverse eukaryotes, fungi. Fungi, which have conquered virtually all environments, including several hostile ecological niches, exhibit widespread aneuploidy and employ it as an adaptive strategy under severe stress. Gambling with the balance between genome plasticity and stability has its cost and in fact, most aneuploidies have fitness defects. How can this fitness defect be reconciled with the prevalence of aneuploidy in fungi? It is likely that the fitness cost of the extra chromosomes is outweighed by the advantage they confer under life-threatening stresses. In fact, once the selective pressures are withdrawn, aneuploidy is often lost and replaced by less drastic mutations that possibly incur a lower fitness cost. We discuss representative examples across hostile environments, including medically and industrially relevant cases, to highlight potential adaptive mechanisms in aneuploid yeast.
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Despite initial susceptibility to drug, heteroresistant subpopulations can expand during therapy, partially due to antifungal exposure, characterized as emergence of resistance-related genetic mutations, and clinically as relapse or progression of infection.
“Despite initial susceptibility to the drug, heteroresistant subpopulations can expand during therapy, partially due to antifungal exposure, characterized as the emergence of resistance-related genetic mutations, and clinically as relapse or progression of the infection [110,151,152,153].”
From Insight into the Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance of Antifungal Heteroresistance (2025) · cites this paper as [151]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe reversibility of aneuploidy offers a dynamic mechanism for fungi to balance adaptation and stability, in the population and for individuals.
“Importantly, its reversibility offers a dynamic mechanism for fungi to balance adaptation and stability, in the population and for individuals [151,155].”
From Insight into the Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance of Antifungal Heteroresistance (2025) · cites this paper as [151]
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The fitness costs and benefits of trisomy of each <i>Candida albicans</i> chromosome
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Tunicamycin Potentiates Antifungal Drug Tolerance via Aneuploidy in Candida albicans
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Insight into the Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance of Antifungal Heteroresistance
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“Importantly, its reversibility offers a dynamic mechanism for fungi to balance adaptation and stability, in the population and for individuals [151,155].”
- Authors
- Tsai, H.-J., & Nelliat, A.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tsai, Hung-Ji
- ORCID
- Tsai, Hung-Ji
- Venue
- Genes
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-10-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 787
- ISSN
- 2073-4425 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6826469
- OpenAlex
- W2979378156
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 0.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Genes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Harvard University
- Gustavus Adolphus College
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Microtubule and mitosis dynamics
- Keywords
- aneuploidy, fungi, stress adaptation, fitness cost, genome plasticity, genome stability, chromosome loss, chromosomal gains, adaptive evolution, environmental stress tolerance
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Aneuploidy, Fungi, Polymorphism, Genetic, Genome, Fungal, Ecosystem
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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