Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Etiology, Current Management, and Future Therapeutics
Open accessAbstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and metabolic disorder, typically characterized by anovulation, infertility, obesity, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovaries. Lifestyle or diet, environmental pollutants, genetics, gut dysbiosis, neuroendocrine alterations, and obesity are among the risk factors that predispose females to PCOS. These factors might contribute to upsurging metabolic syndrome by causing hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress, hyperandrogenism, impaired folliculogenesis, and irregular menstrual cycles. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota may play a pathogenic role in the development of PCOS. The restoration of gut microbiota by probiotics, prebiotics, or a fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) might serve as an innovative, efficient, and noninvasive way to prevent and mitigate PCOS. This review deliberates on the variety of risk factors potentially involved in the etiology, prevalence, and modulation of PCOS, in addition to plausible therapeutic interventions, including miRNA therapy and the eubiosis of gut microbiota, that may help treat and manage PCOS.
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Long-term use of estrogen-progestin-based ovulation-inducing drugs and androgen-lowering treatments carries a risk of endometrial cancer.
“Since the long-term use of estrogen-progestin-based ovulation-inducing drugs and androgen-lowering treatments carry a risk of endometrial cancer, and since weight loss and the effects on IR are often minimal, clinical approaches are now seeking therapies that can simultaneously address both reproductive hormone imbalances and disturbances in glucose metabolism17.”
From Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists on weight management and metabolic parameters in PCOS women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
The Introduction attributes increased endometrial-cancer risk to PCOS pathophysiology, not to long-term medication use. Sections 5.1 (Oral Contraceptives and Anti-Androgens) and 5.3 (Ovulation Inducers) describe these treatments but do not identify endometrial cancer as a treatment risk. The claim assigns the risk to the drugs instead of the condition. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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The Role of Lifestyle Interventions in PCOS Management: A Systematic Review
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- Authors
- Singh, S., Pal, N., Shubham, S., Sarma, D. K., Verma, V., Marotta, F., & Kumar, M.
- Affiliations
- ICMR National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (IN)
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- ReGenera R&D International for Aging Intervention, 20144 Milano, Lombardia, Italy
- Corresponding author
- Marotta, Francesco
- Kumar, Manoj
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-02-11
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1454
- ISSN
- 2077-0383 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9964744
- OpenAlex
- W4320494004
- Cited by
- 521
- References
- 157
- Citations by year
- 2026: 171 · 2025: 197 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 39
- FWCI
- 21.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Keywords
- polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS etiology, risk factors, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, anovulation, infertility, obesity, metabolic syndrome, gut dysbiosis, gut microbiota, probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, oxidative stress, miRNA-based therapy, PCOS management
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