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Astaxanthin: Sources, Extraction, Stability, Biological Activities and Its Commercial Applications—A Review

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Ambati, Ranga, Phang, Siew-Moi, Ravi, Sarada, Aswathanarayana, Ravishankar·2014·Marine Drugs
DOI 10.3390/md12010128
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Abstract

There is currently much interest in biological active compounds derived from natural resources, especially compounds that can efficiently act on molecular targets, which are involved in various diseases. Astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β, β′-carotene-4,4′-dione) is a xanthophyll carotenoid, contained in Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, Chlorococcum, and Phaffia rhodozyma. It accumulates up to 3.8% on the dry weight basis in H. pluvialis. Our recent published data on astaxanthin extraction, analysis, stability studies, and its biological activities results were added to this review paper. Based on our results and current literature, astaxanthin showed potential biological activity in in vitro and in vivo models. These studies emphasize the influence of astaxanthin and its beneficial effects on the metabolism in animals and humans. Bioavailability of astaxanthin in animals was enhanced after feeding Haematococcus biomass as a source of astaxanthin. Astaxanthin, used as a nutritional supplement, antioxidant and anticancer agent, prevents diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders, and also stimulates immunization. Astaxanthin products are used for commercial applications in the dosage forms as tablets, capsules, syrups, oils, soft gels, creams, biomass and granulated powders. Astaxanthin patent applications are available in food, feed and nutraceutical applications. The current review provides up-to-date information on astaxanthin sources, extraction, analysis, stability, biological activities, health benefits and special attention paid to its commercial applications.

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Cited by

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Metadata

Authors
Ambati, R., Phang, S.-M., Ravi, S., & Aswathanarayana, R.
Venue
Marine Drugs
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2014-01-07
Volume
12
Issue
1
Pages
128-152
ISSN
1660-3397 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/md12010128
OpenAlex
W1565527343
Cited by
1,974
References
9
FWCI
99.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor)

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Astaxanthin: Sources, Extraction, Stability, Biological Activities and Its Commercial Applications—A Review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/md12010128
The paper
Ambati, R., Phang, S.-M., Ravi, S., & Aswathanarayana, R. (2014). Astaxanthin: Sources, Extraction, Stability, Biological Activities and Its Commercial Applications—A Review. Marine Drugs. https://doi.org/10.3390/md12010128

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.