Dietary Patterns and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Updated Review Linking Nutrition to Neuroscience

Ellouze, Ines; Sheffler, Julia; Nagpal, Ravinder; Arjmandi, Bahram

doi:10.3390/nu15143204

Cited by 107Nutritional Studies and DietDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatments

Dietary Patterns and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Updated Review Linking Nutrition to Neuroscience

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Ellouze, Ines, Sheffler, Julia, Nagpal, Ravinder, Arjmandi, Bahram·2023·Nutrients

DOI 10.3390/nu15143204PMC PMC10384681

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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a growing concern for the aging population worldwide. With no current cure or reliable treatments available for AD, prevention is an important and growing area of research. A range of lifestyle and dietary patterns have been studied to identify the most effective preventive lifestyle changes against AD and related dementia (ADRD) pathology. Of these, the most studied dietary patterns are the Mediterranean, DASH, MIND, ketogenic, and modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diets. However, there are discrepancies in the reported benefits among studies examining these dietary patterns. We herein compile a narrative/literature review of existing clinical evidence on the association of these patterns with ADRD symptomology and contemplate their preventive/ameliorative effects on ADRD neuropathology in various clinical milieus. By and large, plant-based dietary patterns have been found to be relatively consistently and positively correlated with preventing and reducing the odds of ADRD. These impacts stem not only from the direct impact of specific dietary components within these patterns on the brain but also from indirect effects through decreasing the deleterious effects of ADRD risk factors, such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Importantly, other psychosocial factors influence dietary intake, such as the social connection, which may directly influence diet and lifestyle, thereby also impacting ADRD risk. To this end, prospective research on ADRD should include a holistic approach, including psychosocial considerations.

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Sedentary lifestyles and bad dietary habits, such as consuming large amounts of carbs and saturated fats, are connected to increased AD risk.
“Furthermore, sedentary lifestyles and bad dietary habits, such as consuming large amounts of carbs and saturated fats, have been connected to an increased risk [54,55,56,57].”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [56]

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Adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern, cognitive status and depressive symptoms in an elderly non-institutionalized population
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“A priori” Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Function in the SUN Project
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Prospective association between adherence to the MIND diet and subjective memory complaints in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort
Adjibade, M., Assmann, K. E., Julia, C., Galan, P., Herçberg, S., & Kesse‐Guyot, E. (2019) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-019-09218-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Lifestyle and Neurocognition in Older Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cognitive Impairment
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Adherence to Dietary Patterns and Risk of Incident Dementia: Findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
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Etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
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Adherence to the Mediterranean and MIND diets is associated with better cognition in healthy seniors but not in MCI or AD
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Risk of incident clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease–type dementia attributable to pathology‐confirmed vascular disease
Dodge, H. H., Zhu, J. Y., Woltjer, R. L., Nelson, P. T., Bennett, D. A., Cairns, N. J., Fardo, D. W., Kaye, J. A., Erten‐Lyons, D., Mattek, N., et al. (2016) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.11.003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
DASH diet adherence and cognitive function: Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis
Daniel, G. D., Chen, H., Bertoni, A. G., Rapp, S. R., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Luchsinger, J. A., Wood, A. C., Hughes, T. M., Burke, G. L., & Hayden, K. M. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.10.004 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Effect of a Vegan Diet on Alzheimer’s Disease
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What Do We Know about Social and Non-Social Factors Influencing the Pathway from Cognitive Health to Dementia? A Systematic Review of Reviews
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Higher Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Is Associated With Preserved White Matter Integrity and Altered Structural Connectivity
Rodrigues, B., Coelho, A., Portugal‐Nunes, C., Magalhães, R. J. D. S., Moreira, P. S., Castanho, T. C., Amorim, L., Marques, P., Soares, J. M., Sousa, N., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00786 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Taiwanese Vegetarians Are Associated with Lower Dementia Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study
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MIND Diet and Cognitive Function in Puerto Rican Older Adults
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Healthy Food Pyramid as Well as Physical and Mental Activity in the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease
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Changes in Adiposity and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers Following a Modified Mediterranean Ketogenic Diet in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease
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Mediterranean diet and structural neuroimaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's and cerebrovascular disease: A systematic review
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Social life characteristics in relation to adherence to the Mediterranean diet in older adults: findings from the Hellenic Longitudinal Investigation of Aging and Diet (HELIAD) study
Mamalaki, E., Anastasiou, C. A., Kosmidis, M. H., Dardiotis, E., Hadjigeorgiou, G. M., Sakka, P., Scarmeas, N., & Yannakoulia, M. (2019) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980019002350 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mediterranean Diet and White Matter Hyperintensity Change over Time in Cognitively Intact Adults
Song, S., Gaynor, A. M., Cruz, E., Lee, S., Gazes, Y., Habeck, C. G., Stern, Y., & Gu, Y. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14173664 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Function among Older Adults: The Adventist Health Study-2
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Association of adherence to high-intensity physical activity and the Mediterranean-dietary approaches to stop hypertension intervention for neurodegenerative delay diet with cognition: A cross-sectional study
Ahn, S., Lingerfelt, C. N., Lee, C. E., Lee, J., Raynor, H. A., & Anderson, J. G. (2022) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104243 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Association between sugar and starch intakes and type 2 diabetes risk in middle-aged adults in a prospective cohort study
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The Economic Cost of Diet and Its Association with Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in a Cohort of Spanish Primary Schoolchildren
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Eat for better cognition in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease
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Effects of dietary intervention on human diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Xiao, Y.-L., Gong, Y., Qi, Y.-J., Shao, Z., & Jiang, Y.-Z. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01771-x · Cited by 212 · see citing works
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Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
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Early- and Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
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Tea, coffee, and caffeine intake and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
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Carotenoid Supplementation for Alleviating the Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease
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Red Blood Cell Fatty Acid Profiles Are Significantly Altered in South Australian Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease Cases Compared to Matched Controls
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Dementia
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Dietary patterns and cardiorespiratory fitness in midlife and subsequent all-cause dementia: findings from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study
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Association between the DASH diet and Alzheimer’s disease in a case-control study
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Environmental Stressors and Neuroinflammation: Linking Climate Change to Alzheimer’s Disease
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Improvement of measured and perceived disability in overweight patients with Multiple Sclerosis trough different patterns of Mediterranean hypocaloric diet
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Building healthcare capacity for neurodegenerative disease management in Nigeria: Challenges and opportunities
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Association of dietary diversity, genetic susceptibility, and the risk of incident dementia: A prospective cohort study
Zhao, B., Cheng, B., Li, X., Xia, J., Gou, Y., Kang, M., Hui, J., Liu, Y., Zhou, R., Liu, C., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tjpad.2025.100078 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Plant Soup Formulations Show Cholinesterase Inhibition Potential in the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease
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Multispectral analysis and molecular docking simulation of the inhibition mechanism of dietary anthocyanins on acetylcholinesterase
Wang, N., Zhao, M., Li, Y., Xue, H.-Y., Si, X., Shu, C., Zhou, Y., Yang, B.-R., Makarov, S. S., Chudetsky, A. I., et al. (2025) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2025.107136 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Validation of a MIND diet screener in older adults
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Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet and brain health: a systematic review
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Dietary factors and Alzheimer’s disease risk: a Mendelian randomization study
Meng, Q., Chen, C., Zhu, M., & Huang, Y. (2024) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-024-01821-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The effect of dietary interventions on peripheral markers of inflammation among people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Pingel, W. R., Titcomb, T. J., Saxby, S. M., Arsalandeh, F., Salari-Moghaddam, A., Mangalam, A. K., Snetselaar, L. G., Wahls, T. L., & Shemirani, F. (2025) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2025.106913 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The effects of diet quality, eating behavior, and sleep on the academic performance among elementary school students
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The Neuroprotective Potential of Polyphenols in Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Effects of lauric acid on cognitive impairment in a scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s disease-like rat model
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Dietary changes following a lifestyle-based intervention for dementia risk reduction – results from the AgeWell.de study
Zülke, A. E., Blotenberg, I., Luppa, M., Löbner, M., Döhring, J., Williamson, M., Kosilek, R. P., Michel, I., Oey, A., Brettschneider, C., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03563-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of all cell types in the brain of 5xFAD Alzheimer mice in response to dietary inulin supplementation
Wang, X., Zhang, H.-Y., Wan, Z., Li, X., Ibáñez, C. F., & Xie, M. (2025) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-025-02230-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Neem Leaf Supplement Ameliorates Depressive Like Behaviour in Alzheimer’s Disease Model in Adult Male Wistar Rats
Memudu, A. E., Anzaku, F. A., Jibaniya, G. M., & Adanike, R. P. (2024) · Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i1245 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Psychologists’ Role in Promoting Brain Health Equity in an Aging and Increasingly Diverse Society
Dotson, V. M., & Levy, S.-A. T. (2024) · Journal of Health Service Psychology · doi:10.1007/s42843-024-00112-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sex differences in the confounders influencing the relationships linking socioeconomic factors and cognitive performance with family history of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias
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Authors: Ellouze, I., Sheffler, J., Nagpal, R., & Arjmandi, B.
Affiliations: Department of Plant Biotechnology, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja 382, Tunisia
Florida State University (US)
Corresponding author: Nagpal, Ravinder
Arjmandi, Bahram
ORCID: Ellouze, Ines
Sheffler, Julia
Nagpal, Ravinder
Arjmandi, Bahram
Venue: Nutrients
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2023-07-19
Volume: 15
Issue: 14
Pages: 3204
ISSN: 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/nu15143204
PMC: PMC10384681
OpenAlex: W4384829115
Cited by: 104
References: 187
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 3
FWCI: 5.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: the Fulbright Visiting Scholar (U54CA267730-02)
the National Institutes of Health (NIH) FIRST (U54CA267730-02)
the Office of the Director, NIH (NCI) (U54CA267730-02)
Florida State University (FSU) (U54CA267730-02)
FSU Council on Research & Creativity (U54CA267730-02)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, dietary habits, Mediterranean diet, DASH diet, MIND diet, ketogenic diet, plant-based diet, dementia prevention, neuropathology, diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular disease, social connectedness, psychosocial factors, nutrition and brain health
MeSH terms: Aged, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Diet, Humans, Nutritional Status, Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Dietary Patterns and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Updated Review Linking Nutrition to Neuroscience

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