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The Importance of Respiratory Rate Monitoring: From Healthcare to Sport and Exercise

Nicolò, Andrea, Massaroni, Carlo, Schena, Emiliano, Sacchetti, Massimo·2020·Sensors
DOI 10.3390/s20216396PMC PMC7665156
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Abstract

Respiratory rate is a fundamental vital sign that is sensitive to different pathological conditions (e.g., adverse cardiac events, pneumonia, and clinical deterioration) and stressors, including emotional stress, cognitive load, heat, cold, physical effort, and exercise-induced fatigue. The sensitivity of respiratory rate to these conditions is superior compared to that of most of the other vital signs, and the abundance of suitable technological solutions measuring respiratory rate has important implications for healthcare, occupational settings, and sport. However, respiratory rate is still too often not routinely monitored in these fields of use. This review presents a multidisciplinary approach to respiratory monitoring, with the aim to improve the development and efficacy of respiratory monitoring services. We have identified thirteen monitoring goals where the use of the respiratory rate is invaluable, and for each of them we have described suitable sensors and techniques to monitor respiratory rate in specific measurement scenarios. We have also provided a physiological rationale corroborating the importance of respiratory rate monitoring and an original multidisciplinary framework for the development of respiratory monitoring services. This review is expected to advance the field of respiratory monitoring and favor synergies between different disciplines to accomplish this goal.

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  • The respiratory rate has been used to monitor different pathological conditions and stressors, including emotional stress, cognitive load, heat and cold.

    “The respiratory rate has been used to monitor different pathological conditions and stressors, including emotional stress, cognitive load, heat and cold [103,104].”

    From Therapy Dog Welfare Revisited: A Review of the Literature (2021) · cites this paper as [103]

  • Emotions affect ventilation and the respiratory rate increases, for instance, with experimentally-induced anticipatory anxiety.

    “Emotions affect ventilation and the respiratory rate increases, for instance, with experimentally-induced anticipatory anxiety [103].”

    From Therapy Dog Welfare Revisited: A Review of the Literature (2021) · cites this paper as [103]

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Metadata

Authors
Nicolò, A., Massaroni, C., Schena, E., & Sacchetti, M.
Affiliations
  • Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
  • Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
ORCID
Venue
Sensors
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-11-09
Volume
20
Issue
21
Pages
6396
ISSN
1424-8220
DOI
10.3390/s20216396
PMC
PMC7665156
Cited by
440
References
21
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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