Neural substrates of individual differences in human fear learning: Evidence from concurrent fMRI, fear-potentiated startle, and US-expectancy data
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To provide insight into individual differences in fear learning, we examined the emotional and cognitive expressions of discriminative fear conditioning in direct relation to its neural substrates. Contrary to previous behavioral-neural (fMRI) research on fear learning--in which the emotional expression of fear was generally indexed by skin conductance--we used fear-potentiated startle, a more reliable and specific index of fear. While we obtained concurrent fear-potentiated startle, neuroimaging (fMRI), and US-expectancy data, healthy participants underwent a fear-conditioning paradigm in which one of two conditioned stimuli (CS(+) but not CS(-)) was paired with a shock (unconditioned stimulus [US]). Fear learning was evident from the differential expressions of fear (CS(+) > CS(-)) at both the behavioral level (startle potentiation and US expectancy) and the neural level (in amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and insula). We examined individual differences in discriminative fear conditioning by classifying participants (as conditionable vs. unconditionable) according to whether they showed successful differential startle potentiation. This revealed that the individual differences in the emotional expression of discriminative fear learning (startle potentiation) were reflected in differential amygdala activation, regardless of the cognitive expression of fear learning (CS-US contingency or hippocampal activation). Our study provides the first evidence for the potential of examining startle potentiation in concurrent fMRI research on fear learning.
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Processing of the CS- is not a passive condition; it places specific demands on learning, attentional and cognitive evaluative processes.
“First, processing of CSis not a passive condition; it places specific demands on learning, attentional and cognitive evaluative processes.40”
From Neural signatures of human fear conditioning: an updated and extended meta-analysis of fMRI studies (2016) · cites this paper as [40]
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- Authors
- van Well, S., Visser, R. M., Scholte, H. S., & Kindt, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kindt, Merel
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-03-27
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 499-512
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- PMC
- PMC3400034
- OpenAlex
- W2138621122
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- fear learning, individual differences, fear-potentiated startle, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, insula
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Amygdala, Anxiety, Brain Mapping, Conditioning, Classical, Fear, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Individuality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reflex, Startle
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