Brain Structure Correlates of Individual Differences in the Acquisition and Inhibition of Conditioned Fear
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Research employing aversive conditioning paradigms has elucidated the neurocircuitry involved in acquiring and diminishing fear responses. However, the factors underlying individual differences in fear acquisition and inhibition are not presently well understood. In this study, we explored whether the magnitude of individuals' acquired fear responses and the modulation of these responses via 2 fear reduction methods were correlated with structural differences in brain regions involved in affective processing. Physiological and structural magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained from experiments exploring extinction retention and intentional cognitive regulation. Our results identified 2 regions in which individual variation in brain structure correlated with subjects' fear-related arousal. Confirming previous results, increased thickness in ventromedial prefrontal cortex was correlated with the degree of extinction retention. Additionally, subjects with greater thickness in the posterior insula exhibited larger conditioned responses during acquisition. The data suggest a trend toward a negative correlation between amygdala volume and fear acquisition magnitude. There was no significant correlation between fear reduction via cognitive regulation and thickness in our prefrontal regions of interest. Acquisition and regulation measures were uncorrelated, suggesting that while certain individuals may have a propensity toward increased expression of conditioned fear, these responses can be diminished via both extinction and cognitive regulation.
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Only one study has examined brain morphometry in relation to cognitive reappraisal task performance, and it did not find a relationship between success of reappraisal and dlPFC, vlPFC, or vmPFC cortical thickness.
“To our knowledge, only one study has examined brain morphometry in relation to cognitive reappraisal task performance [97] and this study did not find a relationship between success of reappraisal and dlPFC, vlPFC, or vmPFC cortical thickness.”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) report no significant relationship between reduction of conditioned fear through intentional cognitive regulation and cortical thickness in the prefrontal regions of interest. The Regions of Interest section identifies vmPFC and dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal areas. The Conditioning Paradigm section describes the task as associating colored fear cues with calming mental images, rather than explicitly identifying it as a cognitive reappraisal task; the paper also does not establish that it was the only such morphometry study. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Acute stress impairs the retrieval of extinction memory in humans
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Self-citationStructural evidence for involvement of a left amygdala-orbitofrontal network in subclinical anxiety
Blackmon, K., Barr, W. B., Carlson, C., Devinsky, O., DuBois, J., Pogash, D., Quinn, B. T., Kuzniecky, R., Halgren, E., & Thesen, T. (2011) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.05.007 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Amygdala-Prefrontal Synchronization Underlies Resistance to Extinction of Aversive Memories
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Sensitive periods in affective development: nonlinear maturation of fear learning
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Self-citationMedial prefrontal pathways for the contextual regulation of extinguished fear in humans
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“with the magnitude of extinction retention (Hartley et al., 2011; Milad et al., 2005, 2007; Phelps et al., 2004).”
Controllability Modulates the Anticipatory Response in the Human Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
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- Authors
- Hartley, C. A., Fischl, B., & Phelps, E. A.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-01-24
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1954-1962
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC3155599
- OpenAlex
- W2127438603
- Semantic Scholar
- a44abf04c655e9f86b575ecf210b88e9baa366c4
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Ellison Medical Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (BIRN002, RR14075, EB005149)
- National Institute on Aging (AG02238)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH072279, MH072279)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS052585)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB001550, R01EB006758, U54EB005149)
- National Center for Research Resources (BIRN002, U24 RR021382, P41-RR-14075, RR 14075, U24RR021382, R01 RR1659401A1, R01-RR16594, P41RR014075, BIRN002, R01RR016594)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- fear conditioning, fear extinction, individual differences, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, posterior insula, amygdala volume, fear acquisition, cortical thickness, emotional processing, fear reduction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition, Conditioning, Psychological, Electroshock, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Individuality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Photic Stimulation, Cluster Analysis, Young Adult
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