Amygdala and hippocampal activity during acquisition and extinction of human fear conditioning
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Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have characterized brain systems involved in conditional response acquisition during Pavlovian fear conditioning. However, the functional neuroanatomy underlying the extinction of human conditional fear remains largely undetermined. The present study used fMRI to examine brain activity during acquisition and extinction of fear conditioning. During the acquisition phase, participants were either exposed to light (CS) presentations that signaled a brief electrical stimulation (paired group) or received light presentations that did not serve as a warning signal (control group). During the extinction phase, half of the paired group subjects continued to receive the same treatment, whereas the remainder received light alone. Control subjects also received light alone during the extinction phase. Changes in metabolic activity within the amygdala and hippocampus support the involvement of these regions in each of the procedural phases of fear conditioning. Hippocampal activity developed during acquisition of the fear response. Amygdala activity increased whenever experimental contingencies were altered, suggesting that this region is involved in processing changes in environmental relationships. The present data show learning-related amygdala and hippocampal activity during human Pavlovian fear conditioning and suggest that the amygdala is particularly important for forming new associations as relationships between stimuli change.
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Human imaging studies have been less consistent with finding changes in BOLD signal in the amygdala during extinction.
“Human imaging studies, however, have been less consistent with finding changes in BOLD signal in the amygdala during extinction [76, 88, 90, 95, 105].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [105]
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“…regions have repeatedly been shown to be activated by de-novo fear conditioning (Alvarez et al., 2008; LaBar et al., 1998), extinction learning for such conditioning (Knight et al., 2004; Phelps et al., 2004) and recall of memory for that extinction (Kalisch et al., 2006; Milad et al., 2007).”
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- Authors
- Knight, D. C., Smith, C. N., Cheng, D. T., Stein, E. A., & Helmstetter, F. J.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US)
- Corresponding author
- Helmstetter, Fred J.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 317-325
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- OpenAlex
- W1976774603
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 6.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- James S. McDonnell Foundation
- Medical College of Wisconsin (M01 RR00058)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH060668, MH50864, R01MH050864, F31MH011722, MH11722)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA009465, DA 09465)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR00058, M01RR000058)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- fear conditioning, fear extinction, amygdala, hippocampus, fear acquisition, conditioned stimulus, brain activity, associative learning
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Amygdala, Association Learning, Brain Mapping, Conditioning, Classical, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reference Values
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