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Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refeeding: the Minnesota Starvation Experiment revisited
Abstract
Background Adaptive thermogenesis (AT) is the fat-free mass (FFM)-independent reduction of resting energy expenditure (REE) to caloric restriction (CR). AT attenuates weight loss and favors weight regain. Its variance, dynamics, and control remain obscure. Objectives Our aims were to address the variance and kinetics of AT, its associations with body composition in the context of endocrine determinants, and its effect on weight regain. Design Thirty-two nonobese men underwent sequential overfeeding (1 wk at +50% of energy needs), CR (3 wk at -50% of energy needs), and refeeding (2 wk at +50% of energy needs). AT and its determinants were measured together with body composition as assessed with the use of quantitative magnetic resonance, whole-body MRI, isotope dilution, and nitrogen and fluid balances. Results Changes in body weight were +1.8 kg (overfeeding), -6.0 kg (CR), and +3.5 kg (refeeding). CR reduced fat mass and FFM by 114 and 159 g/d, respectively. Within FFM, skeletal muscle (-5%), liver (-13%), and kidneys (-8%) decreased. CR also led to reductions in REE (-266 kcal/d), respiratory quotient (-15%), heart rate (-14%), blood pressure (-7%), creatinine clearance (-12%), energy cost of walking (-22%), activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (-38%), and plasma leptin (-44%), insulin (-54%), adiponectin (-49%), 3,5,3'-tri-iodo-thyronine (T3) (-39%), and testosterone (-11%). AT was 108 kcal/d or 48% of the decrease in REE. Changes in FFM composition explained 3…
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Muller et al. reported a 22% reduction in the energy cost of walking after a 6-kg reduction in body weight.
“Along similar lines, Muller et al. [178] reported a 22% reduction in the energy cost of walking after a 6-kg reduction in body weight.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: diets for body weight reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [178]
Early changes in non-resting energy expenditure have not been investigated, and data are available after 3 weeks of semistarvation only.
“Up to now, early changes in nREE have not been investigated, and data are available after 3 weeks of semistarvation only [23].”
From Changes in energy expenditure with weight gain and weight loss in humans (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Müller, M. J., Enderle, J., Pourhassan, M., Braun, W., Eggeling, B., Lagerpusch, M., Glüer, C.-C., Kehayias, J. J., Kiosz, D., & Bosy-Westphal, A.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 807-819
- ISSN
- 0002-9165
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 10
- Language
- en
- Licence
- Funders
- German Ministry for Research and Technology (01EA1336)
- German Research Foundation (3296/1-1)
- BMBF Kompetenznetz Adipositas, Core Domain (01GI1125)
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