Branched-Chain Amino Acids (Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine) and Skeletal Muscle

mTOR Signaling in Growth Control and Disease

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A branched-chain amino acid-related metabolic signature that differentiates obese and lean humans and contributes to insulin resistance

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Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes

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Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group

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Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signalling and insulin resistance

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Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion

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Sestrin2 is a leucine sensor for the mTORC1 pathway

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Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle

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Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans

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Interplay between lipids and branched-chain amino acids in development of insulin resistance

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Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism

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Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men

Tang, J. E., Moore, D. R., Kujbida, G. W., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009 · Cited by 998 · see citing works

A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly

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Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis

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Plasma Amino Acid Levels and Insulin Secretion in Obesity

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Leucine. A possible regulator of protein turnover in muscle.

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Effects of a Vitamin D and Leucine-Enriched Whey Protein Nutritional Supplement on Measures of Sarcopenia in Older Adults, the PROVIDE Study: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Bauer, J. M., Verlaan, S., Bautmans, I., Brandt, K., Donini, L. M., Maggio, M., McMurdo, M. E. T., Mets, T., Seal, C., Wijers, S. L., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2015.05.021 · Cited by 670 · see citing works

Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men

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Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage

Wilkinson, S. B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., MacDonald, M. J., MacDonald, J. R., Armstrong, D., & Phillips, S. M. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1031 · Cited by 530 · see citing works

The Sestrins Interact with GATOR2 to Negatively Regulate the Amino-Acid-Sensing Pathway Upstream of mTORC1

Chantranupong, L., Wolfson, R. L., Orozco, J. M., Saxton, R. A., Scaria, S. M., Bar-Peled, L., Spooner, E., Isasa, M., Gygi, S. P., & Sabatini, D. M. (2014) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.014 · Cited by 466 · see citing works

Structural basis for leucine sensing by the Sestrin2-mTORC1 pathway

Saxton, R. A., Knockenhauer, K. E., Wolfson, R. L., Chantranupong, L., Pacold, M. E., Wang, T., Schwartz, T. U., & Sabatini, D. M. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad2087 · Cited by 457 · see citing works

Protein Supplementation Improves Physical Performance in Frail Elderly People: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Tieland, M., van de Rest, O., Dirks, M. L., van der Zwaluw, N., Mensink, M., van Loon, L. J. C., & de Groot, L. C. P. G. M. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.07.005 · Cited by 446 · see citing works

Oral amino acids stimulate muscle protein anabolism in the elderly despite higher first-pass splanchnic extraction

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Leucine supplementation improves muscle protein synthesis in elderly men independently of hyperaminoacidaemia

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Exercise training and protein metabolism: influences of contraction, protein intake, and sex-based differences

Burd, N. A., Tang, J. E., Moore, D. R., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91351.2008 · Cited by 390 · see citing works

Splanchnic and whole-body leucine kinetics in young and elderly men

Boirie, Y., Gachon, P., & Beaufrère, B. (1997) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.2.489 · Cited by 353 · see citing works

Aging is accompanied by a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion

Wall, B. T., Gorissen, S. H., Pennings, B., Koopman, R., Groen, B. B. L., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140903 · Cited by 352 · see citing works

Enhanced Amino Acid Sensitivity of Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Persists for up to 24 h after Resistance Exercise in Young Men1–3

Burd, N. A., West, D. W. D., Moore, D. R., Atherton, P. J., Staples, A. W., Prior, T., Tang, J. E., Rennie, M. J., Baker, S. K., & Phillips, S. M. (2011) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.135038 · Cited by 325 · see citing works

Distinct anabolic signalling responses to amino acids in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells

Atherton, P. J., Smith, K., Etheridge, T., Rankin, D., & Rennie, M. J. (2010) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-009-0377-x · Cited by 323 · see citing works

Dietary protein intake in community-dwelling, frail, and institutionalized elderly people: scope for improvement

Tieland, M., Borgonjen-Van den Berg, K. J., van Loon, L. J. C., & de Groot, L. C. P. G. M. (2012) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-011-0203-6 · Cited by 297 · see citing works

Long-term leucine supplementation does not increase muscle mass or strength in healthy elderly men.

Verhoeven, S., Vanschoonbeek, K., Verdijk, L., Koopman, R., Wodzig, W., Dendale, P., & van Loon, L. V. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26668 · Cited by 286 · see citing works

Myofibrillar protein synthesis following ingestion of soy protein isolate at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men

Yang, Y., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Burd, N. A., Breen, L., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-57 · Cited by 286 · see citing works

Greater stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with ingestion of whey protein isolate <i>v.</i> micellar casein at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men

Burd, N. A., Yang, Y., Moore, D. R., Tang, J. E., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511006271 · Cited by 276 · see citing works

A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial

Verreijen, A. M., Verlaan, S., Engberink, M. F., Swinkels, S., de Vogel-van den Bosch, J., & Weijs, P. J. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.090290 · Cited by 237 · see citing works

An increase in essential amino acid availability upregulates amino acid transporter expression in human skeletal muscle.

Drummond, M., Glynn, E., Fry, C., Timmerman, K., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00690.2009 · Cited by 231 · see citing works

Ingestion of wheat protein increases in vivo muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men in a randomized trial

Gorissen, S. H., Horstman, A. M., Franssen, R., Crombag, J. J., Langer, H., Bierau, J., Respondek, F., & van Loon, L. J. (2016) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.231340 · Cited by 221 · see citing works

Leucine co-ingestion improves post-prandial muscle protein accretion in elderly men

Wall, B. T., Hamer, H. M., de Lange, A., Kiskini, A., Groen, B. B. L., Senden, J. M. G., Gijsen, A. P., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2013) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.09.002 · Cited by 220 · see citing works

Leucine supplementation chronically improves muscle protein synthesis in older adults consuming the RDA for protein

Casperson, S. L., Sheffield‐Moore, M., Hewlings, S. J., & Paddon‐Jones, D. (2012) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.01.005 · Cited by 187 · see citing works

Insulin Stimulates Human Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis via an Indirect Mechanism Involving Endothelial-Dependent Vasodilation and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling

Timmerman, K. L., Lee, J. L., Dreyer, H. C., Dhanani, S., Glynn, E. L., Fry, C. S., Drummond, M. J., Sheffield‐Moore, M., Rasmussen, B. B., & Volpi, E. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2696 · Cited by 180 · see citing works

The leucine content of a complete meal directs peak activation but not duration of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in rats

Norton, L. E., Layman, D. K., Bunpo, P., Anthony, T. G., Brana, D. V., & Garlick, P. J. (2009) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.108.103853 · Cited by 178 · see citing works

Supraphysiological hyperinsulinaemia is necessary to stimulate skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older adults: evidence of a true age-related insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism

Fujita, S., Glynn, E. L., Timmerman, K. L., Rasmussen, B. B., & Volpi, E. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1430-8 · Cited by 164 · see citing works

Prolonged Leucine Supplementation Does Not Augment Muscle Mass or Affect Glycemic Control in Elderly Type 2 Diabetic Men

Leenders, M., Verdijk, L. B., van der Hoeven, L., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Hartgens, F., Wodzig, W. K. W. H., Saris, W. H. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.111.138495 · Cited by 159 · see citing works

Indicator amino acid oxidation: concept and application.

Elango, R., Ball, R., & Pencharz, P. (2008) · Journal of NutriLife · doi:10.1093/jn/138.2.243 · Cited by 153 · see citing works

Pharmacological Vasodilation Improves Insulin-Stimulated Muscle Protein Anabolism but Not Glucose Utilization in Older Adults

Timmerman, K. L., Lee, J. L., Fujita, S., Dhanani, S., Dreyer, H. C., Fry, C. S., Drummond, M. J., Sheffield-Moore, M., Rasmussen, B. B., & Volpi, E. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0415 · Cited by 149 · see citing works

Carbohydrate coingestion delays dietary protein digestion and absorption but does not modulate postprandial muscle protein accretion.

Gorissen, S., Burd, N., Hamer, H., Gijsen, A., Groen, B. B. L., & van Loon, L. V. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-3970 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Leucine supplementation enhances integrative myofibrillar protein synthesis in free-living older men consuming lower- and higher-protein diets: a parallel-group crossover study

Murphy, C. H., Saddler, N. I., Devries, M. C., McGlory, C., Baker, S. K., & Phillips, S. M. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.136424 · Cited by 133 · see citing works

Leucine content of dietary proteins is a determinant of postprandial skeletal muscle protein synthesis in adult rats

Norton, L. E., Wilson, G. J., Layman, D. K., Moulton, C. J., & Garlick, P. J. (2012) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-67 · Cited by 126 · see citing works

Nutrient-rich meat proteins in offsetting age-related muscle loss

Phillips, S. M. (2012) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.04.027 · Cited by 122 · see citing works

Leucine as a pharmaconutrient to prevent and treat sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes

Leenders, M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2011) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00443.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works

The Total Branched-Chain Amino Acid Requirement in Young Healthy Adult Men Determined by Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation by Use of l-[1-13C]Phenylalanine

Riazi, R., Wykes, L., Ball, R. O., & Pencharz, P. B. (2003) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.5.1383 · Cited by 105 · see citing works

Effect of Intake of Different Dietary Protein Sources on Plasma Amino Acid Profiles at Rest and after Exercise

Burke, L. M., Winter, J. A., Cameron‐Smith, D., Enslen, M., Farnfield, M. M., & Décombaz, J. (2012) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.6.452 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Branched-Chain Amino Acid Requirements in School-Aged Children Determined by Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation (IAAO)

Mager, D. R., Wykes, L., Ball, R. O., & Pencharz, P. B. (2003) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.11.3540 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults

Backx, E. M. P., Tieland, M., Borgonjen-van den Berg, K. J., Claessen, P. R., van Loon, L. J. C., & de Groot, L. C. P. G. M. (2016) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.182 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Determination of the Tolerable upper Intake Level of leucine in Acute men

Pencharz, P. B., Elango, R., & Ball, R. O. (2012) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.160259 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Co-ingesting milk fat with micellar casein does not affect postprandial protein handling in healthy older men

Gorissen, S. H. M., Burd, N. A., Kramer, I. F., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Gijsen, A. P., Rooyackers, O., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2015) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.12.011 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Determination of the tolerable upper intake level of leucine in acute dietary studies in young men

Elango, R., Chapman, K., Rafii, M., Ball, R. O., & Pencharz, P. B. (2012) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.024471 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Leucine does not affect mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 assembly but is required for maximal ribosomal protein s6 kinase 1 activity in human skeletal muscle following resistance exercise

Apró, W., Moberg, M., Hamilton, D. L., Ekblom, B., Rooyackers, O., Holmberg, H., & Blomstrand, E. (2015) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.15-273474 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) powder as a novel baking ingredient for manufacturing high-protein, mineral-dense snacks

Roncolini, A., Milanović, V., Aquilanti, L., Cardinali, F., Garofalo, C., Sabbatini, R., Clementi, F., Belleggia, L., Pasquini, M., Mozzon, M., et al. (2020) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109031 · Cited by 115 · see citing works

The effects of branched-chain amino acids on muscle protein synthesis, muscle protein breakdown and associated molecular signalling responses in humans: an update

Kaspy, M. S., Hannaian, S. J., Bell, Z. W., & Churchward‐Venne, T. A. (2023) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422423000197 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Microalgae-mediated wastewater treatment for biofuels production: A comprehensive review

Ali, S. S., El-Sheekh, M. M., Manni, A., Ruíz, H. A., Elsamahy, T., Sun, J., & Schagerl, M. (2022) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2022.127187 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Attenuating Muscle Damage Biomarkers and Muscle Soreness After an Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage with Branched-Chain Amino Acid (BCAA) Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis with Meta-regression

Salem, A., Maaoui, K. B., Jahrami, H., AlMarzooqi, M. A., Boukhris, O. F., Messai, B., Clark, C. C. T., Glenn, J. M., Ghazzaoui, H. A., Bragazzi, N. L., et al. (2024) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-024-00686-9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Does Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) Supplementation Attenuate Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness after Resistance Exercise in Trained Males? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Khemtong, C., Kuo, C., Chen, C., Jaime, S. J., & Condello, G. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061880 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Elucidating the underlying mechanism of amino acids to regulate muscle protein synthesis: Effect on human health

Lv, X., Zhou, C., Yan, Q., Tan, Z., Kang, J., & Tang, S. (2022) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2022.111797 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Ancient Wheat Species: Biochemical Profile and Impact on Sourdough Bread Characteristics—A Review

Șerban, L. R., Păucean, A., Simona, M. A. N., Chiș, M. S., & Mureşan, V. (2021) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr9112008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Dietary oxidized fish oil negatively affected the feed utilization, health status and fillet quality of juvenile Amur sturgeon, A. schrenckii

Yu, H., Ren, Y., Wei, H., Xing, W., Xu, G., Li, T., Xue, M., & Luo, L. (2021) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737290 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Higher Branched-Chain Amino Acid Intake Is Associated with Handgrip Strength among Korean Older Adults

Park, S., Chae, M., Park, H., & Park, K. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051522 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

A Narrative Review on the Impact of Probiotic Supplementation on Muscle Development, Metabolic Regulation, and Fiber Traits Related to Meat Quality in Broiler Chickens

Herich, R., Szabóová, R., Karaffová, V., Racines, M. P., Šefcová, M. A., & Larrea-Álvarez, M. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13040784 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Neuroprotective Properties of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): State of the Art and Future Pharmaceutical Applications for Alzheimer’s Disease

Sargsyan, T. H., Simonyan, H. M., Stepanyan, L., Tsaturyan, A., Vicidomini, C., Pastore, R., Guerra, G., & Roviello, G. N. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15030452 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Improving the Microbial Production of Amino Acids: From Conventional Approaches to Recent Trends

Zhang, G., Ren, X., Liang, X., Wang, Y., Feng, D., Zhang, Y., Xian, M., & Zou, H. (2021) · Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12257-020-0390-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Chemical Properties of Whey Protein in Protein Powders and Its Impact on Muscle Growth in Athletes: A Review

Tang, C., Xi, T., Zheng, J., & Cui, X. (2025) · Natural Product Communications · doi:10.1177/1934578x251326124 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Effects of Milk Protein in Resistance Training-Induced Lean Mass Gains for Older Adults Aged ≥ 60 y: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Huang, L.-P., Condello, G., & Kuo, C. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082815 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Skin Regeneration and Wound Healing by Plant Protein‐Based Electrospun Fiber Scaffolds and Patches for Tissue Engineering Applications

Marszalik, K., Polak, M., Knapczyk‐Korczak, J., Berniak, K., Ibrahim, M. N. G., Su, Q., Li, X., Ding, B., & Stachewicz, U. (2025) · Macromolecular Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.202500196 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Embryonic mercury exposure in zebrafish: Alteration of metabolites and gene expression, related to visual and behavioral impairments

Bakar, N. A., Ibrahim, W. N. W., Zulkiflli, A. R., Hodin, N. A. S., Kim, T., Ling, Y. S., Ajat, M., Shaari, K., Shohaimi, S., Nasruddin, N. S., et al. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114862 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplementation and resistance training in postmenopausal women

Bagheri, R., Forbes, S. C., Candow, D. G., & Wong, A. (2020) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.111185 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Dietary amylose:amylopectin ratio influences the expression of amino acid transporters and enzyme activities for amino acid metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract of goats

Lv, X., Zhou, C., Ran, T., Jiao, J., Liu, Y., Tan, Z., Tang, S., Kang, J., Xie, J., Chen, L., et al. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521002087 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Characterization of Nutritional and Bioactive Compound in Three Genotypes of Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz and Pavón) from Different Agroecological Areas in Puno

Coloma, A., Mamani, E. F., Quille-Calizaya, G., Zaira-Churata, A., Apaza-Ticona, J., Ponce, W. C. C., Panca, P. H., Inquilla-Mamani, J., & Huanca-Rojas, F. (2022) · International Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1155/2022/7550987 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

An Organism-Level Quantitative Flux Model of Energy Metabolism in Mice

Yuan, B., Doxsey, W. G., Tok, Ö., Kwon, Y., Liang, Y., Inouye, K., Hotamışlıgil, G. S., & Hui, S. T. (2024) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2025.01.008 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation and Post-Exercise Recovery: An Overview of Systematic Reviews

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Hepatic encephalopathy: investigational drugs in preclinical and early phase development

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