The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 12 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The STROBE guidelines
Open accessAbstract
An observational study is a type of epidemiological study design, which can take the form of a cohort, a case-control, or a cross-sectional study. When presenting observational studies in manuscripts, an author needs to ascertain a clear presentation of the work and provide the reader with appropriate information to enable critical appraisal of the research. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were created to aid the author in ensuring high-quality presentation of the conducted observational study. The original articles publishing the STROBE guidelines together with their bibliographies were identified and thoroughly reviewed. These guidelines consist of 22 checklist items that the author needs to fulfil before submitting the manuscript to a journal. The STROBE guidelines were created to aid the authors in presenting their work and not to act as a validation tool for the conducted study or as a framework to conduct an observational study on. The authors complying with these guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This article is a narrative overview of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines, intended to help authors present cohort, case–control, and cross-sectional studies clearly enough for critical appraisal. It walks through the 22-item checklist and explains what each section of a manuscript should report.
Key findings
- The STROBE guidelines consist of 22 checklist items; 18 are common to all three observational designs (cohort, case–control, cross-sectional), while 4 items (numbers 6, 12, 14, and 15) vary by study design.
- The guidelines were developed in 2004 through a collaborative initiative of epidemiologists, methodologists, statisticians, researchers, and journal editors.
- The author stresses that STROBE is not a methodological framework for conducting observational studies, nor a quality-evaluation instrument, nor a means of standardizing manuscripts — it is an aid to transparent reporting.
- The guidelines discourage the terms "prospective," "retrospective," "concurrent," and "historical," instead encouraging authors to describe the actual methodology.
Methods
- Design: narrative review/educational overview of the STROBE guidelines.
- Data: the original articles publishing the STROBE guidelines and their bibliographies were identified and thoroughly reviewed; the checklist is reproduced from Vandenbroucke et al.
- Analysis: descriptive, item-by-item explanation of the 22 checklist items grouped by manuscript section (title/abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, other information).
Limitations
- Not stated in the paper: the article reports no formal limitations section and declares no conflicts of interest and no financial support.
- Evident from the text: the review describes no systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or appraisal of the source literature, so it functions as an explanatory summary rather than a systematic review.
- Evident from the text: the article presents no empirical data or evaluation of whether compliance with STROBE actually improves reporting quality or publication outcomes, despite asserting that complying authors "are more likely to succeed in publishing."
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 12 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
In the paper
“Such study information is of vital importance in a manuscript since this will determine whether the established results can be included in systemic reviews later on.[34]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 4
In the paper
“To ascertain high-quality reporting of observational studies, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were developed following a collaborative initiative of epidemiologists, methodologists, statisticians, researchers, and journal editors in 2004.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the STROBE guidelines enable the journal's editor, reviewers, and the readers to critically appraise the study.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Eighteen items are common to all the three observational designs, that is, cohort, cross-sectional, and case–control studies.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The Strobe Checklist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having a thorough understanding of the STROBE guidelines is therefore becoming a requisite for authors who wish to conduct and publish an observational study.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.
In the paper
“These guidelines consist of 22 checklist items that the author needs to fulfil before submitting the manuscript to a journal.”
- Also stated in: § The Strobe Checklist · plain
“A total of 22 checklist items contribute to the STROBE guidelines.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § The Strobe Checklist · plain
In the paper
“The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were created to aid the author in ensuring high-quality presentation of the conducted observational study.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“These guidelines were created to aid in the presentation of the conducted observational study to ensure adequate reporting (what was planned, done, found, and concluded) as well as assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the study.[12]”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“The aim of the STROBE guidelines was to provide a readily available checklist to ensure a clear presentation of what was planned and conducted in an observational study.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
In the paper
“Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.[5]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The STROBE Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Schriger, 2005, Ann Emerg Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the remaining four checklist items (items number 6, 12, 14, and 15) have specific variations according to the study design.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The Strobe Checklist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The STROBE guidelines were created to aid the authors in presenting their work and not to act as a validation tool for the conducted study or as a framework to conduct an observational study on.”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“In no way were these guidelines established to provide a methodological framework for conducting an observational study.[1]”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“Nor were the guidelines developed as an instrument for quality evaluation of observational research.[2]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
- Not checked yetcites [2] von, 2007, BMJ
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
In the paper
“The STROBE guidelines do not allow the use of the words “prospective” or “retrospective” or “concurrent” or “historical,” but rather encourage the researcher to describe the actual methodology.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Items 4–12: Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The method used to establish the study size needs to be reported along with the confidence intervals considered. This is essential for the reader to ascertain whether sufficient statistical precision has been attained in the study.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Items 4–12: Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.
“A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Authors complying with the STROBE guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.
“The authors complying with these guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Causality of a particular outcome cannot be established in most study designs, unless a longitudinal cohort study has been conducted.
“Furthermore, researchers have to keep in mind that causality of a particular outcome cannot be established in most study designs, unless a longitudinal cohort study has been conducted.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This study was reported in compliance with the STROBE criteria [16].”
From Influence of hardiness, mother-child interactions, and social support on parenting stress among North Korean refugee mothers: a cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To assess reporting completeness and quality of included studies, two authors (CVD with either EJMM or EB) independently assessed included studies according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology [14–16] and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale [17, 18], respectively.”
From The aetiology and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial maternal infections in Sub-Saharan Africa—a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
Citations
Cites
Elm, E. V., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.ad · Cited by 10,766 · cited 2×
“[1] Nor were the guidelines developed as an instrument for quality evaluation of observational research.[2] Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.”
BackgroundMethodVandenbroucke, J. P., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., Poole, C., Schlesselman, J. J., Egger, M., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297 · Cited by 8,613 · cited 7×
“The STROBE guidelines do not allow the use of the words “prospective” or “retrospective” or “concurrent” or “historical,” but rather encourage the researcher to describe the actual methodology.[1]”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssessing the quality of controlled clinical trials
Jüni, P., Altman, D. G., & Egger, M. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.42 · Cited by 3,309 · cited 1×
“[1,2] Such study information is of vital importance in a manuscript since this will determine whether the established results can be included in systemic reviews later on.[3,4] Furthermore, the STROBE guidelines enable the journal’s editor, reviewers, and the readers to critically appraise the study.”
Backgroundvon Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.012 · Cited by 2,698
Meta-analysis Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies
Egger, M., Schneider, M., & Smith, G. D. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7125.140 · Cited by 997
Suggestions for Improving the Reporting of Clinical Research: The Role of Narrative
Schriger, D. L. (2005) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.09.022 · Cited by 42 · cited 1×
“[2] Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.[5]”
BackgroundWASP (Write a Scientific Paper): Understanding research metrics
Cuschieri, S. (2018) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.01.015 · Cited by 11 · cited 1×
“Citation of published manuscripts is imperative for the enhancement of the researcher’s research metrics and for increasing the prestigious acknowledgement of the researcher and his or her work within the scientific community.[6] The abstract should include a brief summary of the study and present only information fou…”
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Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,002
Nawsherwan, N., Liu, Z., Zhang, L., Mubarik, S., Sun, Y., Naeem, S., & Li, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1267338 · Cited by 23
Federoff, M., McCarthy, M. J., Anand, A., Berrettini, W. H., Bertram, H. S., Bhattacharjee, A. K., Calkin, C. V., Conroy, C. M., Coryell, W. H., D’Arcangelo, N., et al. (2021) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.13162 · Cited by 23
A WEB-BASED SOFTWARE FOR REPORTING GUIDELINES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES
Yagin, B., Yağın, F. H., Bag, H. G., & Çolak, C. (2021) · The Journal of Cognitive Systems · doi:10.52876/jcs.916182 · Cited by 22
Incidence Trajectories of Psychiatric Disorders After Assault, Injury, and Bereavement
Chen, Y., Shen, Q., Lichtenstein, P., Gradus, J. L., Arnberg, F. K., Larsson, H., D'Onofrio, B. M., Fang, F., Song, H., & Valdimarsdóttir, U. A. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5156 · Cited by 24
Tao, X., Ranganathan, S., Halm-Lutterodt, N. I. V., Garcia-Vargas, J., Wu, A., Karnati, J., Shankar, S., Agyeman, N., Ashraf, A., Barve, P., et al. (2024) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000005099 · Cited by 16
“13 – 16 The interplay of such effects on wound healing may contribute to our fi ndings.”
Patti, A., Gervasi, M., Giustino, V., et al. (2024) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk9030160 · Cited by 22
“The STROBE guidelines were used to ensure a high-quality presentation of the conducted observational study (Figure 1) [21].”
MethodChiu, C., Wu, C.-M., Chien, T.-N., Kao, L., & Li, C. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13185503 · Cited by 26
“STROBE provides a structured framework for reporting observational studies, emphasizing clarity in the presentation of research objectives, methods, and findings [34].”
MethodObesity Drives an Oral Microbiota Signature of Female Patients with Periodontitis: A Pilot Study
Thomas, C., Minty, M., Canceill, T., Loubières, P., Azalbert, V., Tercé, F., Champion, C., Burcelin, R., Barthet, P., Laurencin‐Dalicieux, S., et al. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11050745 · Cited by 22
Lo, Z. J., Chandrasekar, S., Yong, E., Hong, Q., Zhang, L., Chong, L. R. C., Tan, G. W. L., Chan, Y. M., Koo, H. Y., Chew, T., et al. (2021) · International Wound Journal · doi:10.1111/iwj.13672 · Cited by 22
Acute intraperitoneal rupture of hydatid cysts of the liver
Mejri, A., Arfaoui, K., Omri, A., et al. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000027552 · Cited by 22
“The study is reported in line with the STROBE guidelines.([6])”
ResultHiggins, M. C. S. S., Siddiqui, A. A., Kosowsky, T., Unan, L., Mete, M., Rowe, S. G., & Marchalik, D. (2022) · Academic Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.acra.2022.01.022 · Cited by 22
Lasagna, A., Bergami, F., Lilleri, D., Percivalle, E., Quaccini, M., Alessio, N., Comolli, G., Sarasini, A., Sammartino, J. C., Ferrari, A., et al. (2022) · ESMO Open · doi:10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100458 · Cited by 20
“This study was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Statement for reporting observational studies.(12) It was approved by the local ethics committee (Comitato Etico Area Pavia) and institutional review board (P-0103665/21).”
Lu, V., Zhou, A., Hussain, H. A., et al. (2022) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-022-06151-w · Cited by 22
“This retrospective study was performed according to the STROBE guidelines [7] (Supplementary Table 1).”
MethodStructural retinal changes in cerebral small vessel disease
Langner, S. M., Terheyden, J. H., Geerling, C. F., Kindler, C., Keil, V. C., Turski, C. A., Turski, G. N., Behning, C., Wintergerst, M. W. M., Petzold, G. C., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13312-z · Cited by 22
A systematic review and meta-analysis of substance use among medical students in India
Sahu, A., Bhati, N., & Sarkar, S. (2022) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_672_21 · Cited by 23
“[14] This is a widely acknowledged reporting criteria for observational studies.”
Facial acne causes stigmatization among adolescents: A cross‐sectional study
Szepietowska, M., Dąbrowska, A., Nowak, B., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.15268 · Cited by 22
Kekelekis, A., Clemente, F. M., & Kellis, E. (2022) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2022.2122827 · Cited by 22
“The study report followed the recommendations of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement guidelines (Cuschieri, 2019).”
MethodSo, R. J., Kalluri, A. L., Zhu, S. E., et al. (2022) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000002323 · Cited by 22
Chen, W., Zhang, X., Jiang, J., et al. (2023) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-023-09952-5 · Cited by 22
“This study has been given ethical approval by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, registered on Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, and reported in line with the STROBE guidelines [16].”
MethodYang, S.-M., Wu, H.-W., Lin, Y., Lai, T.-J., & Lin, M.-T. (2023) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2023.110939 · Cited by 22
Özel, M., Altintaş, M., Tatlıparmak, A. C., et al. (2023) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2023.111003 · Cited by 22
Li, Y., Wang, Q., Liu, C., & Hu, X. (2023) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2023.102465 · Cited by 24
Subiela, J. D., Krajewski, W. R., González‐Padilla, D. A., et al. (2024) · European Urology Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.euo.2024.01.017 · Cited by 22
Bota, A. V., Bogdan, I. G., Razvan, D. V., Ilie, A. C., Tudor, R., Indries, M. F., Csep, A. N., & Marincu, I. (2024) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s453247 · Cited by 24
Hanin, A., Baudin, P., Demeret, S., Roussel, D., Lecas, S., Teyssou, E., Damiano, M. G., Luís, D., Lambrecq, V., Frazzini, V., et al. (2021) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105346 · Cited by 22
“The study design and report are in accordance with the STROBE statement (Cuschieri, 2019).”
Destrée, L., McGorry, P. D., Chanen, A. M., Ratheesh, A., Davey, C. G., Polari, A. R., Amminger, G. P., Yuen, H. P., Hartmann, J., Dwyer, D., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115745 · Cited by 23
“The current paper is reported according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) criteria (Cuschieri 2019).”
Danilatou, V., Dimopoulos, D., Κωστούλας, Θ., & Douketis, J. D. (2024) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/a-2299-4758 · Cited by 25
Kortz, T. B., Holloway, A., Agulnik, A., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00450-9 · Cited by 21
COVID-19 Vaccination and Odds of Post–COVID-19 Condition Symptoms in Children Aged 5 to 17 Years
Yousaf, A. R., Mak, J., Gwynn, L. A., Lutrick, K., Bloodworth, R. F., Rai, R. P., Jeddy, Z., LeClair, L. B., Edwards, L., Olsho, L. E. W., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.59672 · Cited by 22
Byfield, S. D., Bapat, B., Becker, L. K., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.19963 · Cited by 21
de Jonge, J., Scheijmans, J. C. G., van Rossem, C. C., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1007/s00384-021-03933-7 · Cited by 21
“This manuscript was written using the Strengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement checklist [18].”
MethodKohno, S., Hasegawa, T., Aoki, H., et al. (2021) · Asian Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.asjsur.2021.08.019 · Cited by 21
Abdalla, P. P., Bohn, L., da Silva, L. S. L., dos Santos, A. P., Júnior, M. F. T., Venturini, A. C. R., Carvalho, A. D. S., Martínez‐Gómez, D., Mota, J. A. P. S., & Machado, D. R. L. (2021) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-021-00390-1 · Cited by 23
“This manuscript followed the guidelines from The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) conference list [32].”
MethodHundersmarck, D., Groot, O. Q., Schuijt, H. J., Hietbrink, F., Leenen, L. P. H., & Heng, M. M. (2021) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/corr.0000000000002088 · Cited by 23
“This study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [10].”
MethodExercise and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers among Adult with Cancer: A Systematic Review
Longobucco, Y., Masini, A., Marini, S., Barone, G., Fimognari, C., Bragonzoni, L., Dallolio, L., & Maffei, F. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/2097318 · Cited by 27
“The selected studies were assessed for the risk of bias separately by four researchers (LD, AM, SM, and GB), using the “Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials” (ROB) [27] and the “STROBE statement checklists for observational studies” [28].”
MethodIncidence of Emergency Department Visits for Electric Rental Scooters Using Detailed Ridership Data
Williams, C., Bitter, C. C., Lorber, S. J., et al. (2022) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2021.6.51101 · Cited by 21
Thomas, C., Timofeeva, I., Bouchoucha, E., Canceill, T., Champion, C., Groussolles, M., Arnaud, C., Vayssière, C., Nabet, C., & Laurencin‐Dalicieux, S. (2023) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.14529 · Cited by 23
Hisato, T., Nandy, S., Monga, E. M., Sytek, P., Abouzid, M., & Ahmed, A. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1186442 · Cited by 21
“We performed a cross-sectional study following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines (Supplementary File 1) (34).”
MethodDirect Versus Indirect Revascularization for Moyamoya: a Large Multicenter Study
Naamani, K. E., Chen, C., Jabre, R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2022-329176 · Cited by 21
Buwaider, A., El-Hajj, V. G., MacDowall, A., Gerdhem, P., Staartjes, V. E., Edström, E., & Terander, A. E. (2024) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2024.10.010 · Cited by 22
“The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [20] were followed in this study (Supplementary file 1).”
Alami, Y. E., Essangri, H., Majbar, M. A., Boutayeb, S., Benamr, S., Malki, H. O. E., & Souadka, A. (2021) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-021-07793-w · Cited by 23
“Materials and methods Our article is written following the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) directive guidelines for observational studies [12].”
MethodHalat, D. H., Abdel‐Rahman, M. E., Al-Jayyousi, G. F., & Malki, A. M. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01801-x · Cited by 20
“The conduct and reporting of this study follow the statement of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [37].”
MethodKingsbury, C., Buzzi, M., Chaix, B., Kanning, M. K., Khezri, S., Kiani, B., Kirchner, T., Maurel, A., Thierry, B., & Kestens, Y. (2024) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-024-01310-8 · Cited by 20
“Eight out of twenty studies reported providing training to participants, about how to operate the smart-phone that was provided ( 1, 9, 14, 19 ), how to complete EMA surveys ( 7, 9, 13, 14 ), sometimes with mock EMA assessments ( 19 ), or practicing event-based triggered responses, as for each…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDing, R., Cheng, E., Miao, W., Pan, L., Lu, Y., Han, Y. Z., Zhang, X., Xue, C., Gong, J., & Zhao, H. (2025) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-025-02697-6 · Cited by 20
“This study adhered to the strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines and complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki [30].”
Wu, J., Tseng, K., Kao, C., Hung, K.-C., Yu, T., & Lin, Y. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112279 · Cited by 26
Lasagna, A., Lilleri, D., Agustoni, F., Percivalle, E., Borgetto, S., Alessio, N., Comolli, G., Sarasini, A., Bergami, F., Sammartino, J. C., et al. (2021) · ESMO Open · doi:10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100359 · Cited by 21
“The study (Co-Vax) was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement for reporting observational studies 6 and was approved by the local ethics committee (Comitato Etico Area Pavia) and institutional review board (P-20210023530).”
Grunberg, V. A., Greenberg, J., Mace, R. A., Bakhshaie, J., Choi, K. W., & Vranceanu, A. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.07.003 · Cited by 21
Mehrotra, A., Huskamp, H. A., Nimgaonkar, A., et al. (2022) · JAMA Health Forum · doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2022.3013 · Cited by 20
Echocardiography in the preparticipation screening: an old topic revisited
Donati, F., Guicciardi, C., Lodi, E., Fernando, F., Palermi, S., Modena, M. G., & Biffi, A. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.2459/jcm.0000000000001460 · Cited by 20
Land, F. R. V. ‘., Aziz, M. H., Michiels, N., Mieog, J. S. D., Bonsing, B. A., Luelmo, S. A. C., Homs, M. Y. V., Koerkamp, B. G., Papageorgiou, G., & van Eijck, C. H. J. (2023) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000005865 · Cited by 21
Lindfors, E. O., Zhan, Y., Jylhävä, J., Reynolds, C. A., Aslan, A. K. D., & Karlsson, I. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101943 · Cited by 20
Martínez, C. S., Amery, L., Paoli, G. D., Elofsson, U. M., Millqvist‐Fureby, A., Kwok, S. C., López‐Cabezas, C., Rosenberger, M., Schoenau, C., Wahlgren, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2023.05.003 · Cited by 20
Liu, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1308719 · Cited by 20
“This research adhered to the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) reporting guidelines (20).”
MethodSpath, P., Tsilimparis, N., Gallitto, E., Becker, D., Vacirca, A., Berekoven, B., Panuccio, G., Karelis, A., Kahlberg, A., Melissano, G., et al. (2024) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000006231 · Cited by 20
Project ECHO®: a global cross-sectional examination of implementation success
Moss, P. W., Hartley, N., & Russell, T. G. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-10920-5 · Cited by 20
Post-pandemic increase in invasive group A strep infections in New Zealand
Ammar, S. E., Anglemyer, A. T., Bennett, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102545 · Cited by 20
Perioperative Blocks for Decreasing Postoperative Narcotics in Breast Reconstruction
Johnson, A. C., Colakoğlu, S., Reddy, A., Kerwin, C. M., Flores, R. A., Iorio, M. L., & Mathes, D. W. (2020) · Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine · doi:10.5812/aapm.105686 · Cited by 21
Sikora, M., Sielski, M., Chęciński, M. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11154281 · Cited by 20
Fazal, Z. A., Avina-Galindo, A. M., Marozoff, S., Kwan, J., Lu, N., & Aviña-Zubieta, J. A. (2024) · BMC Rheumatology · doi:10.1186/s41927-024-00376-9 · Cited by 19
“To assess the quality of each study, we used an adaptation of the STROBE quality scoring scale for observational epidemiological studies [30].”
MethodReynolds, K. R., Khosrow‐Khavar, F., & Dave, C. V. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.9465 · Cited by 20
UNICORN for Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Wong, C., Chan, K.-Y. E., Chan, D. T., et al. (2025) · JACC Asia · doi:10.1016/j.jacasi.2025.10.011 · Cited by 19
A Systematic Review of Asthma Phenotypes Derived by Data-Driven Methods
Cunha, F., Amaral, R., Jacinto, T., Sousa‐Pinto, B., & Fonseca, J. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11040644 · Cited by 22
Early Use of Remdesivir in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 Improves Clinical Outcomes
Paranjape, N., Husain, M. A., Priestley, J., et al. (2021) · Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1097/ipc.0000000000001023 · Cited by 19
“The reporting of this study adheres to the STrengthening and Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology statement (Appendix I).(7)”
MethodLaparoscopic ventral hernia repair in patients with obesity: should we be scared of body mass index?
Maspero, M., Bertoglio, C. L., Morini, L., et al. (2021) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-021-08489-9 · Cited by 19
“The results are reported according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) [16].”
MethodWijnberge, M., van der Ster, B. J. P., Vlaar, A. P. J., Hollmann, M. W., Geerts, B. F., & Veelo, D. P. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11144083 · Cited by 19
Assessment of the Long-Term Mental Health Effects on Austrian Students after COVID-19 Restrictions
Kaltschik, S., Pieh, C., Dale, R., Probst, T., Pammer, B., & Humer, E. C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013110 · Cited by 24
Fritz, J., & Overmeer, T. (2023) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzad025 · Cited by 19
“29”
Caramello, V., Gariglio, V., Salvo, G. D., Maina, G., & Boccuzzi, A. (2023) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2023.42 · Cited by 20
“0004 MBI, emotional exhaustion 21 [12-32] 27 [15-33.”
InfluentialNon‐invasive assessment of peri‐implant mucosal thickness: A cross‐sectional study
Couso‐Queiruga, E., Raabe, C., Belser, U. C., Buser, D., Ávila‐Ortiz, G., Rodrigues, D. M., & Chappuis, V. (2023) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.23-0102 · Cited by 21
Head and neck cancer patients show poor oral health as compared to those with other types of cancer
Nishi, H., Obayashi, T., Ueda, T., et al. (2023) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-023-03356-6 · Cited by 19
“The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were used as a checklist [17].”
MethodCharacterization of Patient-Derived GNAQ Mutated Endothelial Cells from Capillary Malformations
Langbroek, G. B., Stor, M. L. E., Janssen, V., et al. (2023) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2023.10.033 · Cited by 19
Yedavalli, V. S., Salim, H. A., Musmar, B., et al. (2024) · European Stroke Journal · doi:10.1177/23969873241275531 · Cited by 19
“36,37”
Khalili, M., Mirzazadeh, A., Chegeni, M., Abedi, L., Rajaei, L., Ardalan, G., Haghdoost, A. A., Nasiri, N., & Sharifi, H. P. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105526 · Cited by 19
Simone, V. D., Persiani, R., Biondi, A., et al. (2020) · Updates in Surgery · doi:10.1007/s13304-020-00919-y · Cited by 19
Alhijab, F. A., Tantawy, T. M., Ismail, H. H., et al. (2022) · Perfusion · doi:10.1177/02676591221114954 · Cited by 19
Chrabańska, M., Rynkiewicz, M., Kiczmer, P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11175196 · Cited by 19
“In reporting this study, the standard methodology was reported according to “Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology” (STROBE) guidelines [25].”
MethodNguyen, T. V., Tang, M.-F., Kuo, S.-Y., Hu, S. H., Ngoc, T. D. T., & Chuang, Y.-H. (2023) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103823 · Cited by 18
Dalaei, F., de Vries, C. E. E., Poulsen, L., Möller, S., Kaur, M. N., Dijkhorst, P. J., Thomsen, J. B., Hoogbergen, M. M., Makarawung, D. J. S., van der Molen, A. B. M., et al. (2024) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000006244 · Cited by 20
“20”
Sadeghi, N., Janatolmakan, M., Rezaeian, S., et al. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06083-w · Cited by 18
Micronutrient deficiencies in patients with celiac disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Lamjadli, S., Oujamaa, I., Souli, I., Eddehbi, F.-E., Lakhouaja, N., M’raouni, B., Salami, A., Guennouni, M., Belghali, M. Y., Hazime, R., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/03946320241313426 · Cited by 23
Optimizing Intraoperative Blood Pressure to Improve Outcomes in Living Donor Renal Transplantation
Kinoshita, K., Yamanaga, S., Kaba, A., et al. (2020) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.01.166 · Cited by 18
The Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury on Microbiome Composition: A Systematic Review
Pathare, N. N., Sushilkumar, S., Haley, L. E., Jain, S., & Osier, N. D. (2020) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800420943961 · Cited by 19
“, 2017), we used the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations (Cuschieri, 2019) to evaluate quality.”
MethodPiaton, S., Duconseille, A., Roger‐Leroi, V., & Hennèquin, M. (2021) · Journal of Texture Studies · doi:10.1111/jtxs.12591 · Cited by 18
Domínguez‐Navarro, F., Benítez-Martínez, J. C., Ricart-Luna, B., Cotolí-Suárez, P., Blasco, J., & Casaña, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07454-3 · Cited by 18
“The research was developed and reported according to the recommendations of STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) 20 .”
Palomba, H., Treml, R. E., Caldonazo, T., et al. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.bjane.2022.07.006 · Cited by 18
Lasagna, A., Bergami, F., Lilleri, D., Percivalle, E., Quaccini, M., Serra, F., Comolli, G., Sarasini, A., Sammartino, J. C., Ferrari, A., et al. (2022) · ESMO Open · doi:10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100574 · Cited by 18
“The study (Co-Var) was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement for reporting observational studies 15 and was approved by the local ethics committee (Comitato Etico Area Pavia) and institutional review board (P-0103665/21).”
Angelo, F. D. D. A., Fonseca, F. D. S., Farah, B. Q., et al. (2022) · Canadian Geriatrics Journal · doi:10.5770/cgj.25.591 · Cited by 18
“We reported the main components of the study and key findings following the recommendations of Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE).(14) Baseline assessments were completed before COVID-19 closures on March 16, 2020 (first wave).”
MethodPellegrino, R., Paolucci, T., Brindisino, F., Mondardini, P., Iorio, A. D., Moretti, A., & Iolascon, G. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11195492 · Cited by 20
“A retrospective cohort clinical study was conducted by the Declaration of Helsinki and the STROBE guidelines [18].”
MethodAvancini, A., Trestini, I., Tregnago, D., Belluomini, L., Sposito, M., Insolda, J., Schena, F. F., Milella, M., & Pilotto, S. (2022) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-022-04232-6 · Cited by 19
“The current report is compliant with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines (Cuschieri 2019).”
MethodKartikasari, A. E. R., Cassar, E., Razqan, M. A. M., Szydzik, C., Huertas, C. S., Mitchell, A., & Plebanski, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.918254 · Cited by 18
“Importantly, the study fitness was assessed by two authors (AK, EC) in discussion, using the updated Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist for diagnostic studies (47).”
MethodTransition of cluster headache phenotype: An interview-based study
Søborg, M.-L. K., Petersen, A. S., Lund, N. L. T., et al. (2023) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024221128287 · Cited by 18
“Reporting of all findings was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines (11).”
MethodA predictor of emotional eating in adolescents: Social anxiety
Erdem, E., Efe, Y. S., & Özbey, H. (2023) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2022.12.016 · Cited by 18
Olesen, L. K., la Cour, K., Thorne, S. E., With, H., & Handberg, C. (2023) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13808 · Cited by 19
The associated risk of Blastocystis infection in cancer: A case control study
Labania, L., Zoughbor, S. H., Ajab, S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1115835 · Cited by 18
“This study followed the STROBE guidelines (34).”
Hoh, J. E., Borich, M. R., Kesar, T. M., Reisman, D. S., & Semrau, J. A. (2023) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10749357.2023.2200304 · Cited by 19
“38”
Roberts, S. E., Rosen, C. B., Keele, L. J., et al. (2023) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2023.2742 · Cited by 18
Albasha, N., McCullagh, R., Cornally, N., & Timmons, S. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04323-0 · Cited by 19
“The reporting of the current study used the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [36, 37].”
MethodJia, T., Xu, K., Bai, Y. S., Lv, M., Shan, L., Li, W., Zhang, X., Li, Z., Wang, Z., Zhao, X., et al. (2023) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-023-02376-0 · Cited by 18
“Our chosen kernel function is the standard dot product, emphasizing our model’s interpretability in multi-class scenarios [17].”
MethodIngham, A. R., Kong, C. Y., Wong, T.-N., et al. (2024) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-024-10749-3 · Cited by 18
“This study was reported in accordance and complies with the accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [25].”
MethodIncidence and Outcomes of Posterior Circulation Involvement in Moyamoya Disease
Tigchelaar, S., Wang, A. R., Vaca, S. D., et al. (2024) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.123.044693 · Cited by 18
“10 The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Cuschieri, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Malta (MT)
- Corresponding author
- Cuschieri, Sarah
- ORCID
- Cuschieri, Sarah
- Venue
- Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 31
- ISSN
- 0975-3125 (ISSN-L)
- 1658-354X
- PMC
- PMC6398292
- OpenAlex
- W2915365125
- Semantic Scholar
- 86b49d808e17f22c01f936fc2b4c6e125c94e84d
- Cited by
- 4,331
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1091 · 2025: 1137 · 2024: 944 · 2023: 580 · 2022: 335 · 2021: 181 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 96.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OAR@UM (University of Malta) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Academic Writing and Publishing
- Keywords
- STROBE guidelines, reporting quality, observational studies, manuscript preparation, critical appraisal, reporting checklist, scientific publications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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