The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 12 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The STROBE guidelines
Open accessAbstract
An observational study is a type of epidemiological study design, which can take the form of a cohort, a case-control, or a cross-sectional study. When presenting observational studies in manuscripts, an author needs to ascertain a clear presentation of the work and provide the reader with appropriate information to enable critical appraisal of the research. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were created to aid the author in ensuring high-quality presentation of the conducted observational study. The original articles publishing the STROBE guidelines together with their bibliographies were identified and thoroughly reviewed. These guidelines consist of 22 checklist items that the author needs to fulfil before submitting the manuscript to a journal. The STROBE guidelines were created to aid the authors in presenting their work and not to act as a validation tool for the conducted study or as a framework to conduct an observational study on. The authors complying with these guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This article is a narrative overview of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines, intended to help authors present cohort, case–control, and cross-sectional studies clearly enough for critical appraisal. It walks through the 22-item checklist and explains what each section of a manuscript should report.
Key findings
- The STROBE guidelines consist of 22 checklist items; 18 are common to all three observational designs (cohort, case–control, cross-sectional), while 4 items (numbers 6, 12, 14, and 15) vary by study design.
- The guidelines were developed in 2004 through a collaborative initiative of epidemiologists, methodologists, statisticians, researchers, and journal editors.
- The author stresses that STROBE is not a methodological framework for conducting observational studies, nor a quality-evaluation instrument, nor a means of standardizing manuscripts — it is an aid to transparent reporting.
- The guidelines discourage the terms "prospective," "retrospective," "concurrent," and "historical," instead encouraging authors to describe the actual methodology.
Methods
- Design: narrative review/educational overview of the STROBE guidelines.
- Data: the original articles publishing the STROBE guidelines and their bibliographies were identified and thoroughly reviewed; the checklist is reproduced from Vandenbroucke et al.
- Analysis: descriptive, item-by-item explanation of the 22 checklist items grouped by manuscript section (title/abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, other information).
Limitations
- Not stated in the paper: the article reports no formal limitations section and declares no conflicts of interest and no financial support.
- Evident from the text: the review describes no systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or appraisal of the source literature, so it functions as an explanatory summary rather than a systematic review.
- Evident from the text: the article presents no empirical data or evaluation of whether compliance with STROBE actually improves reporting quality or publication outcomes, despite asserting that complying authors "are more likely to succeed in publishing."
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
11 Not checked yet · 1 Own interpretation
In the paper
“Such study information is of vital importance in a manuscript since this will determine whether the established results can be included in systemic reviews later on.[34]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 4
In the paper
“To ascertain high-quality reporting of observational studies, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were developed following a collaborative initiative of epidemiologists, methodologists, statisticians, researchers, and journal editors in 2004.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the STROBE guidelines enable the journal's editor, reviewers, and the readers to critically appraise the study.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Eighteen items are common to all the three observational designs, that is, cohort, cross-sectional, and case–control studies.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The Strobe Checklist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having a thorough understanding of the STROBE guidelines is therefore becoming a requisite for authors who wish to conduct and publish an observational study.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.
In the paper
“These guidelines consist of 22 checklist items that the author needs to fulfil before submitting the manuscript to a journal.”
- Also stated in: § The Strobe Checklist · plain
“A total of 22 checklist items contribute to the STROBE guidelines.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § The Strobe Checklist · plain
In the paper
“The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were created to aid the author in ensuring high-quality presentation of the conducted observational study.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“These guidelines were created to aid in the presentation of the conducted observational study to ensure adequate reporting (what was planned, done, found, and concluded) as well as assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the study.[12]”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“The aim of the STROBE guidelines was to provide a readily available checklist to ensure a clear presentation of what was planned and conducted in an observational study.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
In the paper
“Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.[5]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The STROBE Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Schriger, 2005, Ann Emerg Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the remaining four checklist items (items number 6, 12, 14, and 15) have specific variations according to the study design.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The Strobe Checklist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The STROBE guidelines were created to aid the authors in presenting their work and not to act as a validation tool for the conducted study or as a framework to conduct an observational study on.”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“In no way were these guidelines established to provide a methodological framework for conducting an observational study.[1]”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“Nor were the guidelines developed as an instrument for quality evaluation of observational research.[2]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
- Not checked yetcites [2] von, 2007, BMJ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
In the paper
“The STROBE guidelines do not allow the use of the words “prospective” or “retrospective” or “concurrent” or “historical,” but rather encourage the researcher to describe the actual methodology.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Items 4–12: Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The method used to establish the study size needs to be reported along with the confidence intervals considered. This is essential for the reader to ascertain whether sufficient statistical precision has been attained in the study.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Items 4–12: Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.
“A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Authors complying with the STROBE guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.
“The authors complying with these guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Causality of a particular outcome cannot be established in most study designs, unless a longitudinal cohort study has been conducted.
“Furthermore, researchers have to keep in mind that causality of a particular outcome cannot be established in most study designs, unless a longitudinal cohort study has been conducted.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This study was reported in compliance with the STROBE criteria [16].”
From Influence of hardiness, mother-child interactions, and social support on parenting stress among North Korean refugee mothers: a cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To assess reporting completeness and quality of included studies, two authors (CVD with either EJMM or EB) independently assessed included studies according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology [14–16] and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale [17, 18], respectively.”
From The aetiology and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial maternal infections in Sub-Saharan Africa—a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
Citations
Cites
Elm, E. V., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.ad · Cited by 10,766 · cited 2×
“[1] Nor were the guidelines developed as an instrument for quality evaluation of observational research.[2] Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.”
BackgroundMethodVandenbroucke, J. P., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., Poole, C., Schlesselman, J. J., Egger, M., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297 · Cited by 8,613 · cited 7×
“The STROBE guidelines do not allow the use of the words “prospective” or “retrospective” or “concurrent” or “historical,” but rather encourage the researcher to describe the actual methodology.[1]”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssessing the quality of controlled clinical trials
Jüni, P., Altman, D. G., & Egger, M. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.42 · Cited by 3,309 · cited 1×
“[1,2] Such study information is of vital importance in a manuscript since this will determine whether the established results can be included in systemic reviews later on.[3,4] Furthermore, the STROBE guidelines enable the journal’s editor, reviewers, and the readers to critically appraise the study.”
Backgroundvon Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.012 · Cited by 2,698
Meta-analysis Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies
Egger, M., Schneider, M., & Smith, G. D. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7125.140 · Cited by 997
Suggestions for Improving the Reporting of Clinical Research: The Role of Narrative
Schriger, D. L. (2005) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.09.022 · Cited by 42 · cited 1×
“[2] Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.[5]”
BackgroundWASP (Write a Scientific Paper): Understanding research metrics
Cuschieri, S. (2018) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.01.015 · Cited by 11 · cited 1×
“Citation of published manuscripts is imperative for the enhancement of the researcher’s research metrics and for increasing the prestigious acknowledgement of the researcher and his or her work within the scientific community.[6] The abstract should include a brief summary of the study and present only information fou…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,002
Vîrzob, C. R. B., Poenaru, M., Morar, R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12082948 · Cited by 14
Brinsley, J., Singh, B., & Maher, C. A. (2023) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2023.04.023 · Cited by 15
Robins, T.-J., Bedenice, D., & Mazan, M. R. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13213387 · Cited by 14
“This study is a retrospective, cross-sectional, STROBE-compliant [12], observational Large Animals also known as RAO) or heaves, either yielded 1012 who had at or suspected the presenting and/or environmental who had only their primary included in”
BackgroundNobrega, G. B., Mota, B. S., de Freitas, G. B., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1293288 · Cited by 14
Neck and Shoulder Pain with Scapular Dyskinesis in Computer Office Workers
Moon, S. E., & Kim, Y. K. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59122159 · Cited by 14
“The STROBE Guidelines include a 22-item checklist to clearly present what is planned and conducted in an observational study [35].”
MethodAnxiety and watching the war in Ukraine
Greenglass, E. R., Begic, P., Buchwald, P., Karkkola, P., & Hintsa, T. (2023) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.13099 · Cited by 18
Goff, A. J., Jones, L. E., Lim, C. J., & Tan, B. Y. (2024) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-024-07181-y · Cited by 14
“This study is reported following the STROBE guidelines [25].”
MethodRisk Factors for 30-Days Mortality After Proximal Femoral Fracture Surgery, a Cohort Study
de Haan, E., Roukema, G. R., van Rijckevorsel, V. A. J. I. M., Kuijper, T. M., & de Jong, L. (2024) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s441280 · Cited by 14
Prevalence and prognostic impact of stroke in a national cohort of infective endocarditis
Álvarez-Zaballos, S., Vázquez-Alén, P., Muñóz, P., de Alarcón, A., Gutiérrez‐Carretero, E., Álvarez‐Uría, A., Fariñas, M. C., Rodríguez-García, R., Goenaga, M. Á., Cuervo, G., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/17474930241255560 · Cited by 15
“25 Studies with incidences 10% 21,45 use very strict diagnosis criteria.”
Conde-Ripoll, R., Escudero-Tena, A., & Bustamante-Sánchez, Á. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1393980 · Cited by 23
Tavares, V. D. D. O., Schuch, F. B., de Sousa, G. M., Hallgren, M. Å., Neto, L. O., Cabral, D. A. R., de Almeida, R. N., Barbosa, D. C., de Almeida, V. R. N., Tinôco, H. G. B. D. M., et al. (2024) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102729 · Cited by 16
Marouk, A., VERRAT, B., Pontais, I., Cojocaru, D., Chappuy, H., Craiu, I., Quagliaro, P., Gajdos, V., Soussan-Banini, V., Gallien, Y., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-025-06050-7 · Cited by 14
“This study adhered to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines and Declaration of Helsinki [18].”
The Value of TyG‐Related Indices in Evaluating MASLD and Significant Liver Fibrosis in MASLD
Zou, H., Xie, J., Ma, X., & Xie, Y. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1155/cjgh/5871321 · Cited by 14
Bramah, C., Rhodes, S., Clarke-Cornwell, A. M., et al. (2025) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2024-108600 · Cited by 14
Johnston, A., Tseung, V., Dancey, S. R., Visintini, S. M., Coutinho, T. A., & Edwards, J. D. (2021) · CJC Open · doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2021.08.002 · Cited by 15
“published in 2007, the STROBE guidelines were created to improve the reporting quality of observational studies.(43) The RECORD extension should be used for observational studies that use routinely collected health data.”
MethodD’Ambrosi, R., Giorgino, R., Corona, K., et al. (2022) · International Orthopaedics · doi:10.1007/s00264-022-05465-3 · Cited by 14
“The study was conducted according to the Strobe Checklist [6].”
MethodWomen's Health-Related Quality of Life Substantially Improves With Tailored Cardiac Rehabilitation
Chung, S., Candelaria, D., & Gallagher, R. D. (2022) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/hcr.0000000000000692 · Cited by 13
The Emborrhoid Technique for Treatment of Bleeding Hemorrhoids in Patients with High Surgical Risk
Campennì, P., Iezzi, R., Marra, A. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11195533 · Cited by 14
Epidemiology of Weaning From Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in Subjects With COVID-19
Dorado, J. H., Navarro, E., Plotnikow, G. A., et al. (2022) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.4187/respcare.09925 · Cited by 14
“22 The original study protocol was approved by the Argentinian Critical Care Society Ethics Committee with number N 1516 (approval date: March 10, 2020) and was retrospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (number NCT05049200).”
Fonseca, M., Molinero‐Mourelle, P., Forrer, F. A., Schnider, N., Hicklin, S., Schimmel, M., & Brägger, U. (2021) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1111/clr.13761 · Cited by 15
Hebel, K., Steliga, A., Lewandowska, K., Majkowicz, M., Góral-Kubasik, A., Buzanowska, M., Lammek, M. J., Sykes, A., Puślecki, M., & Kowiański, P. (2025) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep15080307 · Cited by 13
“The study was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) criteria [27].”
Bubser, F., Jakobsen, K., Meço, B. C., et al. (2025) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000007817 · Cited by 13
Ji, Y., Hu, C., Chen, Z., Li, Y., Dai, J., Zhang, J. C., & Shu, Q. (2022) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-022-02973-2 · Cited by 14
“Reporting Guideline This belonged to a cross-sectional study, and it followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline [18].”
MethodLiu, P., Gurung, B. B., Afzal, I., Santin, M., Sochart, D. H., Field, R. E., Kader, D. F., & Asopa, V. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics · doi:10.1186/s40634-022-00537-0 · Cited by 13
“Adaptations from the STROBE assessment tool [19] were incorporated for assessing study design.”
Risk Factors, Radiological and Clinical Outcomes in Subclinical and Clinical Pituitary Apoplexy
Biagetti, B., Sarria‐Estrada, S., Cordero, E., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11247288 · Cited by 13
König, B. H., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Bischoff, E. W. M. A., Schers, H., Lucassen, P. L., & Hartman, T. O. (2022) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp.2022.0158 · Cited by 15
Hermans, S. M. M., Knoef, R., Schuermans, V. N. E., et al. (2022) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-022-03466-x · Cited by 13
“This study was registered in the Netherlands trial register (registration number: NL9351) and was written in accordance with the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [9].”
MethodLasagna, A., Albi, G., Maserati, R., Zuccarini, A., Quaccini, M., Baldanti, F., Sacchi, P., Bruno, R., & Pedrazzoli, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1044098 · Cited by 13
“This study was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement for reporting observational studies (15) and was approved by the local Ethics Committee (Comitato Etico Area Pavia) and Institutional Review Board.”
MethodEpidemiology of Injuries in Amateur Male Soccer Players: A Prospective One-Year Study
Kekelekis, A., Kounali, Z., Kofotolis, N. D., et al. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11030352 · Cited by 13
Effect of epidural spinal cord stimulation on female sexual function after spinal cord injury
Shackleton, C., Samejima, S., Miller, T., Sachdeva, R., Parr, A. M., Samadani, U., Netoff, T. I., Hocaloski, S., Elliott, S., Walter, M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1155796 · Cited by 15
“This study followed the “Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement” according to the EQUATOR guidelines for reporting observational studies (Cuschieri, 2019).”
MethodTLIF is Associated With Lower Rates of Adjacent Segment Disease and Complications Compared to ALIF
Tao, X., Matur, A. V., Khalid, S. I., et al. (2023) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000004694 · Cited by 13
Ferreira, T., Collins, A. M., & Horváth, R. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/45992 · Cited by 13
The Oral Microbiome and Cross-Kingdom Interactions during Pregnancy
Klaczko, C. G., Alkhars, N., Zeng, Y., Klaczko, M. E., Gill, A. L., Kopycka‐Kędzierawski, D. T., Jusko, T. A., Sohn, M. B., Xiao, J., & Gill, S. R. (2023) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345231176459 · Cited by 15
“A Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist was completed for this study (Cuschieri 2019).”
MethodKaur, P., Verma, N., Valsan, A., Garg, P., Rathi, S., De, A., Premkumar, M., Taneja, S., Duseja, A. K., Singh, V., et al. (2023) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-023-07971-9 · Cited by 14
“We adhered to the STROBE guidelines for reporting in this study [7].”
MethodCalvo-Wright, M. D. M., Álvaro‐Afonso, F. J., López‐Moral, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12165369 · Cited by 13
“Since the included articles were prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies, the quality evaluation was based on the standard STROBE guidelines to help guarantee high-quality presentation of observational studies [20].”
MethodFernandes, S. R., Leite, A. R., Lino, R., et al. (2023) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08530-3 · Cited by 13
“The manuscript was prepared in adherence to the STROBE guidelines for cohort studies [21].”
MethodCassese, G., Han, H., Lee, E., Lee, B., Lee, H. W., Cho, J. Y., Montalti, R., & TROISI, R. I. (2023) · Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences · doi:10.1002/jhbp.1384 · Cited by 13
“19 Informed consent was obtained prior to every surgical procedure.”
MethodPreoteasa, L. D., & Preoteasa, D. (2024) · BMC Ophthalmology · doi:10.1186/s12886-023-03260-1 · Cited by 13
“The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were followed in conducting and reporting this cross-sectional, analytical study [14].”
MethodCamino-Willhuber, G. O., Schönnagel, L., Chiapparelli, E. A., Amoroso, K., Tani, S., Caffard, T., Arzani, A., Guven, A. E., Verna, B., Zhu, J., et al. (2024) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-023-08120-6 · Cited by 13
“The reporting of this study is in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [9].”
Vahedian‐Azimi, A., Hassan, I. F., Rahimi‐Bashar, F., Elmelliti, H., Salesi, M., Alqahwachi, H., Albazoon, F., Akbar, A., Labib, A., Ibrahim, A. S., et al. (2024) · BMC Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12873-023-00905-8 · Cited by 13
Ghazwani, Y., Alghafees, M. A., Suheb, M. K., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1354663 · Cited by 13
“All methods employed in our study were conducted strictly per the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines (8).”
MethodEffectiveness of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation in Chronic Pain Management: A Systematic Review
Campos-Fajardo, S., Sierra-Peña, J. A., Suárez-Monsalve, S., & González, J. C. A. (2024) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.06.138 · Cited by 13
Feng, Z., Zhu, J., Zhang, L., Li, C., Su, D., Wang, H., Yu, Y., & Song, L. (2024) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00059-24 · Cited by 16
“This study was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards and was approved by the Ethics Committee at Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital affiliated with Fudan University [(2019) 101].”
Suades, R., Greco, M. F., Prieto, P., Padró, T., Devaux, Y., Domingo, P., & Badimón, L. (2024) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.1002/jev2.12456 · Cited by 13
Lisee, C. M., Obudzinski, S., Pietrosimone, B. G., Creighton, R. A., Kamath, G., Longobardi, L., Loeser, R. F., Schwartz, T. A., & Spang, J. T. (2024) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465241262797 · Cited by 14
Song, J., & Yang, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1449668 · Cited by 15
“The present research adhered to the guidelines outlined in the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) (Supplementary STROBE-MR checklist table) (18).”
MethodHasan, F. M., Daraghmeh, T., Jaber, M., & Shawahna, R. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06196-y · Cited by 15
Guo, Q., Dong, D., Zhou, Q., Huang, S., Qiao, X., Dang, Z., Wang, X., & Zhao, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1466752 · Cited by 15
Gacem, S. A., Huri, H. Z., Wahab, I. A., & Abduelkarem, A. R. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-024-01851-6 · Cited by 21
“The quality and bias assessment tools outlined in the INPLASY registration were slightly modified to accommodate the unique requirements of this study [34, 35], as they were insufficient for evaluating certain complex study designs included in the review.”
Guo, X., Yang, X., & Mao, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1475321 · Cited by 13
Bay, N., Juga, E., MACUACUA, C., et al. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4820-8 · Cited by 13
Beishon, L., Minhas, J. S., Nogueira, R. D. C., Castro, P., Budgeon, C. A., Aries, M. J. H., Payne, S. J., Robinson, T. G., & Panerai, R. B. (2020) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/1747493020907003 · Cited by 13
Biological therapy in rheumatoid vasculitis: a systematic review
de Cerqueira, D. P. A., Pedreira, A. L. S., de Cerqueira, M. G., et al. (2020) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-020-05459-9 · Cited by 13
“The methodological quality and the risk of bias of the selected studies were evaluated by the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) criteria for observational studies [11].”
MethodAttitudes towards multi‐organ donation among intensive care unit nurses in transplant hospitals
Fernández‐Alonso, V., Moro‐Tejedor, M. N., Palacios‐Ceña, D., et al. (2020) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12639 · Cited by 13
Maokola, W. M., Ngowi, B. J., Lawson, L., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.192 · Cited by 13
“…and elsewhere. ethods tudy design and setting We described a secondary data analysis of a retrospective ohort study using the STROBE checklist (Cuschieri, 2019). nonymized data from all PLHIV enrolled in 315 HIV care and reatment clinics (CTCs) in Dar es Salaam, Iringa and Njombe egions over…”
MethodMatsunaga, M., Kataoka, Y., Igarashi, Y., Fukui, T., Imura, M., & Horiuchi, S. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04032-9 · Cited by 13
“The methodology conformed to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [13] and the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) [14].”
MethodValera‐Calero, J. A., Úbeda-D’Ocasar, E., Caballero-Corella, M., Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Gallego‐Sendarrubias, G. M., & Arias‐Buría, J. L. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab297 · Cited by 14
Lorente, A., Gandía, A., Mariscal, G., et al. (2021) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-021-04745-0 · Cited by 13
“The STROBE guidelines.”
MethodEl-Solh, A., Lawson, Y., & El-Solh, D. A. (2021) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-021-02848-z · Cited by 13
da Cunha, G. H., Ramalho, A. K. L., Fontenele, M. S. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1097/jnc.0000000000000326 · Cited by 13
“The study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines (Cuschieri, 2019) and the SAGER guidelines (Heidari et al., 2016).”
MethodJayakumar, S., Ilango, S., Senthil Kumar, K., Alassaf, A. M., Aljabr, A., Paramasivam, A., Mickeymaray, S., Hawsah, Y. M., & Aldawish, A. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.900026 · Cited by 13
“The study was conducted following STROBE guidelines for cross-sectional study (Figure 1) (42).”
MethodLin, C.-H., Li, Y., Wang, Y., & Chang, W. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19138077 · Cited by 13
“This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study, designed according to ‘Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology’ (STROBE) guidelines [20].”
MethodAndreassen, R., & Hadler‐Olsen, E. (2022) · Special Care in Dentistry · doi:10.1111/scd.12791 · Cited by 14
Marcus, E., Latos‐Bieleńska, A., Jamry‐Dziurla, A., Barišić, I., Cavero‐Carbonell, C., Hond, E. D., Garne, E., Genard, L., Santos, A. J., Lutke, L. R., et al. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03734-z · Cited by 13
Molina-García, C., Jiménez‐García, J. D., Velázquez‐Díaz, D., Ramos‐Petersen, L., López-del-Amo-Lorente, A., Martínez-Sebastián, C., & Álvarez-Salvago, F. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10040696 · Cited by 13
Albasha, N., Curtin, C., McCullagh, R., Cornally, N., & Timmons, S. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04435-7 · Cited by 13
“We followed the guidelines of Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) when reporting the current study [33, 34].”
MethodBandinelli, F., Pagano, M., & Vallecoccia, M. S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12247563 · Cited by 16
“The reporting of this study conforms to STROBE guidelines [32].”
Clausen, A. R., Durand, S., Petersen, R. L., Staunstrup, N. H., & Qvist, P. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13061038 · Cited by 14
Impact of spectrum bias on deep learning–based stroke MRI analysis
Krag, C. H., Müller, F. C., Gandrup, K. L., Plesner, L. L., Sagar, M. V., Andersen, M. B., Nielsen, M., Kruuse, C. R., & Boesen, M. (2025) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2025.112161 · Cited by 12
Gressler, L. E., & Lewis, K. N. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23468-8 · Cited by 12
Leonhardt, C., Danielsen, D., & Andersen, S. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108508 · Cited by 12
Fast-Track Failure After Cardiac Surgery: Risk Factors and Outcome With Long-Term Follow-Up
Hendrikx, J., Timmers, M., Tmimi, L. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia · doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2021.12.009 · Cited by 12
Mitchell, H., Applebaum, A. J., Lynch, K. A., Reiner, A. S., Atkinson, T. M., Buthorn, J. J., Sigler, A. M., Bossert, D. F., Brewer, K., Corkran, J., et al. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101670 · Cited by 15
Chen, H. M., Chen, H. M., Li, K. Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104570 · Cited by 12
Lee, T., Chen, Y., Groot, O. Q., Yen, H., Bindels, B. J. J., Pierik, R., Hsieh, H., Karhade, A. V., Tseng, T., Lai, Y., et al. (2023) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.6097 · Cited by 11
Danneels, M., Hecke, R. V., Leyssens, L., van de Berg, R., Dhooge, I. J. M., Cambier, D. C., Rompaey, V. V., & Maes, L. (2023) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2023.1275 · Cited by 12
How different countries respond to adverse events whilst patients’ rights are protected
Gil-Hernández, E., Carrillo, I., Tumelty, M.-E., et al. (2023) · Medicine Science and the Law · doi:10.1177/00258024231182369 · Cited by 12
Ganzhorn, A., Schulte‐Uentrop, L., Küllmei, J., Zöllner, C., & Moll-Khosrawi, P. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288197 · Cited by 13
“This study is reported in accordance with the STROBE and COREQ guidelines [13, 14].”
ResultRahman, E., Philipp‐Dormston, W. G., Webb, W. R., Rao, P., CARRUTHERS, J. D. A., CARRUTHERS, A. J., Swift, A., Goodman, G. J., Mosahebi, A., & Nahai, F. (2023) · Aesthetic Surgery Journal Open Forum · doi:10.1093/asjof/ojad076 · Cited by 13
Hernández-Martínez, J., González-Castillo, C., Herrera-Valenzuela, T., Muñoz-Vásquez, C., Branco, B. H. M., & Valdés-Badilla, P. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20176688 · Cited by 13
Ortega‐Galán, Á. M., Ibáñez‐Masero, O., Martínez, E. F., Amo, R. O., Fernández‐Santos, L., & Fernández, M. D. R. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16869 · Cited by 15
Rautenberg, T. A., Ng, S., & Downes, M. (2023) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02728-y · Cited by 12
“All methods were carried out in accordance with appropriate guidelines and regulations and are reported in accordance with the STROBE recommendations for reporting of cross-sectional studies [35].”
MethodCassese, G., Han, H., Yoon, Y., et al. (2023) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-023-10580-2 · Cited by 12
“The study has been conducted according to the Strength-ening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines of the EQUATOR network [21] and has been reported in line with the STROCSS criteria [22].”
Stein, M., Grittner, U., Stegherr, R., Gerischer, L. M., Stascheit, F., Hoffmann, S., Herdick, M. L., Legg, D., Marbin, D., Meisel, A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1307627 · Cited by 12
“The STROBE reporting guidelines for observational studies have been applied (8).”
MethodXie, H., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Z., et al. (2024) · Rheumatology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40744-023-00636-z · Cited by 12
“This study was conducted at a single center, following the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [18], and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (2021-402-01).”
MethodTaylor, M. J., Chitwood, C. P., Xie, Z., Miller, H. A., van Berkel, V. H., Fu, X., Frieboes, H. B., & Suliman, S. A. (2024) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2024.107534 · Cited by 13
Rinaldi, V. G., Coliva, F., Favero, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13072085 · Cited by 12
“The quality of the included studies was based on the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist criteria, which is a reliable quality rating tool for observational studies [20].”
MethodTeotia, K., Jia, Y., Woite, N. L., Celi, L. A., de Matos, J. C. R. G., & Struja, T. (2024) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2024.104643 · Cited by 12
Rahmati, S., Galavi, Z., Kavyani, B., Arshadi, H., Geerts, J. M., & Sharifi, H. P. (2024) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2024.104004 · Cited by 15
Susmarini, D., Ninh, D. T., & Shin, H. (2024) · Child Health Nursing Research · doi:10.4094/chnr.2024.003 · Cited by 12
“Adherence Adherence to the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines ensures that the manuscript can be thoroughly understood and rigorously evaluated by the reader [19].”
MethodThe effect of temperature on infectious diarrhea disease: A systematic review
Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, B., Zhao, Z., Ma, N., Song, J., Tian, J., Cai, J., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31250 · Cited by 12
Plasma metals, genetic risk, and rapid kidney function decline among type 2 diabetes
Wang, R., Cheng, X., Long, T., Jia, C., Xu, Y., Wei, Y., Zhang, Y., He, X., & He, M. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174069 · Cited by 12
Zhou, S., Ma, J., Fan, S., et al. (2024) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2024.104034 · Cited by 12
Akyön, Ş. H., Akyön, F. Ç., Camyar, A. S., Hızlı, F., Sari, T., & Hızlı, Ş. (2024) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/59258 · Cited by 14
“These guidelines consist of 22 items that authors should adhere to before submitting their manuscripts for publication [13-15].”
BackgroundBakaloudi, D. R., Talukder, R., Makrakis, D., Diamantopoulos, L. N., Enright, T., Leary, J. B., Patgunarajah, U., Thomas, V. M., Swami, U., Agarwal, N., et al. (2024) · Clinical Genitourinary Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2024.102198 · Cited by 13
Chapuma, C., Twabi, H. H., Monk, E. J. M., Jafali, J., Weeks, A., Beales, E., Kulapani, D., Selemani, A., Nliwasa, M., Gadama, L., et al. (2024) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09855-3 · Cited by 12
“To assess reporting completeness and quality of included studies, two authors (CVD with either EJMM or EB) independently assessed included studies according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology [14–16] and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale [17, 18], respectively.”
MethodPrediction of Healing Trajectory of Chronic Wounds Using a Machine Learning Approach
Dallmann, A. C., Sheridan, M., Mattke, S., & Ennis, W. J. (2024) · Advances in Wound Care · doi:10.1089/wound.2024.0095 · Cited by 13
“32”
Broda, M., Rossillon, A., Houérou, T. L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2024.10.070 · Cited by 12
Chauvel, C., Horvat, C., Javouhey, É., et al. (2024) · Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses · doi:10.1111/irv.70054 · Cited by 12
“The STROBE guidelines were followed to report the study [16].”
Elbassiouny, A. A. I., Shehata, M., Zaki, A. S., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1510284 · Cited by 12
“The study was conducted in strict accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines (16) (Supplementary material) and followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Cuschieri, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Malta (MT)
- Corresponding author
- Cuschieri, Sarah
- ORCID
- Cuschieri, Sarah
- Venue
- Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 31
- ISSN
- 0975-3125 (ISSN-L)
- 1658-354X
- PMC
- PMC6398292
- OpenAlex
- W2915365125
- Semantic Scholar
- 86b49d808e17f22c01f936fc2b4c6e125c94e84d
- Cited by
- 4,331
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1091 · 2025: 1137 · 2024: 944 · 2023: 580 · 2022: 335 · 2021: 181 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 96.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OAR@UM (University of Malta) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Academic Writing and Publishing
- Keywords
- STROBE guidelines, reporting quality, observational studies, manuscript preparation, critical appraisal, reporting checklist, scientific publications
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