The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 12 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The STROBE guidelines
Open accessAbstract
An observational study is a type of epidemiological study design, which can take the form of a cohort, a case-control, or a cross-sectional study. When presenting observational studies in manuscripts, an author needs to ascertain a clear presentation of the work and provide the reader with appropriate information to enable critical appraisal of the research. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were created to aid the author in ensuring high-quality presentation of the conducted observational study. The original articles publishing the STROBE guidelines together with their bibliographies were identified and thoroughly reviewed. These guidelines consist of 22 checklist items that the author needs to fulfil before submitting the manuscript to a journal. The STROBE guidelines were created to aid the authors in presenting their work and not to act as a validation tool for the conducted study or as a framework to conduct an observational study on. The authors complying with these guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This article is a narrative overview of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines, intended to help authors present cohort, case–control, and cross-sectional studies clearly enough for critical appraisal. It walks through the 22-item checklist and explains what each section of a manuscript should report.
Key findings
- The STROBE guidelines consist of 22 checklist items; 18 are common to all three observational designs (cohort, case–control, cross-sectional), while 4 items (numbers 6, 12, 14, and 15) vary by study design.
- The guidelines were developed in 2004 through a collaborative initiative of epidemiologists, methodologists, statisticians, researchers, and journal editors.
- The author stresses that STROBE is not a methodological framework for conducting observational studies, nor a quality-evaluation instrument, nor a means of standardizing manuscripts — it is an aid to transparent reporting.
- The guidelines discourage the terms "prospective," "retrospective," "concurrent," and "historical," instead encouraging authors to describe the actual methodology.
Methods
- Design: narrative review/educational overview of the STROBE guidelines.
- Data: the original articles publishing the STROBE guidelines and their bibliographies were identified and thoroughly reviewed; the checklist is reproduced from Vandenbroucke et al.
- Analysis: descriptive, item-by-item explanation of the 22 checklist items grouped by manuscript section (title/abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, other information).
Limitations
- Not stated in the paper: the article reports no formal limitations section and declares no conflicts of interest and no financial support.
- Evident from the text: the review describes no systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or appraisal of the source literature, so it functions as an explanatory summary rather than a systematic review.
- Evident from the text: the article presents no empirical data or evaluation of whether compliance with STROBE actually improves reporting quality or publication outcomes, despite asserting that complying authors "are more likely to succeed in publishing."
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
11 Not checked yet · 1 Own interpretation
In the paper
“Such study information is of vital importance in a manuscript since this will determine whether the established results can be included in systemic reviews later on.[34]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 4
In the paper
“To ascertain high-quality reporting of observational studies, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were developed following a collaborative initiative of epidemiologists, methodologists, statisticians, researchers, and journal editors in 2004.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the STROBE guidelines enable the journal's editor, reviewers, and the readers to critically appraise the study.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Eighteen items are common to all the three observational designs, that is, cohort, cross-sectional, and case–control studies.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The Strobe Checklist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having a thorough understanding of the STROBE guidelines is therefore becoming a requisite for authors who wish to conduct and publish an observational study.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.
In the paper
“These guidelines consist of 22 checklist items that the author needs to fulfil before submitting the manuscript to a journal.”
- Also stated in: § The Strobe Checklist · plain
“A total of 22 checklist items contribute to the STROBE guidelines.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § The Strobe Checklist · plain
In the paper
“The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were created to aid the author in ensuring high-quality presentation of the conducted observational study.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“These guidelines were created to aid in the presentation of the conducted observational study to ensure adequate reporting (what was planned, done, found, and concluded) as well as assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the study.[12]”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“The aim of the STROBE guidelines was to provide a readily available checklist to ensure a clear presentation of what was planned and conducted in an observational study.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
In the paper
“Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.[5]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The STROBE Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Schriger, 2005, Ann Emerg Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the remaining four checklist items (items number 6, 12, 14, and 15) have specific variations according to the study design.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The Strobe Checklist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The STROBE guidelines were created to aid the authors in presenting their work and not to act as a validation tool for the conducted study or as a framework to conduct an observational study on.”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“In no way were these guidelines established to provide a methodological framework for conducting an observational study.[1]”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“Nor were the guidelines developed as an instrument for quality evaluation of observational research.[2]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
- Not checked yetcites [2] von, 2007, BMJ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
In the paper
“The STROBE guidelines do not allow the use of the words “prospective” or “retrospective” or “concurrent” or “historical,” but rather encourage the researcher to describe the actual methodology.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Items 4–12: Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The method used to establish the study size needs to be reported along with the confidence intervals considered. This is essential for the reader to ascertain whether sufficient statistical precision has been attained in the study.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Items 4–12: Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.
“A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Authors complying with the STROBE guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.
“The authors complying with these guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Causality of a particular outcome cannot be established in most study designs, unless a longitudinal cohort study has been conducted.
“Furthermore, researchers have to keep in mind that causality of a particular outcome cannot be established in most study designs, unless a longitudinal cohort study has been conducted.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This study was reported in compliance with the STROBE criteria [16].”
From Influence of hardiness, mother-child interactions, and social support on parenting stress among North Korean refugee mothers: a cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To assess reporting completeness and quality of included studies, two authors (CVD with either EJMM or EB) independently assessed included studies according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology [14–16] and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale [17, 18], respectively.”
From The aetiology and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial maternal infections in Sub-Saharan Africa—a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
Citations
Cites
Elm, E. V., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.ad · Cited by 10,766 · cited 2×
“[1] Nor were the guidelines developed as an instrument for quality evaluation of observational research.[2] Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.”
BackgroundMethodVandenbroucke, J. P., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., Poole, C., Schlesselman, J. J., Egger, M., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297 · Cited by 8,613 · cited 7×
“The STROBE guidelines do not allow the use of the words “prospective” or “retrospective” or “concurrent” or “historical,” but rather encourage the researcher to describe the actual methodology.[1]”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssessing the quality of controlled clinical trials
Jüni, P., Altman, D. G., & Egger, M. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.42 · Cited by 3,309 · cited 1×
“[1,2] Such study information is of vital importance in a manuscript since this will determine whether the established results can be included in systemic reviews later on.[3,4] Furthermore, the STROBE guidelines enable the journal’s editor, reviewers, and the readers to critically appraise the study.”
Backgroundvon Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.012 · Cited by 2,698
Meta-analysis Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies
Egger, M., Schneider, M., & Smith, G. D. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7125.140 · Cited by 997
Suggestions for Improving the Reporting of Clinical Research: The Role of Narrative
Schriger, D. L. (2005) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.09.022 · Cited by 42 · cited 1×
“[2] Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.[5]”
BackgroundWASP (Write a Scientific Paper): Understanding research metrics
Cuschieri, S. (2018) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.01.015 · Cited by 11 · cited 1×
“Citation of published manuscripts is imperative for the enhancement of the researcher’s research metrics and for increasing the prestigious acknowledgement of the researcher and his or her work within the scientific community.[6] The abstract should include a brief summary of the study and present only information fou…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Challenges in meta-analyses with observational studies
Metelli, S., & Chaimani, A. (2020) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmental-2019-300129 · Cited by 291
“Although guidance on the reporting of observational studies does exist (eg, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist), 8 following this guidance is not mandatory yet for most medical journals.”
Luchini, C., Veronese, N., Nottegar, A., Shin, J. I., Gentile, G., Granziol, U., Soysal, P., Alexinschi, O., Smith, L., & Solmi, M. (2020) · Pharmaceutical Statistics · doi:10.1002/pst.2068 · Cited by 249
“STROBE provides general reporting recommendations for descriptive observational studies and studies that investigate associations between exposures and health outcomes.(17,18) STROBE addresses the three main types of observational studies: cohort, case–control, and cross-sectional studies.”
BackgroundCacioppo, M., Bouvier, S., Bailly, R., Houx, L., Lempereur, M., Mensah-Gourmel, J., Kandalaft, C., Varengue, R., Chatelin, A., Vagnoni, J., et al. (2020) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2020.08.001 · Cited by 194
“This study was a cross-sectional study conducted in France with an online survey and following the STROBE guidelines [6].”
Clinical Validation of 5 Direct-to-Consumer Wearable Smart Devices to Detect Atrial Fibrillation
Mannhart, D., Lischer, M., Knecht, S., du Fay de Lavallaz, J., Strebel, I., Serban, T., Vögeli, D., Schaer, B., Osswald, S., Mueller, C., et al. (2023) · JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2022.09.011 · Cited by 175
Hu, Y., Wang, Z., He, H., Pan, L., Tu, J., & Shan, G. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102165 · Cited by 159
“We designed a table to assess the risk of study bias based on the STROBE checklist (Cuschieri, 2019).”
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“We followed the ‘Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE)’, [22,23] and ‘Standards for Reporting Diagnostic accu-”
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Is glyphosate toxic to bees? A meta-analytical review
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Gómez‐Urquiza, J. L., Albendín‐García, L., Velando‐Soriano, A., Ortega‐Campos, E., Ramírez‐Baena, L., Membrive‐Jiménez, M. J., & Suleiman‐Martos, N. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207672 · Cited by 105
“studies was used [27] and for the level of evidence the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine recommendations were used [28].”
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“Our study followed theAmericanAssociation for PublicOpinion Research reporting guidelines for survey studies and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology directive guidelines for observational studies.(18,19) Study design.”
MethodReal-world data: bridging the gap between clinical trials and practice
Wilson, B. E., & Booth, C. M. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102915 · Cited by 113
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Marciano, L., Lin, J., Sato, T., Saboor, S., & Viswanath, K. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100331 · Cited by 80
COVID-19 and Selenium Deficiency: a Systematic Review
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“Quality Assessment The STROBE checklist was used for quality assessment [18].”
MethodSkoglund, C., Sundström Poromaa, I., Leksell, D., Ekholm Selling, K., Cars, T., Giacobini, M., Young, S., & Kopp Kallner, H. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13920 · Cited by 77
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“Quality assessment Risk of bias was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) criteria [8].”
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Xin, H., Wong, J. Y., Murphy, C., Yeung, A., Ali, S. T., Wu, P., & Cowling, B. J. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab501 · Cited by 69
“The incubation period distribution of COVID-19 has been a critical epidemiological parameter in characterising the transmission dynamics, particularly the role of pre-symptomatic transmission [14] and determination of the quarantine period for persons who might have been exposed to infection [5, 6].”
BackgroundMethodBrigo, E., Rintala, A., Kossi, O., Verwaest, F., Vanhoof, O., Feys, P., & Bonnechère, B. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610325 · Cited by 73
“Due to the variety of publications included, we used the PEDro Scale to evaluate the methodological quality and risk of bias of RCTs [16], the STROBE Checklist for observational studies [17,18] and the CONSORT Checklist for feasibility and pilot studies [19,20].”
MethodRiera, S. A., Marín, S., Serra‐Prat, M., Tomsen, N., Arreola, V., Ortega, O., Walshe, M., & Clavé, P. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10081900 · Cited by 79
“In addition, the quality of prevalence studies was assessed using the “Quality assessment checklist for prevalence studies” [24,25].”
MethodRajendran, L., Claasen, M. P. A. W., McGilvray, I. D., Cattral, M. S., Ghanekar, A., Selzner, N., Burkes, R. L., Winter, E., Gallinger, S., & Sapisochín, G. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1097/xcs.0000000000000734 · Cited by 59
Kuchler, T., Günthner, R., Ribeiro, A., Hausinger, R. I., Streese, L., Wöhnl, A., Kesseler, V., Negele, J., Assali, T., Carbajo-Lozoya, J., et al. (2023) · Angiogenesis · doi:10.1007/s10456-023-09885-6 · Cited by 60
“The “All Eyes on PCS” study was designed following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [41].”
MethodScorpion species of medical importance in the Brazilian Amazon: a review to identify knowledge gaps
Martins, J. G., Santos, G. C., Procópio, R. E. D. L., Arantes, E. C., & Bordon, K. D. C. F. (2021) · The Journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · doi:10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0012 · Cited by 55
“We suggest that researchers become familiar with reporting guidelines such as the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE), which are delineated to investigate the associations between an exposure and a health outcome [166].”
MethodLife's Essential 8 and Depression: A National Cross-Sectional Analysis in US Emerging Adults
You, Y., Zheng, K., Ablitip, A., Wang, D., Chen, C., Liu, Y., Chen, Y., & Ma, X. (2025) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.03.023 · Cited by 60
Benson, R. A., & Nandhra, S. (2020) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000004722 · Cited by 54
“The study was performed and is reported in accordance with the STROBE guidelines.(14) Any institution performing vascular procedures was eligible to participate.”
MethodPortmann, L., de Kraker, M. E. A., Fröhlich, G., Thiabaud, A., Roelens, M., Schreiber, P. W., Troillet, N., Iten, A., Widmer, A. F., Harbarth, S., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.55599 · Cited by 54
Vestergaard, S. B., Esbensen, B. A., Midtgaard, J., Glintborg, B., Lau, L., Yilmaz, C., Aadahl, M., Cromhout, P. F., & de Thurah, A. L. (2024) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003412 · Cited by 55
Onoya, D., Hendrickson, C. J., Sineke, T., Maskew, M., Long, L. C., Bor, J. H., & Fox, M. P. (2021) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25652 · Cited by 51
“Following STROBE guidelines for observational studies [27], we present baseline descriptive results without statistical testing.”
MethodKarki, K., Singh, D. R., Maharjan, D., K. C., S., Shrestha, S., & Thapa, D. K. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246940 · Cited by 51
“The study followed the STROBE statement for a cross-sectional study [28].”
MethodCare burden and associated factors in caregivers of children with cancer
Chaghazardi, M., Janatolmakan, M., Rezaeian, S., & Khatony, A. (2022) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-022-01291-w · Cited by 55
“The study was designed and reported based on the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [23].”
MethodAsbjornsdottir, B., Snorradóttir, H., Andresdottir, E., Fasano, A., Lauth, B., Gudmundsson, L. S., Gottfreðsson, M., Halldorsson, T. I., & Birgisdóttir, B. E. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12071982 · Cited by 55
“The STROBE was not applied for rating the studies but rather to investigate the author’s adherence to the guidelines in presenting their work, as the guidelines are not to act as a validation tool for the conducted study [50].”
MethodHsu, H.-Y., Hsu, K.-C., Hou, S.-Y., Wu, C.-L., Hsieh, Y.-W., & Cheng, Y.-D. (2023) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/48433 · Cited by 50
“We followed the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) reporting guidelines for observational studies [5].”
MethodVernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Systematic Review
Bruschi, G., Ghiglioni, D. G., Cozzi, L., Osnaghi, S. G., Viola, F., & Marchisio, P. (2023) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-023-08970-4 · Cited by 62
Merckx, J., Cooke, S., Tal, T. E., Laxer, R. M., Bitnun, A., Morris, S. K., Yeh, E. A., Yea, C., Gill, P., Papenburg, J., et al. (2022) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.210873 · Cited by 51
Cazé, A. B., Silva, T. C., Bomfim, A. P., de Souza, G. L., Azevedo, A. C. A. C., Brasil, M. Q., Santos, N. R., Khouri, R., Dan, J. M., Bandeira, A. C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.13.06015 · Cited by 49
“We reported the results following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) ( Online Supplementary Document ) [14].”
MethodMedical students and ChatGPT: analyzing attitudes, practices, and academic perceptions
Abdelhafiz, A. S., Farghly, M. I., Sultan, E. A., Abouelmagd, M. E., Ashmawy, Y. M., & Elsebaie, E. H. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-06731-9 · Cited by 65
“…survey was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-surveys (CHER-RIES) [18] and complied with the reporting standards for observational studies outlined in the Strengthening of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement [19].”
Observational studies: practical tips for avoiding common statistical pitfalls
Sterrantino, A. F. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia · doi:10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100415 · Cited by 51
“26,27 To minimise incomplete and inadequate reporting, the EQUATOR (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research) Network, de fi ned reporting guidelines as: ‘ A checklist, fl ow diagram, or structured text to guide authors in reporting a speci fi c type of research, developed using…”
MethodThe Female Pelvic Floor Fascia Anatomy: A Systematic Search and Review
Roch, M., Gaudreault, N., Cyr, M., Venne, G., Bureau, N. J., & Morin, M. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11090900 · Cited by 56
Tajdar, D., Lühmann, D., Fertmann, R., Steinberg, T., van den Bussche, H., Scherer, M., & Schäfer, I. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10508-2 · Cited by 48
“This manuscript was drafted following the STROBE guidelines [20].”
MethodLewis, T., Doyle, D. M., Barreto, M., & Jackson, D. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114143 · Cited by 61
“This review implemented the combined STROBE guidelines for methodologically heterogeneous reviews (Cuschieri, 2019).”
MethodTseng, T., Lee, C., Yen, H., Groot, O. Q., Hou, C., Lin, S.-Y., Bongers, M. E. R., Hu, M., Karhade, A. V., Ko, J.-C., et al. (2021) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/corr.0000000000001969 · Cited by 50
“[11, 15, 16] and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) [12] guidelines.”
BackgroundAntidiabetic Medication and Asthma Attacks
Lee, B., Man, K. K. C., Wong, E., Tan, T., Sheikh, A., & Bloom, C. I. (2024) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.5982 · Cited by 57
Hanin, A., Denis, J. A., Frazzini, V., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11004-2 · Cited by 46
“The study design and report are in accordance with the STROBE statement [15].”
ResultWinarto, H., Habiburrahman, M., Dorothea, M., Wijaya, A., Nuryanto, K. H., Kusuma, F., Utami, T. W., & Anggraeni, T. D. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266139 · Cited by 62
“All methods and study results were reviewed and reported following the STROBE reporting guidelines (S1 Checklist) for cross-sectional studies [42].”
MethodYedavalli, V. S., Salim, H. A., Musmar, B., et al. (2024) · Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery · doi:10.1136/jnis-2024-021879 · Cited by 45
“22 23”
Parra, W. A. V., & Moscoso-Loaiza, L. (2024) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2024.112640 · Cited by 58
Donnelly, K., Baker, K., Pierce, R., Ivany, A. R. S., Barr, P., & Bruce, M. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1672109 · Cited by 42
Gut mycobiome dysbiosis after sepsis and trauma
Park, G., Munley, J. A., Kelly, L. S., Kannan, K. B., Mankowski, R. T., Sharma, A. K., Upchurch, G. R., Casadesús, G., Chakrabarty, P., Wallet, S. M., et al. (2024) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-023-04780-4 · Cited by 43
“This study’s reporting adheres to the guidelines outlined in the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [22].”
MethodEspaña‐Irla, G., Gomes‐Osman, J., Cattaneo, G., Albu, S., Cabello‐Toscano, M. R., Sánchez, J. S., Redondo‐Camós, M., Delgado‐Gallén, S., Alviarez‐Schulze, V., Pachón‐García, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.020688 · Cited by 49
Salim, H. A., Yedavalli, V. S., Musmar, B., Adeeb, N., Naamani, K. E., Henninger, N., Sundararajan, S. H., Kühn, A. L., Khalife, J., Ghozy, S. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2024-333669 · Cited by 46
van Dam, P. M. E. L., Zelis, N., van Kuijk, S. M. J., Linkens, A. E. M. J. H., Brüggemann, R. A. G., Spaetgens, B., van der Horst, I. C. C., & Stassen, P. M. (2021) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2021.1891453 · Cited by 44
“This study was conducted and reported in line with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [19].”
MethodMarcheschi, E., Vogel, N., Larsson, A., Perander, S., & Koglin, T. (2022) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2022.100585 · Cited by 43
“A cross sectional study design was developed following the STROBE guidelines to investigate residents ’ perceptions of car-free street experiments across four different case studies located in two cities in Sweden, respectively, Malm ¨ o and Gothenburg (Cuschieri, 2019).”
MethodLasagna, A., Agustoni, F., Percivalle, E., Borgetto, S., Paulet, A., Comolli, G., Sarasini, A., Bergami, F., Sammartino, J. C., Ferrari, A., et al. (2021) · ESMO Open · doi:10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100272 · Cited by 40
“The study was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement for reporting observational studies.(14) Subjects were monitored during the overall period of vaccination at baseline (before vaccination; T0), before the second administration (T1) and 21 d…”
Reporting guidelines for precision medicine research of clinical relevance: the BePRECISE checklist
Lim, S. S., Semnani‐Azad, Z., Morieri, M. L., Ng, A., Ahmad, A., Fitipaldi, H., Boyle, J. A., Collin, C., Dennis, J., Langenberg, C., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03033-3 · Cited by 41
“The BePRECISE guidelines are designed to be used together with existing study-specific checklists such as CONSORT 17 , STROBE 18 and STORMS (Strengthening the Organization and Reporting of Micro-biome Studies) 21 .”
InfluentialMari, E., Lausi, G., Fraschetti, A., Pizzo, A., Baldi, M., Quaglieri, A., Burrai, J., Barchielli, B., Avallone, F., & Giannini, A. M. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13094850 · Cited by 41
Drancourt, N., Osta, N. E., Decerle, N., & Hennèquin, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013618 · Cited by 46
Role of Salivary Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Detection of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review
Alamoudi, A. A., Alamoudi, R., Gazzaz, Y., & Alqahtani, A. M. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12123080 · Cited by 47
“The STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology) [14] checklist was used to assess the selected articles’ bias risk.”
MethodAmer, S. A., Al‐Zahrani, A., Imam, E. A., Ishteiwy, E. M., Djelleb, I. F., Abdullh, L. R., Ballaj, D., Amer, Y. A., El-Sokkary, R. H., Elshabrawy, A. M., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54886-0 · Cited by 47
Yedavalli, V. S., Salim, H. A., Musmar, B., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/17474930241270524 · Cited by 41
“Omics” and Postmortem Interval Estimation: A Systematic Review
Secco, L., Palumbi, S., Padalino, P., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26031034 · Cited by 42
“[2,3,17,20–22, 30, 34,35,41–43 ,45 Studies concerning only humans were evaluated using the STROBE checklist [52].”
Prieto-González, P., Šutvajová, M., Lesnakova, A., Bartík, P., Buľáková, K., & Friediger, T. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9070860 · Cited by 45
Merolli, M., Gray, K. M., Choo, D., Lawford, B. J., & Hinman, R. S. (2022) · Musculoskeletal Care · doi:10.1002/msc.1627 · Cited by 39
“This study is reported in line with both the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E‐Surveys (CHERRIES; Eysenbach, 2004) and Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines (Cuschieri, 2019).”
Mohanty, P., Patnaik, L., Nayak, G., & Dutta, A. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13949-5 · Cited by 40
“We ensure that items of Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guideline were reported wherever applicable [44].”
MethodSalim, H. A., Lakhani, D. A., Balar, A., Musmar, B., Adeeb, N., Hoseinyazdi, M., Luna, L., Deng, F. M., Hyson, N. Z., Mei, J. Y., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12279-3 · Cited by 39
“This study adheres to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist guidelines for observational studies [17, 18].”
Caruso, G., Corradi, N., Caldaria, A., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04252-1 · Cited by 39
Halat, D. H., Hallit, S. R., Younes, S., Alfikany, M., Khaled, S., Krayem, M., Khatib, S. E., & Rahal, M. K. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16184-8 · Cited by 53
“The conduct and reporting of this study follow the statement of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [58].”
MethodSubclinical and clinical acute kidney injury share similar urinary peptide signatures and prognosis
Boutin, L., Latosińska, A., Mischak, H., Deniau, B., Asakage, A., Legrand, M. M., Gayat, É., Mebazaa, A., Chadjichristos, C. E., & Dépret, F. (2023) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-023-07198-2 · Cited by 39
“Statistical analysis and bioinformatics This report adheres to the Strengthening of the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement guidelines [18].”
MethodFawson, S., Moon, Z., Novogrudsky, K., Moxham, F., Forster, K., Tribe, I., Moss-Morris, R., Johnson, C., & Hughes, L. D. (2024) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2023.2261518 · Cited by 40
“Researchers publishing studies in line with guidelines such as STROBE (Cuschieri, 2019) would allow for more transparent reporting and a clearer assessment of risk of bias.”
Prencipe, L., Houweling, T. A. J., van Lenthe, F. J., Kajula, L. J., & Palermo, T. (2023) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00234-6 · Cited by 51
Aggarwal, N. K., Consavage, K. E., Dhanuka, I., Clement, K. W., Shahbazian, K., & Bouey, J. H. (2020) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2019.0243 · Cited by 43
Gatto, N. M., Ogata, P., & Lytle, B. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13174477 · Cited by 39
Correlates of protection for booster doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2
Hertz, T., Levy, S., Ostrovsky, D. A., Oppenheimer, H., Zismanov, S., Kuzmina, A., Friedman, L. M., Trifkovic, S., Brice, D. C., Chun-Yang, L., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39816-4 · Cited by 37
Kaleeny, J. D., & Janis, J. E. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12131333 · Cited by 39
“To ensure the quality and transparency of our systematic review and meta-analysis, we employed the combined cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology for Cross-Sectional Study (STROBE) checklist [17]. required.”
MethodValera-Calero, J., Sánchez-Jorge, S., Buffet-García, J., Varol, U., Gallego-Sendarrubias, G. M., & Álvarez-González, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10132895 · Cited by 40
Useche, S. A., Alonso, F., Cendales, B., Montoro, L. V., & Llamazares, F. J. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11575-1 · Cited by 38
Vestel, C. D., Hertogh, W. D., Rompaey, V. V., & Vereeck, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.880714 · Cited by 36
“The study report is drafted conform the “Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE)” guidelines for cross-sectional studies (16).”
MethodParanhos, A. C. M., Dias, Á. R. N., da Silva, L. C. M., Koury, G. V. H., de Sousa, E. D. J. S., Cerasi, A. J., Souza, G. D. S., Quaresma, J. A. S., & Falcão, L. F. M. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.30637 · Cited by 41
Loomans-Kropp, H. A., & Umar, A. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.10002 · Cited by 37
Immune‐Related Disorders Associated With Ménière's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Lopez-Escamez, J. A., Vela, J., & Frejo, L. (2023) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1002/ohn.386 · Cited by 37
Galli, F., Bindo, F., Motos, A., Fernández‐Barat, L., Barbeta, E., Gabarrús, A., Ceccato, A., Bermejo-Martín, J. F., Ferrer, R., Riera, J., et al. (2023) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-023-07161-1 · Cited by 38
“We reported results in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [19].”
ResultValidity of Material Related to the Anterior Cruciate Ligament on TikTok
D’Ambrosi, R., & Hewett, T. E. (2024) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/23259671241228543 · Cited by 37
Melkemichel, M., Bringman, S., Nilsson, H., et al. (2020) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.11755 · Cited by 37
Mattuizzi, A., Sauvestre, F., André, G., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69191-9 · Cited by 37
Beltrame, A., Salguero, P., Rossi, E., Conesa, A., Moro, L., Bettini, L. R., Rizzi, E., D’Angiò, M., Deiana, M., Piubelli, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.834851 · Cited by 36
“82 Estradiol, pg/mL 68 (39-87) 21-649 20 (14-35) <10-28 29 (22-35) 11-44 28 (21-38.”
MethodSalim, H. A., Yedavalli, V. S., Musmar, B., Adeeb, N., Essibayi, M. A., Naamani, K. E., Henninger, N., Sundararajan, S. H., Kühn, A. L., Khalife, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Stroke · doi:10.5853/jos.2024.01389 · Cited by 37
“15,16”
Gómez-Rodríguez, R., Díaz-Pulido, B., Gutiérrez-Ortega, C., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17020653 · Cited by 36
“The study reporting followed the “Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology” (STROBE) guidelines [18].”
MethodSancho, E., Hanslin, K., Hultström, M., Larsson, A. O., Frithiof, R., & Lipcsey, M. (2021) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155727 · Cited by 36
Mahittikorn, A., Mala, W., Srisuphanunt, M., Masangkay, F. R., Kotepui, K. U., Wilairatana, P., & Kotepui, M. (2022) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/taac053 · Cited by 35
Domínguez‐Navarro, F., Casaña, J., Dominguez, B. P., Ricart-Luna, B., Cotolí-Suárez, P., & Calatayud, J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31178-7 · Cited by 36
“The research was developed and reported according to the recommendations of STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) 21 .”
Drug-Related Problems and Polypharmacy in Nursing Home Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study
Díez, R., Cadenas, R., Susperregui, J., Sahagún, A. M., Fernández, N., Garcia, J. J., Sierra, M., & López, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19074313 · Cited by 41
Zhang, M., Li, Q., Zhang, D., Tao, M., Han, K., Chi, C., Zhang, Z., Tao, X., & Liu, H. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04556-8 · Cited by 37
Salim, H. A., Musmar, B., Adeeb, N., Yedavalli, V. S., Lakhani, D. A., Grewal, S. S., Naamani, K. E., Henninger, N., Sundararajan, S. H., Kühn, A. L., et al. (2024) · European Stroke Journal · doi:10.1177/23969873241249295 · Cited by 36
“27 The data collection period spanned from September 2017 to July 2023.”
The Determinants of Consanguineous Marriages among the Arab Population: A Systematic Review
Goundali, K. E., Chebabe, M., Laamırı, F. Z., & Hilali, A. (2022) · Iranian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.18502/ijph.v51i2.8679 · Cited by 35
de Assis, G. L. C., Mota, A. N. B., Cesar, V. F., et al. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0663 · Cited by 34
“The methodological structure followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations(19).”
MethodLo, Z. J., Tan, E. M. L., Chandrasekar, S., Ooi, D. G. S., Liew, H., Ang, G. Y., Yong, E., Hong, Q., Chew, T., Farhan, M. F. M., et al. (2022) · International Wound Journal · doi:10.1111/iwj.14016 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- Cuschieri, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Malta (MT)
- Corresponding author
- Cuschieri, Sarah
- ORCID
- Cuschieri, Sarah
- Venue
- Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 31
- ISSN
- 0975-3125 (ISSN-L)
- 1658-354X
- PMC
- PMC6398292
- OpenAlex
- W2915365125
- Semantic Scholar
- 86b49d808e17f22c01f936fc2b4c6e125c94e84d
- Cited by
- 4,331
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1091 · 2025: 1137 · 2024: 944 · 2023: 580 · 2022: 335 · 2021: 181 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 96.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OAR@UM (University of Malta) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Academic Writing and Publishing
- Keywords
- STROBE guidelines, reporting quality, observational studies, manuscript preparation, critical appraisal, reporting checklist, scientific publications
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