The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 12 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The STROBE guidelines
Open accessAbstract
An observational study is a type of epidemiological study design, which can take the form of a cohort, a case-control, or a cross-sectional study. When presenting observational studies in manuscripts, an author needs to ascertain a clear presentation of the work and provide the reader with appropriate information to enable critical appraisal of the research. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were created to aid the author in ensuring high-quality presentation of the conducted observational study. The original articles publishing the STROBE guidelines together with their bibliographies were identified and thoroughly reviewed. These guidelines consist of 22 checklist items that the author needs to fulfil before submitting the manuscript to a journal. The STROBE guidelines were created to aid the authors in presenting their work and not to act as a validation tool for the conducted study or as a framework to conduct an observational study on. The authors complying with these guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This article is a narrative overview of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines, intended to help authors present cohort, case–control, and cross-sectional studies clearly enough for critical appraisal. It walks through the 22-item checklist and explains what each section of a manuscript should report.
Key findings
- The STROBE guidelines consist of 22 checklist items; 18 are common to all three observational designs (cohort, case–control, cross-sectional), while 4 items (numbers 6, 12, 14, and 15) vary by study design.
- The guidelines were developed in 2004 through a collaborative initiative of epidemiologists, methodologists, statisticians, researchers, and journal editors.
- The author stresses that STROBE is not a methodological framework for conducting observational studies, nor a quality-evaluation instrument, nor a means of standardizing manuscripts — it is an aid to transparent reporting.
- The guidelines discourage the terms "prospective," "retrospective," "concurrent," and "historical," instead encouraging authors to describe the actual methodology.
Methods
- Design: narrative review/educational overview of the STROBE guidelines.
- Data: the original articles publishing the STROBE guidelines and their bibliographies were identified and thoroughly reviewed; the checklist is reproduced from Vandenbroucke et al.
- Analysis: descriptive, item-by-item explanation of the 22 checklist items grouped by manuscript section (title/abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, other information).
Limitations
- Not stated in the paper: the article reports no formal limitations section and declares no conflicts of interest and no financial support.
- Evident from the text: the review describes no systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or appraisal of the source literature, so it functions as an explanatory summary rather than a systematic review.
- Evident from the text: the article presents no empirical data or evaluation of whether compliance with STROBE actually improves reporting quality or publication outcomes, despite asserting that complying authors "are more likely to succeed in publishing."
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 12 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
In the paper
“Such study information is of vital importance in a manuscript since this will determine whether the established results can be included in systemic reviews later on.[34]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 4
In the paper
“To ascertain high-quality reporting of observational studies, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were developed following a collaborative initiative of epidemiologists, methodologists, statisticians, researchers, and journal editors in 2004.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the STROBE guidelines enable the journal's editor, reviewers, and the readers to critically appraise the study.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Eighteen items are common to all the three observational designs, that is, cohort, cross-sectional, and case–control studies.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The Strobe Checklist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having a thorough understanding of the STROBE guidelines is therefore becoming a requisite for authors who wish to conduct and publish an observational study.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.
In the paper
“These guidelines consist of 22 checklist items that the author needs to fulfil before submitting the manuscript to a journal.”
- Also stated in: § The Strobe Checklist · plain
“A total of 22 checklist items contribute to the STROBE guidelines.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § The Strobe Checklist · plain
In the paper
“The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were created to aid the author in ensuring high-quality presentation of the conducted observational study.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“These guidelines were created to aid in the presentation of the conducted observational study to ensure adequate reporting (what was planned, done, found, and concluded) as well as assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the study.[12]”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“The aim of the STROBE guidelines was to provide a readily available checklist to ensure a clear presentation of what was planned and conducted in an observational study.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
In the paper
“Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.[5]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The STROBE Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Schriger, 2005, Ann Emerg Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the remaining four checklist items (items number 6, 12, 14, and 15) have specific variations according to the study design.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The Strobe Checklist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The STROBE guidelines were created to aid the authors in presenting their work and not to act as a validation tool for the conducted study or as a framework to conduct an observational study on.”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“In no way were these guidelines established to provide a methodological framework for conducting an observational study.[1]”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“Nor were the guidelines developed as an instrument for quality evaluation of observational research.[2]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
- Not checked yetcites [2] von, 2007, BMJ
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
In the paper
“The STROBE guidelines do not allow the use of the words “prospective” or “retrospective” or “concurrent” or “historical,” but rather encourage the researcher to describe the actual methodology.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Items 4–12: Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The method used to establish the study size needs to be reported along with the confidence intervals considered. This is essential for the reader to ascertain whether sufficient statistical precision has been attained in the study.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Items 4–12: Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.
“A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Authors complying with the STROBE guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.
“The authors complying with these guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Causality of a particular outcome cannot be established in most study designs, unless a longitudinal cohort study has been conducted.
“Furthermore, researchers have to keep in mind that causality of a particular outcome cannot be established in most study designs, unless a longitudinal cohort study has been conducted.”
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The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This study was reported in compliance with the STROBE criteria [16].”
From Influence of hardiness, mother-child interactions, and social support on parenting stress among North Korean refugee mothers: a cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To assess reporting completeness and quality of included studies, two authors (CVD with either EJMM or EB) independently assessed included studies according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology [14–16] and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale [17, 18], respectively.”
From The aetiology and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial maternal infections in Sub-Saharan Africa—a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
Citations
Cites
Elm, E. V., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.ad · Cited by 10,766 · cited 2×
“[1] Nor were the guidelines developed as an instrument for quality evaluation of observational research.[2] Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.”
BackgroundMethodVandenbroucke, J. P., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., Poole, C., Schlesselman, J. J., Egger, M., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297 · Cited by 8,613 · cited 7×
“The STROBE guidelines do not allow the use of the words “prospective” or “retrospective” or “concurrent” or “historical,” but rather encourage the researcher to describe the actual methodology.[1]”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssessing the quality of controlled clinical trials
Jüni, P., Altman, D. G., & Egger, M. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.42 · Cited by 3,309 · cited 1×
“[1,2] Such study information is of vital importance in a manuscript since this will determine whether the established results can be included in systemic reviews later on.[3,4] Furthermore, the STROBE guidelines enable the journal’s editor, reviewers, and the readers to critically appraise the study.”
Backgroundvon Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.012 · Cited by 2,698
Meta-analysis Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies
Egger, M., Schneider, M., & Smith, G. D. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7125.140 · Cited by 997
Suggestions for Improving the Reporting of Clinical Research: The Role of Narrative
Schriger, D. L. (2005) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.09.022 · Cited by 42 · cited 1×
“[2] Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.[5]”
BackgroundWASP (Write a Scientific Paper): Understanding research metrics
Cuschieri, S. (2018) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.01.015 · Cited by 11 · cited 1×
“Citation of published manuscripts is imperative for the enhancement of the researcher’s research metrics and for increasing the prestigious acknowledgement of the researcher and his or her work within the scientific community.[6] The abstract should include a brief summary of the study and present only information fou…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
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Items 601–700 of 1,002
Zeng, W., Wang, T., Stürmer, T., He, N., Shen, P., Lin, H., Guan, X., & Xu, Y. (2025) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-025-02753-1 · Cited by 10
“…[19], we specified the protocol of a target trial that compares the effects of ACEIs vs. ARBs on MACEs among older patients with T2DM (Table S2) This study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for observational research [21].”
Cichocka, E., Górczyńska-Kosiorz, S. B., Niemiec, P., Trautsolt, W., & Gumprecht, J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26114981 · Cited by 11
“KNW/0022/KB1/9/I/10 date 2 May 2010), and the research was carried out in compliance with the STROBE guidelines [29].”
The relationship between sleep quality and nomophobia among medical students
Sadeghi, N., Rezaeian, S., Janatolmakan, M., Mohammadi, M. M., Heidarian, P., & Khatony, A. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07847-8 · Cited by 15
“The reporting of this study adheres to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [22].”
Gender violence against woman nursing students: a cross-sectional study
Silva, L. C. P., Hino, P., de Oliveira, R. N. G., et al. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0539 · Cited by 10
“The STROBE guidelines.”
MethodDiabetes management behaviors associated with depression in the U.S.
Lai, T. C., McDaniel, C. C., & Chou, C. (2022) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-022-00953-3 · Cited by 11
“We followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for the reports of this study [19].”
MethodKhan, I. A., DeSimone, C. A., Sonnier, J. H., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2023.01.062 · Cited by 10
Calvo-Wright, M. D. M., López‐Moral, M., García‐Álvarez, Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12082835 · Cited by 10
“As most of the included articles were prospective and retrospective cohort studies (with only one randomized trial included), the quality evaluation was based on the standard STROBE guidelines to ensure a high-quality presentation of observational studies [16].”
Chou, F., Chiu, T., Huang, F.-W., Hsu, T.-Y., Liu, C., Lin, C.-H., Huang, P.-Y., Lin, K.-M., & Wu, S.-H. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1192241 · Cited by 10
“We carried out a cross-sectional study using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines (25) at the China Medical University Hospital (CMUH), Taiwan, from January 2020 to December 2021.”
MethodSavarese, E., Aicale, R., Torsiello, E., et al. (2024) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1002/ksa.12184 · Cited by 10
Pham, T. M., Kristiansen, E. B., Frich, L. H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-021-02473-8 · Cited by 10
“The study is reported according to the STROBE guidelines (Additional file 1) [12].”
Methodde França, G. M., Pinheiro, J. C., Almeida, D. R. D. M. F., et al. (2021) · Head and Neck Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12105-020-01260-x · Cited by 10
Hernández‐Díaz, Y., Mendoza, A. D. G., Fresán, A., González‐Castro, T. B., Tovilla‐Zárate, C. A., Juárez‐Rojop, I. E., López‐Narváez, M. L., Martínez‐Magaña, J. J., & Nicolini, H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115622 · Cited by 10
Morandi, E. M., Winkelmann, S., Dostal, L., et al. (2021) · International Wound Journal · doi:10.1111/iwj.13638 · Cited by 10
“20 Due to the concerns raised in the literature by Petit et al in 2011, 21-23 from that time we pursued the policy of not performing fat grafting of the breast within a time frame of 12 months after treat-ment of breast cancer.”
BackgroundBecker, S., Gonser, P., Haas, M., et al. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57101062 · Cited by 10
“This study was conducted in accordance with the STROBE guidelines [26].”
MethodProfiling abdominal aortic aneurysm growth with three-dimensional ultrasound
Broda, M., Rouet, L., Zielinski, A. H., et al. (2021) · International Angiology · doi:10.23736/s0392-9590.21.04724-6 · Cited by 10
Survival Analysis in Endometrial Carcinomas by Type of Surgical Approach: A Matched-Pair Study
Coronado, P., Rychlik, A., Baquedano, L., et al. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14041081 · Cited by 10
“The STROBE guidelines were followed to conduct this study [6].”
MethodMidterm outcomes of aneurysm repair with the Cook Zenith Alpha abdominal endovascular graft
Broda, M., Eiberg, J., Vogt, K., et al. (2022) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2022.03.862 · Cited by 10
Alvarado, F., Cervantes, C. E., Crews, D. C., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.17017 · Cited by 10
Wu, Z., Zhao, P., Wang, Z., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.966256 · Cited by 10
“In compliance with the STROBE reporting checklist, we provide the following article (6).”
MethodInfluentialSimonetti, J. A., Azrael, D. R., Zhang, W., et al. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12906 · Cited by 10
Asuncion, A., WALKER, P. M., Bertaut, A., et al. (2022) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims-22-184 · Cited by 10
Sunny, S. P., Ravindra, D. R., Hariharan, A., Mukhia, N., Gurudath, S., Gurushanth, K., Raghavan, S., Kolur, T. C., Shetty, V., Vidya Bushan, R., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291972 · Cited by 11
Kumar, V., Atre, S. Y., Jain, R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research · doi:10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.01.009 · Cited by 10
Self-recognition and formal help-seeking for mental health conditions: A cross-sectional study
Varma, S., & Batterham, P. J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119612 · Cited by 12
Renal cell carcinoma detection: a systematic review in diagnostic urinary biomarkers
Kelly, J. F., Samarska, I. V., Ramaekers, B. L. T., Marcelissen, T. A. T., van Roermund, J. G. H., Aarts, M. J. B., Kerkhofs, T. M. A., Hermans, T. J. N., van Osch, F., Meyer, T. D., et al. (2025) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-025-14900-8 · Cited by 13
Feasel, C. D., Sandroff, B. M., & Motl, R. W. (2020) · Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal · doi:10.1097/cpt.0000000000000141 · Cited by 9
“The current study is consistent with the STROBE guidelines in reporting for observational studies.(12) The data collection for this study was conducted during the calendar year between the dates of January 2015 and July 2019.”
ResultValera‐Calero, J. A., & Varol, U. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10102637 · Cited by 8
“This report followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines and checklist [29].”
MethodZheng, Q., Liu, L., Wang, B., et al. (2023) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002694 · Cited by 10
“…participants who underwent SG biopsy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University from 2020 to 2022 and fulfilled the 2016 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for SjS. 1 The non-SjS control group included participants who underwent the biopsy but did not fulfil these classification criteria.”
Horstmann, S., Hartig, C., Kraus, U., Palm, K., Jacke, K., Dandolo, L., Schneider, A. S., & Bolte, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.992557 · Cited by 5
“In order to allow for replication and comparability to other studies, authors need to provide a brief description of the source from which relevant information, in this case on sex/gender, was retrieved or how sex/gender was measured in the study (rating level b) (26, 41, 44, 49).”
BackgroundNewborn screening for sickle cell disease in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo: an update
Kasaï, E. T., Gulbis, B., Kadima, J. N., Bours, V., Agasa, S. B., Djang'Eing'A, R. M., Boemer, F., Bosunga, G. K., Ngbonda, D., Vutseme, L. J. S., et al. (2023) · Hematology · doi:10.1080/16078454.2023.2213043 · Cited by 9
“The study was conducted according to the recommendations of STROBE GUIDELINES [22].”
MethodSchönnagel, L., Muellner, M., Caffard, T., et al. (2023) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-023-07783-5 · Cited by 9
“The reporting is in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [17].”
MethodShared decision making in patients with substance use disorders: A one-year follow-up study
Serrano-Pérez, P., Rivero‐Santana, A., Daigre, C., Palma-Álvarez, R. F., Nistal-Franco, I., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., & Grau‐López, L. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115540 · Cited by 9
“The article has been made following the recommendations of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guideline for cohort studies (Cuschieri, 2019).”
Association between weight change and risk of liver fibrosis in adults with type 2 diabetes
Pan, K., Xu, M., Feng, J., Tian, Q., He, Y. L., Lu, K., & Lu, Z. (2023) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.13.04138 · Cited by 10
Impact of advanced maternal age on neonatal morbidity: a systematic review
Rodrigues, I., Soares, H., Rocha, G., & Azevedo, I. (2023) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2023.2287981 · Cited by 9
“…review was assessed by two independent authors (GR and HS), using the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) [16] guidelines and a GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) [17] level was attributed to each included article.”
MethodVullings, I., Wammes, J. D., Uysal‐Bozkir, Ö., Smits, C. H. M., Labrie, N., Swait́, J., de Bekker-Grob, E. W., & Vroomen, J. L. M. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075671 · Cited by 9
Lan, R., Stiles, E. R., Ward, S. A., Lajam, C. M., & Bosco, J. A. (2024) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2024.01.039 · Cited by 9
Aarsland, M. A., Weber, C., Enoksen, C. H., Dalen, I., Tjosevik, K. E., Oord, P., & Thorsen, K. (2024) · European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00068-024-02465-3 · Cited by 9
“The STROBE guidelines were adhered to when appropriate [14].”
MethodHyodo, R., Takehara, Y., Ishizu, Y., et al. (2024) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.29357 · Cited by 9
The Vitamin D Receptor as a Prognostic Marker in Breast Cancer—A Cohort Study
Huss, L., Gulz-Haake, I., Nilsson, E., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16070931 · Cited by 9
“This study was conducted and presented in congruence with the guidelines REMARK and STROBE for cohort studies [30,31].”
MethodChen, H. M., Li, K. Y., Li, T. L., Wong, G. H. Y., Kwong, E., Ng, R. C.-L., Burrow, M. F., McGrath, C. P. J., & Chen, H. (2024) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104967 · Cited by 9
Cost of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors compared with matched control groups
Kristensen, L. Q., van Tulder, M. W., Eiskjær, H., et al. (2024) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110239 · Cited by 9
Loss, K. L., Fandino, W., Almarie, B., Bazan-Perkins, B. M., Minetto, J., Aranis, N., Monaco, T., Aladab, A., Pacheco‐Barrios, K., & Fregni, F. (2024) · Dialogues in Health · doi:10.1016/j.dialog.2024.100183 · Cited by 9
Søborg, M.-L. K., Petersen, A. S., Lund, N. L. T., et al. (2024) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024241258485 · Cited by 9
“All fi ndings were reported according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines (14).”
Naderza, W., Niespodziński, B., & Studnicki, R. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14146109 · Cited by 9
Lucocq, J. E., Haugk, B., Joseph, N., et al. (2024) · HPB · doi:10.1016/j.hpb.2024.07.410 · Cited by 9
León, L. D. O., Thompson, R. L., Wyka, K., & Huang, T. T. ‐. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-02095-w · Cited by 11
“This study follows the STROBE guidelines for reporting cross-sectional observational studies [26].”
Kekelekis, A., Musa, R. M., Nikolaidis, P. Τ., Clemente, F. M., & Kellis, E. (2024) · Muscles · doi:10.3390/muscles3030026 · Cited by 9
“This prospective study follows the recommendations of the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines [26].”
Choi, D. W., & Shin, H. (2024) · Nursing in Critical Care · doi:10.1111/nicc.13154 · Cited by 9
Yue, M., Chen, Q.-L., Liu, Y., Cheng, R., & Zeng, D.-F. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02415-9 · Cited by 4
Gallitto, E., Tsilimparis, N., Spath, P., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezae387 · Cited by 9
Psychological distress among students in Egypt and Jordan during the initial months of the Gaza war
Hendawy, M., Abouzid, M., Gamal, A., Ghanayem, A., Amer, M., Tanashat, M., Eltewacy, N. K., Mohamed, M. J., Nada, E. A., & Ibrahim, I. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02161-2 · Cited by 12
“The study was conducted using a cross-sectional design, adhering to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines, which ensure transparency and reproducibility in observational research [16].”
Tobaiqi, M. A., Albouq, R. A., Ban, A. M., et al. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12232339 · Cited by 9
Osman, H. M., Osman, A. A., Al‐Nafeesah, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Tropical Pediatrics · doi:10.1093/tropej/fmae047 · Cited by 9
Ceccarelli, A., Munafò, G., Sintoni, F., et al. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12121438 · Cited by 9
“For observational studies, including cross-sectional and cohort designs, the “STROBE statement checklists” were utilized [18].”
Cheng, S.-L., Lin, S., Peng, C., et al. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1177/17534666241308406 · Cited by 9
Drole, K., Doupona, M., Steffen, K., Jerin, A., & Paravlic, A. H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1521290 · Cited by 15
“This study was designed as a prospective cohort study and was conducted in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) (Cuschieri, 2019) guidelines and A CHecklist for statistical Assessment of Medical Papers (CHAMP) (Mansournia et al., 2021).”
Learning Curve for Robotic Inguinal Hernia Repair With da Vinci Single-Port Robotic System
Celotto, F., Ramacciotti, N., Danieli, G., et al. (2025) · Surgical Innovation · doi:10.1177/15533506251314605 · Cited by 9
Goyal, A., Saeed, H., Sultan, W., Singh, A., Abdullah, A., Arshad, M. K., Amin, Z., Changez, M. I. K., Mahalwar, G., Khan, R., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0317592 · Cited by 13
“Our study was exempt from institutional review board approval, as we utilized a de-identified government-provided public-use dataset in accordance with Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [24].”
Jiang, C. L., Zhang, X., Feng, S., & Li, H. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15030313 · Cited by 11
“Following the STROBE guidelines (Cuschieri, 2019), we also performed sensitivity analysis.”
Melkemichel, M., Holmberg, H., Dahlstrand, U., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14072397 · Cited by 9
“The study adhered to the STROBE guidelines [14].”
Mauro, D. D., Smakaj, A., Casiraghi, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology · doi:10.1186/s10195-025-00834-1 · Cited by 9
“A multicenter retrospective observational study was conducted in accordance with Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [22], including patients from 2018 to 2022.”
Bakaloudi, D. R., Talukder, R., Enright, T., et al. (2025) · Clinical Genitourinary Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2025.102356 · Cited by 10
van Leeuwen, G. L., Baggel, S., Tielliu, I. F. J., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2025.04.041 · Cited by 9
Decoding success: A five-year retrospective study of dental Implant survival
Mahendra, J., Subbiah, U., Gopalakrishnan, P., et al. (2025) · Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research · doi:10.1016/j.jobcr.2025.06.021 · Cited by 9
HPV vaccination and malignancy risks beyond cervical cancer: A retrospective global cohort study
Seebauer, C., Faluogy, M., Sieg, P., et al. (2025) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107851 · Cited by 9
Xiong, Y., Lian, W., Sun, Y., Liu, W., Guo, J., Tang, W., & Liu, C. (2025) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-025-06498-9 · Cited by 9
“This research was conducted in accordance with the STROBE guidelines for observational studies [19 ].”
Pijpers, J., van Roon, A. M., Schipper, M., et al. (2025) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2025.30.39.2500251 · Cited by 9
“This manuscript was prepared in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [20].”
Okui, J., Obara, H., Shimane, G., et al. (2021) · Annals of Gastroenterological Surgery · doi:10.1002/ags3.12539 · Cited by 9
Schuermans, V. N. E., Smeets, A. Y. J. M., Wijsen, N. P. M. H., et al. (2022) · Brain and Spine · doi:10.1016/j.bas.2022.100869 · Cited by 9
“This manuscript is written in accordance with the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines (Cuschieri, 2019).”
MethodCassese, G., Castaldi, A., Taweel, B. A., et al. (2022) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-021-03101-4 · Cited by 9
Chen, S.-T., Tung, H.-C., Chen, Y., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10580-7 · Cited by 9
Buys, E., Nadasan, T., Pefile, N., et al. (2022) · South African Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.4102/sajp.v78i1.1631 · Cited by 9
“Our study is reported according to the guidelines for ‘Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology’ (Cuschieri 2019).”
MethodUsman, R., Bakare, L., Akpan, U. O., et al. (2022) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2022.42.63.29621 · Cited by 9
“We presented our results using tables, maps and structured the report following the Strobe statement [8].”
MethodRETRACTED: Pediatricians' Knowledge of Children's Oral Health: A National Survey
Alanzi, A., Muhammad, S., Faridoun, A., & Alterkait, A. (2022) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/j.identj.2022.08.004 · Cited by 9
RetractedSapino, G., Guillier, D., Osinga, R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2022.12.006 · Cited by 9
Shrunken Pore Syndrome Is Frequently Occurring in Severe COVID-19
Larsson, A. O., Hultström, M., Frithiof, R., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232415687 · Cited by 9
Watson, M. L., Hickman, S. H. M., Dreesbeimdiek, K. M., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281259 · Cited by 9
“Further to this, the STROBE guidelines ask authors to ‘describe any efforts to address potential source of bias’ in the twenty-two-item checklist provided.”
BackgroundResilience After COVID-19: A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional Study
Fernández‐Alonso, V., Fernández, S. R., Secadas-Rincón, L., Pérez-Gómez, M., Moro‐Tejedor, M. N., & Salcedo, M. (2023) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/10547738231154326 · Cited by 12
“This study followed the STROBE criteria for quantitative studies (Cuschieri, 2019).”
Guo, X., Liao, J., Fan, X., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30463-9 · Cited by 9
Kharawala, A., Seo, J., Barzallo, D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12113629 · Cited by 9
Wang, B., Zhang, Y., Hao, W., Fan, J., Yan, Y., Gong, W., Zheng, W., Que, B., Ai, H., Wang, X., et al. (2023) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1007/s11239-023-02830-w · Cited by 9
“The study followed the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines [16], complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local committee (2,013,025).”
MethodZhou, Y., Shadbolt, C., Thuraisingam, S., Schilling, C. G., Choong, P., & Dowsey, M. M. (2023) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2023.05.079 · Cited by 9
Anterior Quadratus Lumborum Block and Quadriceps Strength: A Prospective Cohort Study
Kadoya, Y., Tanaka, N., Suzuka, T., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12113837 · Cited by 9
“This study was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology initiative [10], and it adheres to the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration.”
MethodMyers, C., Bennett, K., & Cahir, C. (2023) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzad048 · Cited by 9
Wakaba, K., Osuka, Y., Kojima, N., & Sasai, H. (2023) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2023.07.007 · Cited by 10
Abdominal aortic calcification is independently associated with lumbar endplate degeneration
Schönnagel, L., Muellner, M., Suwalski, P., et al. (2023) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-023-07871-6 · Cited by 9
Warner, B. B., Rosa, B. A., Ndao, I. M., Tarr, P. I., Miller, J. P., England, S. K., Luby, J. L., Rogers, C. E., Hall-Moore, C. M., Bryant, R. E., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41421-4 · Cited by 12
“The study was performed in accordance with Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines 90 .”
MethodThrombosis and antiphospholipid antibodies in Japanese COVID-19: based on propensity score matching
Oba, S., Hosoya, T., Kaneshige, R., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227547 · Cited by 9
“Our study design complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline (25).”
MethodVirrantaus, H. R., Liira, H., Posharina, T., Sulg, A., Mäntylä, T. J. S., Kanerva, M. J., Laakso, S. M., Sainio, M. A., Malmivaara, A. V., Vuokko, A., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072935 · Cited by 11
SI‐CBPAR : Towards structural indicators of community‐based participatory action research
Meyerson, B. E., Russell, D. M., Mahoney, A. N., Garnett, I., & Samorano, S. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13764 · Cited by 9
Muscle Quality Index is inversely associated with psychosocial variables among Chilean adolescents
Barahona-Fuentes, G. D. F., Ojeda, Á. H., Romero, G., Delgado‐Floody, P., Jerez‐Mayorga, D., Yeomans‐Cabrera, M., & Ríos, L. J. C. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16978-w · Cited by 10
“The following study was conducted in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines and recommendations [27, 28].”
MethodWhat Is the Psychological Role of the Virtual Self in Online Worlds? A Scoping Review
Gabarnet, A., Feixas, G., & Montesano, A. (2023) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti7120109 · Cited by 17
“A rubric was designed based on the STROBE criteria [31] and edited to account for how relevant the article was to the review.”
MethodWang, S., Luo, G.-S., Pan, D., Ding, X., Yang, F., Zhu, L., Wang, S., & Ma, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1323303 · Cited by 11
“The description of the study was done following STROBE guidelines for reporting observational studies (21).”
MethodHenriksen, M. B., Hansen, T. F., Jensen, L. H., et al. (2023) · Translational Lung Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tlcr-23-495 · Cited by 9
“We present this article in accordance with the STROBE reporting checklist (available at https://tlcr.amegroups.com/ article/view/10.21037/tlcr-23-495/rc) ( 16).”
InfluentialYildirim, D. U., Şenyuva, E., & Kaya, E. (2024) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.13239 · Cited by 10
Ooi, J. H., Lim, R., Seng, H. C., Tan, M. P., Goh, C. H., Lovell, N. H., Argha, A., Beh, H. C., Sari, N. A. M., & Lim, E. (2024) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/s12938-024-01202-6 · Cited by 12
Akokuwebe, M. E., Osuafor, G. N., & Idemudia, E. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1245553 · Cited by 9
“Similarly, another study have indicated that where there is malnutrition, stress, drug addiction, alcoholism, and abject poverty, the presence of TB disease is often seen among vulnerable and high-risk populations (32, 33).”
BackgroundAsiamah, N., Opuni, F. F., Aidoo, I., Ansah, N. B., Lomatey, T., Muhonja, F. H., Agormeda-Tetteh, K., Kumi, P. K., Eku, E., Doumbia, M. O., et al. (2024) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2024.101134 · Cited by 9
Ahad, A., Ejaz, A., Fatima, E., et al. (2024) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102785 · Cited by 9
The Prevalence of Familial Mediterranean Fever and Behçet’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
Alparslan, Ö., Egeli, B. H., Demirel, Y., et al. (2020) · Archives of Rheumatology · doi:10.46497/archrheumatol.2020.7769 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Cuschieri, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Malta (MT)
- Corresponding author
- Cuschieri, Sarah
- ORCID
- Cuschieri, Sarah
- Venue
- Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 31
- ISSN
- 0975-3125 (ISSN-L)
- 1658-354X
- PMC
- PMC6398292
- OpenAlex
- W2915365125
- Semantic Scholar
- 86b49d808e17f22c01f936fc2b4c6e125c94e84d
- Cited by
- 4,331
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1091 · 2025: 1137 · 2024: 944 · 2023: 580 · 2022: 335 · 2021: 181 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 96.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OAR@UM (University of Malta) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Academic Writing and Publishing
- Keywords
- STROBE guidelines, reporting quality, observational studies, manuscript preparation, critical appraisal, reporting checklist, scientific publications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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