The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 12 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The STROBE guidelines
Open accessAbstract
An observational study is a type of epidemiological study design, which can take the form of a cohort, a case-control, or a cross-sectional study. When presenting observational studies in manuscripts, an author needs to ascertain a clear presentation of the work and provide the reader with appropriate information to enable critical appraisal of the research. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were created to aid the author in ensuring high-quality presentation of the conducted observational study. The original articles publishing the STROBE guidelines together with their bibliographies were identified and thoroughly reviewed. These guidelines consist of 22 checklist items that the author needs to fulfil before submitting the manuscript to a journal. The STROBE guidelines were created to aid the authors in presenting their work and not to act as a validation tool for the conducted study or as a framework to conduct an observational study on. The authors complying with these guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This article is a narrative overview of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines, intended to help authors present cohort, case–control, and cross-sectional studies clearly enough for critical appraisal. It walks through the 22-item checklist and explains what each section of a manuscript should report.
Key findings
- The STROBE guidelines consist of 22 checklist items; 18 are common to all three observational designs (cohort, case–control, cross-sectional), while 4 items (numbers 6, 12, 14, and 15) vary by study design.
- The guidelines were developed in 2004 through a collaborative initiative of epidemiologists, methodologists, statisticians, researchers, and journal editors.
- The author stresses that STROBE is not a methodological framework for conducting observational studies, nor a quality-evaluation instrument, nor a means of standardizing manuscripts — it is an aid to transparent reporting.
- The guidelines discourage the terms "prospective," "retrospective," "concurrent," and "historical," instead encouraging authors to describe the actual methodology.
Methods
- Design: narrative review/educational overview of the STROBE guidelines.
- Data: the original articles publishing the STROBE guidelines and their bibliographies were identified and thoroughly reviewed; the checklist is reproduced from Vandenbroucke et al.
- Analysis: descriptive, item-by-item explanation of the 22 checklist items grouped by manuscript section (title/abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, other information).
Limitations
- Not stated in the paper: the article reports no formal limitations section and declares no conflicts of interest and no financial support.
- Evident from the text: the review describes no systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or appraisal of the source literature, so it functions as an explanatory summary rather than a systematic review.
- Evident from the text: the article presents no empirical data or evaluation of whether compliance with STROBE actually improves reporting quality or publication outcomes, despite asserting that complying authors "are more likely to succeed in publishing."
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 12 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
In the paper
“Such study information is of vital importance in a manuscript since this will determine whether the established results can be included in systemic reviews later on.[34]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 4
In the paper
“To ascertain high-quality reporting of observational studies, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were developed following a collaborative initiative of epidemiologists, methodologists, statisticians, researchers, and journal editors in 2004.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the STROBE guidelines enable the journal's editor, reviewers, and the readers to critically appraise the study.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Eighteen items are common to all the three observational designs, that is, cohort, cross-sectional, and case–control studies.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The Strobe Checklist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having a thorough understanding of the STROBE guidelines is therefore becoming a requisite for authors who wish to conduct and publish an observational study.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.
In the paper
“These guidelines consist of 22 checklist items that the author needs to fulfil before submitting the manuscript to a journal.”
- Also stated in: § The Strobe Checklist · plain
“A total of 22 checklist items contribute to the STROBE guidelines.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § The Strobe Checklist · plain
In the paper
“The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were created to aid the author in ensuring high-quality presentation of the conducted observational study.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“These guidelines were created to aid in the presentation of the conducted observational study to ensure adequate reporting (what was planned, done, found, and concluded) as well as assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the study.[12]”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“The aim of the STROBE guidelines was to provide a readily available checklist to ensure a clear presentation of what was planned and conducted in an observational study.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
In the paper
“Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.[5]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The STROBE Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Schriger, 2005, Ann Emerg Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the remaining four checklist items (items number 6, 12, 14, and 15) have specific variations according to the study design.”
§ The STROBE guidelines > The Strobe Checklist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The STROBE guidelines were created to aid the authors in presenting their work and not to act as a validation tool for the conducted study or as a framework to conduct an observational study on.”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“In no way were these guidelines established to provide a methodological framework for conducting an observational study.[1]”
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
“Nor were the guidelines developed as an instrument for quality evaluation of observational research.[2]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
- Not checked yetcites [2] von, 2007, BMJ
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § The STROBE Guidelines · plain
In the paper
“The STROBE guidelines do not allow the use of the words “prospective” or “retrospective” or “concurrent” or “historical,” but rather encourage the researcher to describe the actual methodology.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Items 4–12: Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The method used to establish the study size needs to be reported along with the confidence intervals considered. This is essential for the reader to ascertain whether sufficient statistical precision has been attained in the study.[1]”
§ The STROBE guidelines > Items 4–12: Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Vandenbroucke, 2007, PLoS Med
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.
“A substantial number of journals are requesting authors to follow the STROBE guidelines before submitting their observational-study-inspired manuscript.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Authors complying with the STROBE guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.
“The authors complying with these guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Causality of a particular outcome cannot be established in most study designs, unless a longitudinal cohort study has been conducted.
“Furthermore, researchers have to keep in mind that causality of a particular outcome cannot be established in most study designs, unless a longitudinal cohort study has been conducted.”
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The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This study was reported in compliance with the STROBE criteria [16].”
From Influence of hardiness, mother-child interactions, and social support on parenting stress among North Korean refugee mothers: a cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To assess reporting completeness and quality of included studies, two authors (CVD with either EJMM or EB) independently assessed included studies according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology [14–16] and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale [17, 18], respectively.”
From The aetiology and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial maternal infections in Sub-Saharan Africa—a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
Citations
Cites
Elm, E. V., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.ad · Cited by 10,766 · cited 2×
“[1] Nor were the guidelines developed as an instrument for quality evaluation of observational research.[2] Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.”
BackgroundMethodVandenbroucke, J. P., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., Poole, C., Schlesselman, J. J., Egger, M., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297 · Cited by 8,613 · cited 7×
“The STROBE guidelines do not allow the use of the words “prospective” or “retrospective” or “concurrent” or “historical,” but rather encourage the researcher to describe the actual methodology.[1]”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssessing the quality of controlled clinical trials
Jüni, P., Altman, D. G., & Egger, M. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.42 · Cited by 3,309 · cited 1×
“[1,2] Such study information is of vital importance in a manuscript since this will determine whether the established results can be included in systemic reviews later on.[3,4] Furthermore, the STROBE guidelines enable the journal’s editor, reviewers, and the readers to critically appraise the study.”
Backgroundvon Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.012 · Cited by 2,698
Meta-analysis Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies
Egger, M., Schneider, M., & Smith, G. D. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7125.140 · Cited by 997
Suggestions for Improving the Reporting of Clinical Research: The Role of Narrative
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“[2] Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.[5]”
BackgroundWASP (Write a Scientific Paper): Understanding research metrics
Cuschieri, S. (2018) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.01.015 · Cited by 11 · cited 1×
“Citation of published manuscripts is imperative for the enhancement of the researcher’s research metrics and for increasing the prestigious acknowledgement of the researcher and his or her work within the scientific community.[6] The abstract should include a brief summary of the study and present only information fou…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
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“The scores obtained with the STROBE checklist varied between 14 and 21/22.”
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“The STROBE checklist for observational studies was followed to enhance methodological rigour.(46) In particular, we described all efforts to address potential sources of bias: we collected a representative sample of our population of nursing students enrolled in the 3years of Nursing Degree Programme; we provided comp…”
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“This study followed the guideline of Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) (Cuschieri, 2019).”
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“To ascertain high-quality reporting of this observational study, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines were followed [28].”
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“The reporting of this study followed guidelines recommended by STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) (13).”
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“The STROBE checklist will be utilized for quality evaluation of the enrolled cross-sectional researches.([18,19]) Through this evaluation strategy, we will explore six core constituents: study design, outcome data subjects, bias, descriptive, as well as measurement.”
MethodDíez, R., Cadenas, R., Susperregui, J., Sahagún, A. M., Fernández, N., Garcia, J. J., Sierra, M., & López, C. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11133808 · Cited by 29
González-Gamboa, M., Segura-Pujol, H., Díaz, P. O., & Rojas, S. (2022) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.10.023 · Cited by 26
Lazzareschi, D. V., Fong, N., Mavrothalassitis, O., Whitlock, E. L., Chen, C. L., Chiu, C., Adelmann, D., Bokoch, M. P., Chen, L., Liu, K. D., et al. (2022) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000005774 · Cited by 27
“Estimated blood loss (mL) 195 (502), 75 (15-200) 178 (432), 50 (3-200) 214 (511), 75 (10-250) 226 (557), 100 (15-250) < 0.”
Delirium incidence, predictors and outcomes in the intensive care unit: A prospective cohort study
Alzoubi, E., Shaheen, F., & Yousef, K. M. (2023) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.13154 · Cited by 26
Groot, T. M., Ramsey, D. C., Groot, O. Q., Fourman, M. S., Karhade, A. V., Twining, P. K., Berner, E. A., Fenn, B. P., Collins, A. K., Raskin, K. A., et al. (2023) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/corr.0000000000002698 · Cited by 26
“…Hospital and Brigham and Women ’ s Hospital, both located in Boston, MA, USA) in accordance with the Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis [15] and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology [2] guidelines.”
MethodSanghvi, P. A., Burkhart, R. J., Belt, N. G., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2024.06.048 · Cited by 26
Osta, N. E., Bessadet, M., Drancourt, N., et al. (2024) · Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.10.008 · Cited by 26
Patel, J., Hung, C., & Katapally, T. R. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116277 · Cited by 29
“Future research should adopt standardized reporting guidelines, such as the STROBE checklist for observational studies and the CONSORT checklist for randomized controlled trials to enhance transparency and consistency in reporting (Cuschieri, 2019).”
Mannini, A., Hakiki, B., Liuzzi, P., Campagnini, S., Romoli, A., Draghi, F., Macchi, C., & Carrozza, M. C. (2021) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106345 · Cited by 27
Violência interpessoal contra homossexuais, bissexuais e transgêneros
Fernandes, H., Bertini, P. V., Hino, P., et al. (2022) · Acta Paulista de Enfermagem · doi:10.37689/acta-ape/2022ao014866 · Cited by 26
Lasagna, A., AMICI, M. D., Rossi, C., Zuccaro, V., Corbella, M., Petazzoni, G., Comandatore, F., Sacchi, L., Testa, G., Ferraris, E., et al. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11121421 · Cited by 25
“The study was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement for reporting observational studies [18] and was approved by the local Ethics Committee (Comitato Etico Area Pavia) and Institutional Review Board (P-20190073421).”
MethodD’Ambrosi, R., Ursino, C., Mariani, I., Ursino, N., Formica, M., & Chen, A. F. (2023) · Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00402-023-04916-9 · Cited by 27
“The study followed the STROBE checklist for cohort studies [8].”
MethodCongenital heart defects in children born after assisted reproductive technology: a CoNARTaS study
Sargisian, N., Petzold, M., Furenäs, E., Gissler, M., Spangmose, A. L., Malchau, S. S., Opdahl, S., Pinborg, A. B., Henningsen, A.-K. A., Westvik‐Johari, K., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae572 · Cited by 28
Understanding EMS response times: a machine learning-based analysis
Hill, P., Lederman, J., Jonsson, D., et al. (2025) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-025-02975-z · Cited by 25
“The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist, designed to assist authors in presenting observational studies with clarity and rigor, was followed to ensure comprehensive and transparent reporting [48].”
Vyas, R. J., Young, M., Murray, M. C., Predovic, M., Lim, S., Jacobs, N. M., Mason, S. S., Zanello, S. B., Taibbi, G., Vizzeri, G., et al. (2020) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.61.14.34 · Cited by 26
Clinical evaluation after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation
Binder, H., Hoffman, L., Zak, L., Tiefenboeck, T. M., Aldrian, S. M., & Albrecht, C. H. (2021) · Bone and Joint Research · doi:10.1302/2046-3758.107.bjr-2020-0370.r1 · Cited by 25
Rasool, M. F., Akhtar, S., Hussain, I., Majeed, A., Imran, I., Saeed, H., Akbar, M., Chaudhry, M. O., Rehman, A. U., Ashraf, W., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168812 · Cited by 25
“The study was reported following The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [29].”
MethodLuo, J., Chen, Z., Liu, D., Li, H., He, S., Zeng, L., Yang, M., Liu, Z., Xiao, X., & Zhang, L. (2023) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-023-01980-y · Cited by 27
“This study was reported according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [24].”
MethodLasagna, A., Mascaro, F., Figini, S., Basile, S., Gambini, G., Klersy, C., Lenti, M. V., Sabatino, A. D., Benedetto, A. D., Calvi, M., et al. (2023) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.6565 · Cited by 25
“…according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement for reporting observational studies 13 and was approved by the local Ethics Committee (Comitato Etico Area Pavia) and Institutional Review Board (P-0004914/23) according to the ethical…”
BackgroundMethodA retrospective study of hypofractionated radiotherapy for keloids in 100 cases
Wen, P., Wang, T., Zhou, Y., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83255-4 · Cited by 24
Hakeem, F. F., Abdouh, I. M., Hamadallah, H. H., Alarabi, Y. O., Almuzaini, A. S., Abdullah, M. M., & Altarjami, A. A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11121804 · Cited by 24
“We adhered to the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology) guidelines in preparing and reporting the findings of this manuscript [23].”
MethodSchönnagel, L., Guven, A. E., Camino-Willhuber, G. O., et al. (2023) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000004840 · Cited by 24
“22”
Lê, S., Laurencin‐Dalicieux, S., Minty, M., Assoulant-Anduze, J., Vinel, A., Yanat, N., Loubières, P., Azalbert, V., Diemer, S., Burcelin, R., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242015123 · Cited by 24
“We followed the STROBE statement guidelines for reporting observational studies [69].”
MethodDrzymalla, E., Crider, K. S., Wang, A., Marta, G., Khoury, M. J., & Rasooly, D. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02620-1 · Cited by 27
Snitkjær, C., Jensen, L. R., Soylu, L. Í., et al. (2024) · BJS Open · doi:10.1093/bjsopen/zrae039 · Cited by 26
“The study was approved by the Capital Region of Demark (P-2020-1166, R-21038079) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (P-2021-431), did not require ethics approval, in accordance with Danish law, and was conducted and reported in accordance with the STROBE checklist 30 .”
MethodLessons learned from the war in Ukraine for the anesthesiologist and intensivist: A scoping review
Jarrassier, A., Py, N., de Rocquigny, G., et al. (2024) · Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.accpm.2024.101409 · Cited by 24
Hao, J., Hu, S.-Y., Zhuang, Z., Zhang, J.-W., Xiong, M.-R., Wang, R., Zhuang, W., & Wang, M. (2024) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02373-w · Cited by 24
Úbeda-D’Ocasar, E., Valera‐Calero, J. A., Hervás-Pérez, J. P., Caballero-Corella, M., Ojedo‐Martín, C., & Gallego‐Sendarrubias, G. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041461 · Cited by 24
“This study was approved by the Institutional Review Ethical Committee of Camilo José Cela University of Madrid (Spain) with identification number (CEI-UCJC-25/06/2019) and followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines and checklist [16].”
MethodAllonsius, F., de Kloet, A. J., Bedell, G. M., van Markus-Doornbosch, F., Rosema, S., Meesters, J. J. L., Vlieland, T. P. M. V., & van der Holst, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041625 · Cited by 24
“For the current article the ‘Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology’ (STROBE) guidelines were used [43].”
MethodPrevalence and Associated Factors of Polypharmacy in Nursing Home Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study
Cadenas, R., Diez, M. J., Fernández, N., Garcia, J. J., Sahagún, A. M., Sierra, M., López, C., Susperregui, J., & Díez, R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042037 · Cited by 24
“The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement was used to report data [18].”
MethodNilsson, N., Bendix, M., Öhlund, L., Widerström, M., Werneke, U., & Maripuu, M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10194411 · Cited by 26
“The method was checked against the STROBE guidelines [22].”
MethodBoutin, L., Legrand, M. M., Sadoune, M., et al. (2022) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03878-x · Cited by 24
“This report follows the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology statement (STROBE) [18].”
MethodCassese, G., TROISI, R. I., Khayat, S., et al. (2022) · Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2022.101812 · Cited by 24
Phylogenetic analysis of Prevotella copri from fecal and mucosal microbiota of IBS and IBD patients
Presti, A. L., CHIERICO, F. D., Altomare, A., Zorzi, F., Monteleone, G., Putignani, L., Angeletti, S., Cicala, M., Guarino, M. P. L., & Ciccozzi, M. (2023) · Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1177/17562848221136328 · Cited by 27
Pharmacoepidemiology: An Overview
Sabaté, M., & Montané, E. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12227033 · Cited by 36
“The STROBE Statement provides guidance on how to report observational research, with a checklist of items that should be included in articles reporting such research [66].”
MethodPrevalence, Cardiac Phenotype, and Outcomes of Transthyretin Variants in the UK Biobank Population
Aung, N., Nicholls, H., Chahal, C. A. A., Khanji, M. Y., Rauseo, E., Chadalavada, S., Petersen, S. E., Munroe, P. B., Elliot, P. M., & Lopes, L. R. (2024) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2024.2190 · Cited by 24
Fernandez, C. A., Choi, K. W., Marshall, B. D. L., Vicente, B., Saldivia, S., Kohn, R., Koenen, K. C., Arheart, K. L., & Buka, S. L. (2020) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2020.88 · Cited by 29
A simple mortality prediction model for sepsis patients in intensive care
Koozi, H., Lidestam, A., Lengquist, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of the Intensive Care Society · doi:10.1177/17511437221149572 · Cited by 23
Mannhart, D., Lefebvre, B., Gardella, C., Henry, C., Serban, T., Knecht, S., Kühne, M., Sticherling, C., & Badertscher, P. (2023) · Archives of cardiovascular diseases · doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2023.04.003 · Cited by 23
Pashkunova, D., Darıcı, E., Senft, B., Bokor, A., Hudelist, T., Tammaa, A., & Hudelist, G. (2024) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.14921 · Cited by 23
Bael, K. V., Scarfo, J., Suleyman, E., Katherveloo, J., Grimble, N., & Ball, M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310411 · Cited by 32
Biagetti, B., Castro, M. A., Tebé, C., et al. (2024) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-024-09928-3 · Cited by 23
Nomophobia among nursing students: prevalence and associated factors
Aslani, M., Sadeghi, N., Janatolmakan, M., Rezaeian, S., & Khatony, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-83949-5 · Cited by 29
“The study employed an analytical and descriptive design, adhering to STROBE reporting guidelines 18 .”
Validated Integration of Tumor Deposits in N Staging for Prognostication in Colon Cancer
Sassun, R., Sileo, A., Ng, J. C., et al. (2025) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2024.6729 · Cited by 23
Şengül, T., Sarıköse, S., Uncu, B., & Kaya, N. (2025) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2025.104516 · Cited by 26
Zhao, Y., Yuan, Y., Wen, Z., Leng, L., Shi, L., Hu, X., Xiaoman, W., Zuo, M., Mou, J., Luo, Q., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1648416 · Cited by 29
“Adhering to the STROBE guidelines, we used a structured questionnaire to quantitatively assess the current use, knowledge, attitudes, and perceived challenges of Gen AI (25).”
Foschi, M., Giannini, G., Merli, E., Mancinelli, L., Zenesini, C., Viti, B., Guaraldi, P., Cortelli, P., & Lugaresi, A. (2020) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04620-1 · Cited by 26
Dada, R. S., Hayanga, J. W. A., Woods, K. E., SCHWARTZMAN, D. S., Thibault, D. P., Ellison, M. B., Schmidt, S. B., Siddoway, D., Badhwar, V., & Hayanga, H. K. (2021) · Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia · doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2020.12.046 · Cited by 23
Poluha, R. L., Canales, G. D. L. T., Bonjardim, L. R., et al. (2021) · Brazilian Oral Research · doi:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0090 · Cited by 23
Hu, M., Yen, H., Chen, I.-H., Wu, C., Chen, C., Yang, J.-J., Wang, Z., Yen, M.-H., Yang, S., & Lin, W. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.01.011 · Cited by 23
Cassese, G., TROISI, R. I., Khayat, S., Benoudifa, B., Quénet, F., Guiu, B., & Panaro, F. (2022) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11605-022-05551-2 · Cited by 24
Early Versus Delayed Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair for Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury
Romijn, A.-S. C., Rastogi, V., Proaño-Zamudio, J. A., et al. (2023) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000005817 · Cited by 23
Yang, S., Zhu, Z., Chen, S., Yuan, Y., He, M., & Wang, W. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42404-1 · Cited by 23
“Thestudy was performed in accordance with the STROBE statement 52 and the STARD guidelines 53 (Supplementary Tables S14, S15).”
MethodAlayche, M., Cobey, K. D., Ng, J. Y., Ardern, C. L., Khan, K., Chan, A., Chow, R., Masalkhi, M., Ayala, A. P., Ebrahimzadeh, S., et al. (2023) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2022-0208 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Cuschieri, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Malta (MT)
- Corresponding author
- Cuschieri, Sarah
- ORCID
- Cuschieri, Sarah
- Venue
- Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 31
- ISSN
- 0975-3125 (ISSN-L)
- 1658-354X
- PMC
- PMC6398292
- OpenAlex
- W2915365125
- Semantic Scholar
- 86b49d808e17f22c01f936fc2b4c6e125c94e84d
- Cited by
- 4,331
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1091 · 2025: 1137 · 2024: 944 · 2023: 580 · 2022: 335 · 2021: 181 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 96.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OAR@UM (University of Malta) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Academic Writing and Publishing
- Keywords
- STROBE guidelines, reporting quality, observational studies, manuscript preparation, critical appraisal, reporting checklist, scientific publications
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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