Cutaneous androgen metabolism: basic research and clinical perspectives

Chen, WenChieh; Thiboutot, Diane; Zouboulis, Christos C.

doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00613.x

Cited by 273Acne and Rosacea Treatments and EffectsDermatology and Skin DiseasesAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

Cutaneous androgen metabolism: basic research and clinical perspectives

Open access

Chen, WenChieh, Thiboutot, Diane, Zouboulis, Christos C.·2002·Journal of Investigative Dermatology

DOI 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00613.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

The skin, especially the pilosebaceous unit composed of sebaceous glands and hair follicles, can synthesize androgens de novo from cholesterol or by locally converting circulating weaker androgens to more potent ones. As in other classical steroidogenic organs, the same six major enzyme systems are involved in cutaneous androgen metabolism, namely steroid sulfatase, 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, steroid 5alpha-reductase, 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and aromatase. Steroid sulfatase, together with P450 side chain cleavage enzyme and P450 17-hydroxylase, was found to reside in the cytoplasm of sebocytes and keratinocytes. Strong steroid sulfatase immunoreactivity was observed in the lesional skin but not in unaffected skin of acne patients. 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase has been mainly immunolocalized to sebaceous glands, with the type 1 being the key cutaneous isoenzyme. The type 2 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzyme predominates in sebaceous glands and exhibits greater reductive activity in glands from facial areas compared with acne nonprone areas. In hair follicles, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was identified mainly in outer root sheath cells. The type 1 5alpha-reductase mainly occurs in the sebaceous glands, whereby the type II isoenzyme seems to be localized in the hair follicles. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase converts dihydrotestosterone to 3alpha-androstanediol, and the use of 3alpha-androstanediol glucuronide serum level to reflect the hyperandrogenic state in hirsute women may be a reliable parameter, especially for idiopathic hirsutism. In acne patients it is still controversial if 3alpha-androstanediol glucuronide or androsterone glucuronide could serve as suitable serum markers for measuring androgenicity. Aromatase, localized to sebaceous glands and to both outer as well as inner root sheath cells of anagen terminal hair follicles, may play a "detoxifying" role by removing excess androgens. Pharmacologic development of more potent specific isoenzyme antagonists may lead to better clinical treatment or even prevention of androgen-dependent dermatoses.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00613.x

Cites

262 of 262 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Steroid 5α-reductase: two genes/two enzymes
Russell, D. W., & Wilson, J. D. (1994) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.63.070194.000325 · Cited by 1,105 · see citing works
The Conversion of Testosterone to 5α-Androstan-17β-ol-3-one by Rat Prostate in Vivo and in Vitro
Bruchovsky, N., & Wilson, J. D. (1968) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)93542-8 · Cited by 1,027 · see citing works
Finasteride in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia
Kaufman, K. D., Olsen, E. A., Whiting, D., Savin, R. C., DeVillez, R. L., Bergfeld, W. F., Price, V. H., Neste, D. J. V., Roberts, J. L., Hordinsky, M. K., et al. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70007-6 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Intracrinology
Labrie, F. (1991) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0303-7207(91)90116-a · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Deletion of steroid 5α-reductase 2 gene in male pseudohermaphroditism
Andersson, S., Berman, D. M., Jenkins, E. P., & Russell, D. W. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/354159a0 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Selective Retention of Dihydrotestosterone by Prostatic Nuclei
Anderson, K. M., & Liao, S. (1968) · Nature · doi:10.1038/219277a0 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Different Levels of 5α-Reductase Type I and II, Aromatase, and Androgen Receptor in Hair Follicles of Women and Men with Androgenetic Alopecia
Sawaya, M. E., & Price, V. H. (1997) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12335779 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Structural and biochemical properties of cloned and expressed human and rat steroid 5 alpha-reductases
Andersson, S., & Russell, D. W. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.10.3640 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
The key role of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in sex steroid biology
Labrie, F., Luu-The, V., Lin, S.-X., Claude, L., Simard, J., Breton, R., & Bélanger, A. (1997) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(96)00174-2 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Male hormone stimulation is prerequisite and an incitant in common baldness
Hamilton, J. B. (1942) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1000710306 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Role of Hormones in Pilosebaceous Unit Development
Deplewski, D., & Rosenfield, R. L. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.4.0404 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Inhibition of 5α-reductase in genital skin fibroblasts and prostate tissue by dietary lignans and isoflavonoids
EVANS, B. A. J., Griffiths, K., & Morton, M. S. (1995) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1470295 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1997) · PubMed · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Establishment and Characterization of an Immortalized Human Sebaceous Gland Cell Line (SZ95)1
Zouboulis, C. C., Seltmann, H., Orfanos, C. E., & Neitzel, H. (1999) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00771.x · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Endocrinologic Control to the Development and Activity of the Human Sebaceous Gland
Pochi, P. E., & Strauss, J. S. (1974) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12676783 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
DHEA and peripheral androgen and estrogen formation: intracrinology
LABRIE, F., BÉLANGER, A., SIMARD, J., LUU‐THE, V., & LABRIE, C. (1995) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb17369.x · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Intracrinology: Role of the family of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in human physiology and disease
Labrie, F., Luu-The, V, Lin, S., Simard, J., Labrie, C., El-Alfy, M., Pelletier, G., & Belanger, A. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.0.0250001 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
The conversion of testosterone to 5α-Androstan-17β-ol-3-one (dihydrotestosterone) by Skin Slices Of man
Wilson, J. D., & Walker, J. D. (1969) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci105994 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Idiopathic Hirsutism
Azziz, R., Carmina, E., & Sawaya, M. E. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.21.4.347 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Analysis and characteristics of multiple types of human 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Luu-The, V. (2001) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00155-2 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Dihydrotestosterone and the Concept of 5α–Reductase Inhibition in Human Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Bartsch, G., Rittmaster, R. S., & Klocker, H. (2000) · European Urology · doi:10.1159/000020181 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Sebocytes are the key regulators of androgen homeostasis in human skin
Fritsch, M., Orfanos, C. E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2001) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01312.x · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citation
Characteristics of human types 1,2 and 3 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities: oxidation/reduction and inhibition
Luu-The, V., Zhang, Y., Poirier, D., & Labrie, F. (1995) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(95)00209-x · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Expression cloning and characterization of oxidative 17β- and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases from rat and human prostate
Biswas, M. G., & Russell, D. W. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.25.15959 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
The androgen control of sebum production. Studies of subjects with dihydrotestosterone deficiency and complete androgen insensitivity
Imperato‐McGinley, J., Gautier, T., Cai, L., Yee, B., Epstein, J., & Pochi, P. E. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.76.2.8381804 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Activity of the Type 1 5α-Reductase Exhibits Regional Differences in Isolated Sebaceous Glands and Whole Skin
Thiboutot, D. M., Harris, G., Iles, V., Cimis, G., Gilliland, K., & HAGARI, S. (1995) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12317162 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
The Human Sebocyte Culture Model Provides New Insights into Development and Management of Seborrhoea and Acne
Zouboulis, C. C., Xia, L., Akamatsu, H., Seltmann, H., Fritsch, M., Hornemann, S., Rühl, R., Chen, W., Nau, H., & Orfanos, C. E. (1998) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000017861 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Effects of phytoestrogens on aromatase, 3β and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities and human breast cancer cells
Bail, J.-C. L., Champavier, Y., Chulia, A.-J., & Habrioux, G. (2000) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00435-5 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
13-cis Retinoic Acid Exerts its Specific Activity on Human Sebocytes through Selective Intracellular Isomerization to All-trans Retinoic Acid and Binding to Retinoid Acid Receptors
Tsukada, M., Schröder, M., Orfanos, C. E., Zouboulis, C. C., Roos, T. C., Chandraratna, R. A. S., Reichert, U., & Merk, H. F. (2000) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00066.x · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The effects of finasteride on scalp skin and serum androgen levels in men with androgenetic alopecia
Drake, L. A., Hordinsky, M. K., Fiedler, V. C., Swinehart, J. M., UNGER, W. P., Cotterill, P. C., Thiboutot, D. M., Lowe, N. J., Jacobson, C., Whiting, D., et al. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(99)80051-6 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
De novo sterologenesis in the skin. II. Regulation by cutaneous barrier requirements.
Menon, G. K., Feingold, K. R., Moser, A. H., Brown, B. E., & Elias, P. M. (1985) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34355-8 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Expression and Characterization of Recombinant Type 2 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (HSD) from Human Prostate: Demonstration of Bifunctional 3α/17β-HSD Activity and Cellular Distribution
Lin, H.-K., Jez, J. M., Schlegel, B. P., Peehl, D. M., Pachter, J. A., & Penning, T. M. (1997) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.11.13.0026 · Cited by 194 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The expression of the type 2 3a-HSD was shown in the human prostate, and there it inactivated 5a-DHT through its 3-ketosteroid reductase activity (Lin et al, 1997).”
Background
Inhibition of steroid 5α-reductase by specific aliphatic unsaturated fatty acids
Liang, T., & Liao, S. (1992) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2850557 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
ANDROGEN METABOLISM AS IT AFFECTS HAIR GROWTH IN ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA
Kaufman, K. D. (1996) · Dermatologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70396-x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Asebia-2J (Scd1ab2J): A New Allele and a Model for Scarring Alopecia
Sundberg, J. P., Boggess, D., Sundberg, B. A., Eilertsen, K., Parimoo, S., Filippi, M., & Stenn, K. S. (2000) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65078-x · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Human skin: an independent peripheral endocrine organ
Zouboulis, C. C. (2000) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000053265 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
An update of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
NEW, M. I. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1315.009 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Familial Male Pseudohermaphroditism with Gynecomastia Due to a Testicular 17-Ketosteroid Reductase Defect. I. Studiesin Vivo
Saez, J. M., PERETTI, E. D., MORERA, A. M., David, M., & Bertrand, J. (1971) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-32-5-604 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Androgen Metabolism in Sebaceous Glands From Subjects With and Without Acne
Thiboutot, D. M., Gilliland, K. L., Light, J., & Lookingbill, D. P. (1999) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.135.9.1041 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Estrogen-Specific 17 -Hydroxysteroid Oxidoreductase Type 1 (E.C. 1.1.1.62) as a Possible Target for the Action of Phytoestrogens
Makela, S., POUTANEN, M. H., Lehtimaki, J., Kostian, M. L., Santti, R., & Vihko, R. (1995) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-208-43831 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Measuring Reversal of Hair Miniaturization in Androgenetic Alopecia by Follicular Counts in Horizontal Sections of Serial Scalp Biopsies: Results of Finasteride 1mg Treatment of Men and Postmenopausal Women
Whiting, D. A., Waldstreicher, J., Sanchex, M., & Kaufman, K. D. (1999) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings · doi:10.1038/sj.jidsp.5640230 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Physiology and molecular genetics of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases
Andersson, S., & Moghrabi, N. N. (1997) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(96)00173-0 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Thiazolidinediones but not metformin directly inhibit the steroidogenic enzymes P450c17 and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Arlt, W., Auchus, R. J., & Miller, W. L. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m100040200 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
THE METABOLISM OF TESTOSTERONE BY HUMAN MALE SCALP SKIN
Bingham, K. D., & SHAW, D. A. (1973) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.0570111 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Characterization of the sequences of the human CYP19 (aromatase) gene that mediate regulation by glucocorticoids in adipose stromal cells and fetal hepatocytes
Zhao, Y., Mendelson, C. R., & Simpson, E. R. (1995) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.9.3.7776980 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Endocrine Disorders Associated with Inappropriately High Aromatase Expression
Bulun, S. E., Noble, L. S., Takayama, K., Michael, M. D., Agarwal, V. R., Fisher, C., Zhao, Y., Hinshelwood, M. M., Ito, Y., & Simpson, E. R. (1997) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(97)80004-0 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Selective-Inhibition of Steroid 5 α-Reductase Isozymes by Tea Epicatechin-3-Gallate and Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate
Liao, S. S., & Hiipakka, R. A. (1995) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2362 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Phytoestrogens inhibit human 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5
Krazeisen, A., Rainer Breitling, A., Möller, G., & Adamski, J. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00422-6 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Inhibition of 17 -Hydroxysteroid Oxidoreductase by Flavonoids in Breast and Prostate Cancer Cells
Makela, S., POUTANEN, M. H., Kostian, M. L., Lehtimaki, N., Strauss, L., Santti, R., & Vihko, R. (1998) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-217-44237 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Increased 5α-reductase activity in idiopathic hirsutism
Serafini, P. C., & Løbo, R. A. (1985) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)48320-2 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Control of Human Sebocyte Proliferation In Vitro by Testosterone and 5-Alpha-Dihydrotestosterone Is Dependent on the Localization of the Sebaceous Glands
Akamatsu, H., Zouboulis, C. C., & Orfanos, C. E. (1992) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12616181 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
In vitro metabolism of testosterone-4-14C and Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione-414C in human skin
Gomez, E. C., & Hsia, S. L. (1968) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00841a004 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Role of aromatase in sex steroid action
SIMPSON, E. R. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.0.0250149 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
5α-Reductase Activity in the Genital Skin of Hirsute Women*
Serafini, P. C., Ablan, F., & Løbo, R. A. (1985) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-60-2-349 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Therapy of Cushing's syndrome with steroid biosynthesis inhibitors
Engelhardt, D., & Weber, M. M. (1994) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(94)90267-4 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Steroidal and Nonsteroidal Sulfamates as Potent Inhibitors of Steroid Sulfatase
Woo, L. W. L., Howarth, N. M., Purohit, A., Hejaz, H. A., Reed, M. J., & Potter, B. V. L. (1998) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm970527v · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Aromatase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition by flavonoids
Bail, J.-C. L., Laroche, T., Marre-Fournier, F., & Habrioux, G. (1998) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3835(98)00211-0 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The 5α-Recluctase System and Its Inhibitors
Chen, W., Zouboulis, C. C., & Orfanos, C. E. (2009) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000246242 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Intracrinology and The Skin
Labrie, F., Luu-The, V., Labrie, C., Pelletier, G., & El-Alfy, M. (2000) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000053264 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Tissue production of androgens in women with acne
Lookingbill, D. P., Horton, R., Demers, L. M., Egan, N., Marks, J. G., & Santen, R. J. (1985) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(85)70067-9 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Determination of cDNA, gene structure and chromosomal localization of the novel human 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7
Krazeisen, A., Rainer Breitling, A., Imai, K., Fritz, S., Möller, G., & Adamski, J. (1999) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01366-6 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Characterization, Expression, and Immunohistochemical Localization of 5α-Reductase in Human Skin
Luu-The, V., Sugimoto, Y., Puy, L., Labrie, Y., Solache, I. L., Singh, M., & Labrie, F. (1994) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12371766 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Immunohistochemical localization of types 1 and 2 5α-reductase in human scalp
Bayne, Flanagan, Einstein, Ayala, Chang, Azzolina, Whiting, Mumford, Thiboutot, Singer, et al. (1999) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.03042.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Chalcones are potent inhibitors of aromatase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities
Bail, J.-C. L., Pouget, C., Fagnère, C., Basly, J. P., Chulia, A.-J., & Habrioux, G. (2001) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00974-7 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
4-Azasteroidal 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors without affinity for the androgen receptor.
Liang, T., Heiss, C. E., Cheung, A. H., Reynolds, G. F., & Rasmusson, G. H. (1984) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43519-8 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Effect of Leuprolide and Dexamethasone on Hair Growth and Hormone Levels in Hirsute Women: The Relative Importance of the Ovary and the Adrenal in the Pathogenesis of Hirsutism*
Rittmaster, R. S., & Thompson, D. L. (1990) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-70-4-1096 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Regulation of the preovulatory gonadotropin surge by endogenous steroids
Mahesh, V. B., & Brann, D. W. (1998) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(98)00075-0 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Immunohistochemical evidence for differential distribution of 5α-reductase isoenzymes in human skin
Eicheler, W., DREHER, M., Hoffmann, R., Happle, R., & Aumüller, G. (1995) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb02663.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Stimulation of MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation by estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate: inhibition by novel non-steroidal steroid sulfatase inhibitors
Billich, A., Nußbaumer, P., & Lehr, P. (2000) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00077-7 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Characterization, Expression, and Immunohistochemical Localization of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 Isomerase in Human Skin
Dumont, M., Luu-The, V., Dupont, É., Pelletier, G., & Labrie, F. (1992) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12616131 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Aromatase Deficiency and Estrogen Resistance: From Molecular Genetics to Clinic
Bulun, S. E. (2000) · Seminars in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2000-13481 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Recessive x-Linked Ichthyosis: Role of Cholesterol-Sulfate Accumulation in the Barrier Abnormality
Zettersten, E., Man, M., Farrell, A. M., Ghadially, R., Williams, M. L., Feingold, K. R., Elias, P. M., Sato, J., & Denda, M. (1998) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00386.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Reduction of Serum Testosterone in Men by Licorice
Armanini, D., Bonanni, G., & Palermo, M. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199910073411515 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Structure and tissue-specific expression of 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/5-ene-4-ene isomerase genes in human and rat classical and peripheral steroidogenic tissues
Labrie, F., Simard, J., Luu-The, V., Pelletier, G., Bélanger, A., Lachance, Y., Zhao, H. F., Labrie, C., Breton, N., de Launoit, Y., et al. (1992) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(92)90368-s · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Immunocytochemical Localization of Type 5 17 β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Human Reproductive Tissues
Pelletier, G., Luu-The, V., Tětu, B., & Labrie, F. (1999) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/002215549904700602 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Steroidal Oxime Inhibitors of P450 17 (17α-Hydroxylase/C17−20-Lyase) and 5α-Reductase Types 1 and 2
Hartmann, R. W., Hector, M., Haidar, S., Ehmer, P. B., Reichert, W., & Jose, J. (2000) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm001008m · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Structure−Activity Relationships of 17α-Derivatives of Estradiol as Inhibitors of Steroid Sulfatase
Boivin, R. P., Luu-The, V., Lachance, R., Labrie, F., & Poirier, D. (2000) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm0001166 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Molecular Cloning of Human Type 3 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase That Differs from 20α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase by Seven Amino Acids
Dufort, I., Soucy, P., Labrie, F., & Luu-The, V. (1996) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1684 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
An Update of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
New, M. I., Dupont, B., PANG, S., Pollack, M. S., & Levine, L. S. (1981) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-571137-1.50008-6 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Current understanding of androgenetic alopecia. Part I: etiopathogenesis.
Hoffmann, R., & Happle, R. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Evidence of Heterogeneity and Quantitative Differences of the Type 1 5α-Reductase Expression in Cultured Human Skin Cells – Evidence of its Presence in Melanocytes
Chen, W., Zouboulis, C. C., Fritsch, M., Blume‐Peytavi, U., Kodelja, V., Goerdt, S., Luu-The, V., & Orfanos, C. E. (1998) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00080.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Immunohistochemical distribution of aromatase and 3B‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human hair follicle and sebaceous gland
Sawaya, M. E., & Penneys, N. S. (1992) · Journal of Cutaneous Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.1992.tb01367.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Metabolism of Testosterone by the Human Prostate
Farnsworth, W. E. (1963) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1963.63700060003011a · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Measurements of 3α, 17(β-androstanediol glucuronide in serum and urine and the correlation with skin 5α-reductase activity
Paulson, R. J., Serafini, P. C., Catalino, J. A., & Løbo, R. A. (1986) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)49515-4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Cutaneous rat wounds express C49a, a novel gene with homology to the human melanoma differentiation associated gene, Mda7
Soo, C. B., Shaw, W. W.-L., FREYMILLER, E. G., Longaker, M. T., Bertolami, C. N., Chiu, R., Tieu, A., & Kang, T. (1999) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19990701)74:1 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Characterization of Point Mutations in Patients with X-linked Ichthyosis
Alperin, E. S., & Shapiro, L. J. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.33.20756 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Identification of point mutations in the steroid sulfatase gene of three patients with X-linked ichthyosis.
Basler, E., Grompe, M., Parenti, G., Yates, J. R. W., & Ballabio, A. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Potent Inhibition of Steroid Sulfatase Activity by 3-O-Sulfamate 17α-Benzyl(or 4‘-tert-butylbenzyl)estra-1,3,5(10)-trienes: Combination of Two Substituents at Positions C3 and C17α of Estradiol
Ciobanu, L. C., Boivin, R. P., Luu-The, V., Labrie, F., & Poirier, D. (1999) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm980677l · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Overview of a rational approach to design type I 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors without estrogenic activity: chemical synthesis and biological evaluation
Tremblay, M. R., & Poirier, D. (1998) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(98)00043-0 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Human Types 1 and 3 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: Differential Lability and Tissue Distribution1
Dufort, I., Labrie, F., & Luu-The, V. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.2.7216 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Molecular biology and genetics of the 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta5-delta4 isomerase gene family.
Simard, J., Durocher, F., Mébarki, F., Turgeon, C., Sánchez, R., Labrie, Y., Couët, J., Trudel, C., Rhéaume, É., Morel, Y., et al. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The enzyme and inhibitors of 4-ene-3-oxosteroid 5α-oxidoreductase
Li, X., Chen, C., Singh, S. M., & Labire, F. (1995) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/0039-128x(95)00021-h · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Δ5-3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity in Sebaceous Glands of Scalp in Male-Pattern Baldness
Sawaya, M. E., Honig, L. S., Garland, L. D., & Hsia, S. L. (1988) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12463393 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A model for the turnover of dihydrotestosterone in the presence of the irreversible 5α-reductase inhibitors GI198745 and finasteride
Gisleskog, P. O., Hermann, D. J., Hammarlund‐Udenaes, M., & Karlsson, M. O. (1998) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0009-9236(98)90054-6 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The selective estrogen enzyme modulator (SEEM) in breast cancer
Chetrite, G. S., & Pasqualini, J. R. (2001) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(01)00046-2 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Clinical Usefulness of Plasma Androstanediol Glucuronide Measurements in Women with Idiopathic Hirsutism*
Kirschner, M. A., SAMOJLIK, E., & SZMAL, E. (1987) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-65-4-597 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Differences in testosterone metabolism by beard and scalp hair follicle dermal papilla cells
Thornton, M. J., Laing, I., Hamada, K., Messenger, A. G., & Randall, V. A. (1993) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02420.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Transformation and Conjugation of Dehydroepiandrosterone by Human Skin1
Gallegos, A. J., & Berliner, D. L. (1967) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-27-8-1214 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Genetic mutations resulting in estrogen insufficiency in the male
Simpson, E. R. (1998) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00169-5 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Expression of mRNA for androgen receptor, 5alpha-reductase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human dermal papilla cells
Ando, Y., Yamaguchi, Y., HAMADA, K., Yoshikawa, K., & Itami, S. (1999) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.03156.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Mammalian 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases
Penning, T. M., Pawlowski, J. E., Schlegel, B. P., Jez, J. M., Lin, H.-K., Hoog, S. S., Bennett, M. J., & Lewis, M. (1996) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(96)00093-1 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Effects of cholesterol sulfate on lipid metabolism in cultured human keratinocytes and fibroblasts
Williams, M. L. K., Rutherford, S. L., & Feingold, K. R. (1987) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38627-2 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Androgen Metabolism in Human Skin
Flamigni, C., Collins, W. P., KOULLAPIS, E. N., Craft, I., Dewhurst, C., & Sommerville, I. F. (1971) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-32-6-737 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Molecular determinants of steroid recognition and catalysis in aldo-keto reductases. Lessons from 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Penning, T. M. (1999) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(99)00038-2 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The 5α-Reductase Inhibitory Components from Heartwood of Artocarpus incisus: Structure-Activity Investigations
Shimizu, K., Fukuda, M., Kondo, A. R., & Sakai, K. (2000) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/s-2000-11114 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Biochemical and biological studies with 4-aza-steroidal 5α-reductase inhibitors
Liang, T., Rasmusson, G. H., & Brooks, J. R. (1983) · Journal of Steroid Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0022-4731(83)80051-x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Steroid Sulfatase in the Human Hair Follicle Concentrates in the Dermal Papilla
Hoffmann, R., Niiyama, S., Rot, A., & Billich, A. (2001) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01547.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Dihydrotestosterone Is a Peripheral Paracrine Hormone
Horton, R. (1992) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.1992.tb01621.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
HISTOCHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES IN HUMAN SKIN.
Baillie, A. H., Calman, K. C., & MILNE, J. A. (1965) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1965.tb14591.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Steroidal Spiro-.gamma.-lactones That Inhibit 17.beta.-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity in Human Placental Microsomes
Sam, K., Auger, S., Luu-The, V., & Poirier, D. (1995) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm00022a018 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Epristeride is a selective and specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human steroid 5α-reductase isoform 2
Levy, M. A., Brandt, M. A., Sheedy, K. M., Dinh, J. T., Holt, D. A., Garrison, L. M., Bergsma, D. J., & Metcalf, B. W. (1994) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(94)90145-7 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
THE SELECTIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF THE ACTIONS OF THE LIPIDO-STEROLIC EXTRACT OF SERENOA REPENS (PERMIXON??) ON THE PROSTATE
Bayne, C. W., Ross, M., Donnelly, F., & Habib, F. K. (2000) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67330-2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 9 and other short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases that catalyze retinoid, 17β- and 3α-hydroxysteroid metabolism
Napoli, J. L. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00392-0 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Activity of HMG-CoA Reductase and Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase in Human Apocrine Sweat Glands, Sebaceous Glands, and Hair Follicles Is Regulated by Phosphorylation and by Exogenous Cholesterol
Smythe, C., Greenall, M. J., & Kealey, T. (1998) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00246.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Evidence for increased androsterone metabolism in some normoandrogenic women with acne.
Carmina, E., & Løbo, R. A. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.76.5.8496299 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Kinetic analysis of enzymic activities: Prediction of multiple forms of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Blomquist, C. H. (1995) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(95)00200-6 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Androgens Affect the Activity of Human Sebocytes in Culture in a Manner Dependent on the Localization of the Sebaceous Glands and Their Effect Is Antagonized by Spironolactone
Zouboulis, C. C., Akamatsu, H., Stephanek, K., & Orfanos, C. E. (2009) · Skin Pharmacology · doi:10.1159/000211271 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Messenger RNA Expression of Steroidogenesis Enzyme Subtypes in the Human Pilosebaceous Unit
Courchay, G., Boyera, N., Bernard, B. A., & Mahé, Y. F. (2009) · Skin Pharmacology · doi:10.1159/000211412 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
6-Substituted 1H-quinolin-2-ones and 2-methoxy-quinolines: Synthesis and evaluation as inhibitors of steroid 5α reductases types 1 and 2
Baston, E., Palusczak, A., & Hartmann, R. W. (2000) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0223-5234(00)01167-3 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Oxidative Activity of the Type 2 Isozyme of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) Predominates in Human Sebaceous Glands
Thiboutot, D. M., Martin, P., Volikos, L., & Gilliland, K. (1998) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00322.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Correlation of Serum 3α-Androstanediol Glucuronide with Acne and Chest Hair Density in Men
Lookingbill, D. P., Egan, N., Santen, R. J., & DEMERS, L. M. (1988) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-67-5-986 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Development of potent non-estrogenic estrone sulfatase inhibitors
Li, P., Chu, G., Guo, J., Peters, A., & Selcer, K. W. (1998) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(98)00044-0 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cortisone metabolism in liver. II. Isolation of certain cortisone metabolites
Caspi, E., Levy, H., & Hechter, O. (1953) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(53)90417-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
EFFECTS OF INCUBATING DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE WITH VARIOUS RAT TISSUES
Schneider, J. J., & Horstmann, P. M. (1951) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50983-2 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Non-steroidal and steroidal sulfamates: new drugs for cancer therapy
Purohit, A., Woo, L. W. L., Barrow, D., Hejaz, H. A., Nicholson, R. I., Potter, B. V. L., & Reed, M. J. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00428-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
5α-Reductase activity in the human hair follicle concentrates in the dermal papilla
Eicheler, W., Happle, R., & Hoffmann, R. (1998) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s004030050277 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The metabolism of progesterone by animal tissue in vitro. 2. Factors influencing the metabolism of progesterone by rabbit liver and the investigation of the products of metabolism
Taylor, W. (1955) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0600380 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Immunolocalization of 5α-Reductase Isozymes in Acne Lesions and Normal Skin
Thiboutot, D. M., Bayne, E. K., Thorne, J. E., Gilliland, K., Flanagan, J., Shao, Q., Light, J., & Helm, K. F. (2000) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.136.9.1125 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Regulates Estrogen Metabolism in Cultured Keratinocytes
Hughes, S. V., Robinson, E., Bland, R., Lewis, H. M., Stewart, P. M., & Hewison, M. (1997) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.138.9.5406 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ontogeny and subcellular localization of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) in the human and rat adrenal, ovary and testis
Pelletier, G., Dupont, É., Simard, J., Luu-The, V., Bèlanger, A., & Labrie, F. (1992) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(92)90084-v · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Relationship Between the In Vitro Activity of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Δ4–5-Isomerase in Human Sebaceous Glands and Their Secretory Activity In Vivo
Simpson, N., Cunliffe, W. J., & Hodgins, M. B. (1983) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12543363 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
19-Nor-10-azasteroids: A Novel Class of Inhibitors for Human Steroid 5α-Reductases 1 and 2
Guarna, A., Belle, C., Machetti, F., Occhiato, E. G., Payne, A. H., Cassiani, C., Comerci, A., Danza, G., Bellis, A. D., Dini, S., et al. (1997) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm960807v · Cited by 46 · see citing works
PNU 157706, a novel dual type I and II5α-reductase inhibitor
di Salle, E., Giudici, D., Radice, A., Zaccheo, T., Ornati, G., Nesi, M., Panzeri, A., Délos, S., & Martin, P. (1998) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(97)00158-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
THE METABOLISM OF TESTOSTERONE BY HUMAN SKIN IN DISORDERS OF HAIR GROWTH
Jenkins, J. S., & ASH, S. (1973) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.0590345 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Androgen sulfate and glucuronide conjugates in nonhirsute and hirsute women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
Matteri, R. K., Stanczyk, F. Z., Gentzschein, E., Delgado, C., & Løbo, R. A. (1989) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(89)90954-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Spironolactone-related inhibitors of type II 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: chemical synthesis, receptor binding affinities, and proliferative/antiproliferative activities
Tremblay, M. R., Luu-The, V., Leblanc, G., Noël, P., Breton, E., Labrie, F., & Poirier, D. (1999) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00260-0 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Inhibitory Effect of Glycyrrhetinic Acid on Testosterone Production in Rat Gonads.
Sakamoto, K., & Wakabayashi, K. (1988) · Endocrinologia Japonica · doi:10.1507/endocrj1954.35.333 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Growth suppression of hamster flank organs by topical application of catechins, alizarin, curcumin, and myristoleic acid
Liao, S., Lin, J., Dang, M. T., Zhang, H., Kao, Y.-H., Fukuchi, J., & Hiipakka, R. A. (2001) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s004030000203 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The In Vitro Metabolism of Testosterone by Human Skin1
Wotiz, H. H., Mescon, H., Doppel, H., & Lemon, H. M. (1956) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.1956.15 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Minoxidil increases 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 5α-reductase activity of cultured human dermal papilla cells from balding scalp
Sato, T., Tadokoro, T., Sonoda, T., Asada, Y., Itami, S., & Takayasu, S. (1999) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/s0923-1811(98)00048-6 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cellular characterization of adipose tissue from various body sites of women
Rink, J. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.81.7.2443 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
ENDOCRINE STUDIES IN A PUBERTAL MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITE WITH 17-KETOSTEROID REDUCTASE DEFICIENCY
Virdis, R., Saenger, P. H., Senior, B., & New, M. I. (1978) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/acta.0.0870212 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Improvement in androgenetic alopecia in 53–76‐year‐old men using oral finasteride
Brenner, S., & Matz, H. (1999) · International Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00804.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Steroid Metabolism by Epidermal Keratinocytesa
Milewich, L., Shaw, C. B., & SONTHEIMER, F. D. (1988) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb18793.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Is Increased 5a-Reductase Activity a Primary Phenomenon in Androgen-Dependent Skin Disorders?
Dijkstra, A. C., Goos, C. M. A. A., Cunliffe, W. J., Sultan, C., & Vermorken, A. J. M. (1987) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12580432 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
THE DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE IN HUMAN SEBACEOUS GLANDS.
Baillie, A. H., THOMSON, J., & MILNE, J. A. (1966) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1966.tb12248.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Serum androsterone conjugates differentiate between acne and hirsutism in hyperandrogenic women
Carmina, E., Stanczyk, F. Z., Matteri, R. K., & Løbo, R. A. (1991) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54290-3 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
ANDROSTERONE GLUCURONIDE IS A MARKER OF ADRENAL HYPERANDROGENISM IN HIRSUTE WOMEN
Thompson, D. L., Horton, N., & Rittmaster, R. S. (1990) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00868.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The role of cyclic AMP production, calcium channel activation and enzyme activities in the inhibition of testosterone secretion by amphetamine
Tsai, S.-C., Chen, J.-J., Chiao, Y., Lu, C., Lin, H., Yeh, J., Lo, M., Kau, M., Wang, S., & Wang, P. S. (1997) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701463 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
MK-386, an Inhibitor of 5α-Reductase Type 1, Reduces Dihydrotestosterone Concentrations in Serum and Sebum without Affecting Dihydrotestosterone Concentrations in Semen1
Schwartz, J. I., Tanaka, W. K., Wang, D. Z., Ebel, D. L., Geissler, L. A., Dallob, A. L., Hafkin, B., & Gertz, B. J. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.5.3912 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Studies on Methotrexate Effects on Testicular Steroidogenesis in Rats
Badri, S., Vanithakumari, G., & Malini, T. (2000) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.3109/07435800009066165 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Predominance of type I 5α‐reductase in apocrine sweat glands of patients with excessive or abnormal odour derived from apocrine sweat (osmidrosis)
Sato, K., Sonoda, Itami, & Takayasu (1998) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02504.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Recent advances in androgen metabolism and their relation to the skin.
Strauss, J. S., & Pochi, P. E. (1969) · PubMed · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Genetic mutations resulting in loss of aromatase activity in humans and mice
Simpson, J. L. (2000) · Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation · doi:10.1016/s1071-5576(99)00053-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Effects of the new steroidal antiandrogen TZP‐4238 on hormone‐induced canine prostatic hyperplasia
Takezawa, Y., Fukabori, Y., Yamanaka, H., Mieda, M., Honma, S., Kushitani, M., & Hamataki, N. (1992) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.2990210408 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A 6β-(thiaheptanamide) derivative of estradiol as inhibitor of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1
Poirier, D., Dionne, P., & Auger, S. (1998) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(97)00136-2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Predominant expression of 5 alpha-reductase type 1 in pubic skin from normal subjects and hirsute patients
Mestayer, C., Berthaut, I., Portois, M.-C., Wright, F., Kuttenn, F., Mowszowicz, I., & MAUVAIS-JARVIS, P. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.5.8626870 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
In VitroMetabolism of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate in Foreskin, Abdominal Skin and Vaginal Mucosa
Kim, M. H., & HERRMANN, W. L. (1968) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-28-2-187 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Two different pathogenetic mechanisms may play a role in acne and in hirsutism
Toscano, V., Balducci, R., Bianchi, P., Guglielmi, R., Mangiantini, A., Rossi, F. G., Colonna, L. M., & Sciarra, F. (1993) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02408.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The metabolism of progesterone by animal tissues in vitro. 1. Factors influencing the metabolism of progesterone by rat liver and the investigation of the products of metabolism
Taylor, W. (1954) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0560463 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Clinical relevance of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone metabolism in women
Rittmaster, R. S. (1995) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(99)80054-0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Steroid Chemistry and Hormone Controls during the Hair Follicle Cycle
Sawaya, M. E. (1991) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb24402.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Benzo[c]quinolizin-3-ones: A Novel Class of Potent and Selective Nonsteroidal Inhibitors of Human Steroid 5α-Reductase 1
Guarna, A., Machetti, F., Occhiato, E. G., Scarpi, D., Comerci, A., Danza, G., Mancina, R., Serio, M., & Hardy, K. G. (2000) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm000945r · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Finasteride is the main inhibitor of 5α-reductase activity in microdissected dermal papillae of human hair follicles
Hoffmann, R., & Happle, R. (1999) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s004030050390 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Growth Suppression of Hamster Flank Organs by Topical Application of γ-Linolenic and Other Fatty Acid Inhibitors of 5α-Reductase
Liang, T., & Liao, S. (1997) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12319203 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mechanism of action of androgen in hair follicles
Itami, S., Sonoda, T., Kurata, S., & Takayasu, S. (1994) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/0923-1811(94)90040-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Synthesis of 16-(bromoalkyl)-estradiols having inhibitory effect on human placental estradiol 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17-β-HSD type 1)
Tremblay, M. R., Auger, S., & Poirier, D. (1995) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/0968-0896(95)00041-e · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Acne: Perspectives
Strauss, J. S., Pochi, P. E., & Downing, D. T. (1974) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12724280 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Alterations in androgen conjugate levels in women and men with alopecia
Legro, R. S., Carmina, E., Stanczyk, F. Z., Gentzschein, E., & Lobo, R. A. (1994) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56999-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Phylogenetic Significance of the Skin of Man
Montagna, W. (1963) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.1963.01590190007001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Normal and elevated 3 alpha-androstanediol glucuronide concentrations in women with various causes of hirsutism and its correlation with degree of hirsutism and androgen levels
Pang, S., Wang, M., Jeffries, S., Riddick, L., Clark, A. C., & Estrada, E. (1992) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.75.1.1535633 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Dermatologie an der Schwelle zum neuen Jahrtausend
(2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57191-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Androgen Metabolism and Their Relation to the Skin
Strauss, J. S. (1969) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.1969.01610290105024 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Discovery and Development of GG745, a Potent Inhibitor of Both Isozymes of of 5α-Reductase
Frye, S. V., Bramson, H. N., Hermann, D. J., Lee, F. W., Sinhababu, A. K., & Tian, G. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47384-4_17 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Anti-tumour effects and pharmacokinetic profile of 17-(5′-isoxazolyl)androsta-4,16-dien-3-one (L-39) in mice: an inhibitor of androgen synthesis
Nnane, I. P., Long, B. J., Ling, Y. Z., Grigoryev, D. N., & Brodie, A. M. (2000) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1136 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Androsterone sulfate: physiology and clinical significance in hirsute women.
Zwicker, H., & Rittmaster, R. S. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.76.1.8380602 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Aromatase and Intracrinology of Estrogen in Hormone-Dependent Tumors
Harada, N. (1999) · Oncology · doi:10.1159/000055270 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Female androgenic alopecia. The 3 alpha,17 beta-androstanediol glucuronide/sex hormone binding globulin ratio as a possible marker for female pattern baldness
Villez, R. L. D. (1986) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.122.9.1011 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Adrenocorticosteroids: Chemistry, synthesis and disturbances in disease
James, V. H. T., & Few, J. D. (1985) · Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0300-595x(85)80081-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
N-Butyl-N-methyl-11-(3'-hydroxy-21',17'-carbolactone-19'-nor-17'α-pregna-1',3',5'(10')-trien-7'α-yl)-undecanamide: an inhibitor of type 2 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that does not have oestrogenic or androgenic activity
Sam, K., Labrie, F., & Poirier, D. (2000) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0223-5234(00)00124-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
METABOLISM OF Δ4-ANDROSTENE-3,17-DIONE BY TISSUE HOMOGENATES
Kochakian, C. D., & Stidworthy, G. (1954) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)65420-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Physiopathology of plasma androstanediol-glucuronide
Vermeulen, A., & Giagulli, V. A. (1991) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(91)90032-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Androgen dependent stimulation of aromatase activity in genital skin fibroblasts from normals and patients with androgen insensitivity
Stlllman, S. C., Evans, B. A. J., & Hughes, I. A. (1991) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1991.tb00940.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Inhibition of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) activities of human placenta by steroids and non-steroidal hormone agonists and antagonists
Blomquist, C. H., Lindemann, N. J., & Hakanson, E. Y. (1984) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(84)90204-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Expression of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 5 in Human Ovary: A Pilot Study
Qin, K.-N., & Rosenfield, R. L. (2000) · Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation · doi:10.1016/s1071-5576(99)00067-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Effect of Isotretinoin on Serum Levels of Precursor and Peripherally Derived Androgens in Patients With Acne
Lookingbill, D. P. (1988) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.1988.01670040042019 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Metabolism of androgens in human benign prostatic hyperplasia: Aromatase and its inhibition
BARTSCH, W., Klein, H., Stürenburg, H.-J., & Voigt, K. (1987) · Journal of Steroid Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0022-4731(87)90354-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Corticosteroid metabolism in liver. III. Isolation of additional cortisone metabolites
Caspi, E., & Hechter, O. (1954) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(54)90147-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Inhibition of steroid 5α-reductase from human skin fibroblasts by 17β-N, N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5α-androstan-3-one
Leshin, M., & Wilson, J. D. (1982) · Journal of Steroid Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0022-4731(82)90196-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A Novel Point Mutation in the Steroid Sulfatase Gene in X-linked Ichthyosis
Morita, E., Katoh, O., Shinoda, S., Hiragun, T., Tanaka, T. P., Kameyoshi, Y., & Yamamoto, S. (1997) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12319777 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Detection of Carriers for X-linked Ichthyosis by Southern Blot Analysis and Identification of One Family with a De Novo Mutation
Bonifas, J. M., & Epstein, E. H. (1990) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12872703 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Female Androgenic Alopecia
Villez, R. L. D. (1986) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.1986.01660210061019 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Serum levels of 3alpha-androstanediol glucuronide in hirsute and non hirsute women
Falsetti, L., Rosina, B., & Fusco, D. D. (1998) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1380421 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Deletion of Exons 1–5 of the STS Gene Causing X-Linked Ichthyosis
Valdés‐Flores, M., Kofman‐Alfaro, S., Jiménez-Vaca, A. L., & Cuevas-Covarrubias, S. A. (2001) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01259.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Is plasma 5α-androstane 3α, 17β-diol glucuronide a biochemical marker of hirsutism in women?
Giagulli, V. A., GIORGINO, R., & Vermeulen, A. (1991) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(91)90013-u · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Selective inhibition by secosteroids of 5α-reductase activity in human sex skin fibroblasts
Zerhouni, N. (1979) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/0039-128x(79)90004-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Novel mutation of theDAX1 gene in a patient with X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Hamaguchi, K., Arikawa, M., Yasunaga, S., Kakuma, T., Fukagawa, K., Yanase, T., Nawata, H., & Sakata, T. (1998) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980226)76:1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hormonal effects of MPV‐2213ad, a new selective aromatase inhibitor, in healthy male subjects. A phase I study
Ahokoski, O., Irjala, K., Huupponen, R., Halonen, K., Salminen, E. K., & Scheinin, H. (1998) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00654.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Preparation of 14,15-secoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-15-ynes, inhibitors of estradiol dehydrogenase
Auchus, R. J., Palmer, J. O., Carrell, H. L., & Covey, D. F. (1989) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/0039-128x(89)90147-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Androsterone 3β-substituted derivatives as inhibitors of type 3 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Ngatcha, B. T., Luu-The, V., & Poirier, D. (2000) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00517-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

9 of the 271 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Zouboulis ChC, Seltmann H, Xia L, et al: Functions of the sebaceous gland and its role in acne, androgenetic alopecia and skin aging. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc in press

Sorted by citations

Steroid sulfatase: molecular biology, regulation, and inhibition
Reed, M. J., Purohit, A., Woo, L. W. L., Newman, S. P., & Potter, B. V. L. (2005) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2004-0003 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
The cutaneous serotoninergic/melatoninergic system: securing a place under the sun
Slominski, A., Wortsman, J., & Tobin, D. J. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-2079rev · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Steroidogenesis in the skin: Implications for local immune functions
Slominski, A., Zbytek, B., Nikolakis, G., Manna, P. R., Skobowiat, C., Zmijewski, M., Li, W., Janjetovic, Z., Postlethwaite, A., Zouboulis, C. C., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.006 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Sexual hormones in human skin
Zouboulis, C., Chen, W.-C., Thornton, M., Qin, K., & Rosenfield, R. (2007) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-2007-961807 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Gender-linked differences in human skin
Giacomoni, P. U., Mammone, T., & Teri, M. (2009) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.06.001 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Female pattern hair loss
Olsen, E. A. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.117426 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Inactivation of androgens by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes in humans
Bélanger, A., Pelletier, G., Labrie, F., Barbier, O., & Chouinard, S. (2003) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2003.10.005 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
CRH stimulation of corticosteroids production in melanocytes is mediated by ACTH
Slominski, A., Zbytek, B., Szczesniewski, A., Semak, I., Kaminski, J., Sweatman, T., & Wortsman, J. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00519.2004 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Androgens and androgen receptor action in skin and hair follicles
Ceruti, J. M., Leirós, G. J., & Balañá, M. E. (2017) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.009 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The role of androgen and androgen receptor in skin-related disorders
Lai, J.-J., Chang, P., Lai, K.-P., Chen, L., & Chang, C. (2012) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-012-1265-x · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Acne Vulgaris: Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Needs Assessment
Knutsen-Larson, S., Dawson, A. L., Dunnick, C. A., & Dellavalle, R. P. (2011) · Dermatologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The Hair Follicle as an Estrogen Target and Source
Ohnemus, U., Uenalan, M., Inzunza, J., Gustafsson, J.-A., & Paus, R. (2006) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2006-0020 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Regulation of Human Sebaceous Glands
Thiboutot, D. M. (2004) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1747.2004.t01-2-.x · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The human skin as a hormone target and an endocrine gland
Zouboulis, C. C. (2004) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.11109 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Androgen action on human skin – from basic research to clinical significance
Zouboulis, C. C., & Degitz, K. (2004) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2004.00255.x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
The direct role of vitamin D on bone homeostasis
St‐Arnaud, R. (2008) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2008.03.038 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Update and Future of Systemic Acne Treatment
Zouboulis, C. C., & Piquero-Martín, J. (2003) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000067821 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Disorders of the Sebaceous Glands
Simpson, N. B., & Cunliffe, W. J. (2004) · doi:10.1002/9780470750520.ch43 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Acne: hormonal concepts and therapy
Thiboutot, D. (2004) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.010 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Localization of sex steroid receptors in human skin.
Pelletier, G., & Ren, L. (2004) · PubMed · doi:10.14670/hh-19.629 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
CRH stimulates POMC activity and corticosterone production in dermal fibroblasts
Slominski, A., Zbytek, B., Semak, I., Sweatman, T., & Wortsman, J. (2005) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.01.014 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Inorganic-based biomaterials for rapid hemostasis and wound healing
Zheng, Y., Wu, J., Zhu, Y., & Wu, C. (2022) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d2sc04962g · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine System of the Skin
Slominski, A. T. (2005) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000087012 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Hormonal treatment of acne vulgaris: an update
Elsaie, M. L. (2016) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s114830 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The role of estrogen deficiency in skin ageing and wound healing
Emmerson, E., & Hardman, M. J. (2012) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-011-9322-y · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Metabolism and excretion of anabolic steroids in doping control—New steroids and new insights
Eenoo, P. V., & Delbeke, F. T. (2006) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.06.024 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Defining Hyperandrogenism in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Challenging Perspective
Pasquali, R., Zanotti, L., Fanelli, F., Mezzullo, M., Fazzini, A., Labate, A. M. M., Repaci, A., Ribichini, D., & Gambineri, A. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-4009 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Hormones and the pilosebaceous unit
Chen, W.-C., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2009) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.1.2.8354 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Adult-onset acne: prevalence, impact, and management challenges
Rocha, M., & Bagatin, E. (2018) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s137794 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Steroid sulfatase inhibitors
Nußbaumer, P., & Billich, A. (2004) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.20008 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The skin as an endocrine organ
Zouboulis, C. C. (2009) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.1.5.9499 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Relationships of self-reported dietary factors and perceived acne severity in a cohort of New York young adults
Burris, J., Rietkerk, W., & Woolf, K. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.11.010 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Clinical and biochemical presentations of polycystic ovary syndrome among obese and nonobese women
Liou, T.-H., Yang, J.-H., Hsieh, C.-H., Lee, C.-Y., Hsu, C.-S., & Hsu, M.-I. (2009) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.003 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
New and emerging treatments in dermatology: acne
Katsambas, A., & Dessinioti, C. (2008) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2008.00175.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The Roles of Keratinocyte-Derived Cytokines in the Epidermis and Their Possible Responses to UVA-Irradiation
Kondo, S. (1999) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings · doi:10.1038/sj.jidsp.5640205 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Hormonal therapy for acne: why not as first line therapy? facts and controversies
Katsambas, A. D., & Dessinioti, C. (2010) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.03.006 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Sexual dimorphism in skin immunity is mediated by an androgen-ILC2-dendritic cell axis
Chi, L., Liu, C., Gribonika, I., Gschwend, J., Corral, D., Han, S., Lim, A. I., Rivera, C. A., Link, V. M., Wells, A. C., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adk6200 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Hair Cycle Control by Estrogens: Catagen Induction via Estrogen Receptor (ER)-α Is Checked by ERβ Signaling
Ohnemus, U. G., Uenalan, M., Conrad, F., Handjiski, B., Mecklenburg, L., Nakamura, M., Inzunza, J., Gustafsson, J.-Α., & Paus, R. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-1219 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Inactivation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: The end of androgen signaling
Chouinard, S., Yueh, M.-F., Tukey, R. H., Giton, F., Fiet, J., Pelletier, G., Barbier, O., & Bélanger, A. (2008) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.03.016 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Disorders of the Sebaceous Glands
Layton, A. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444317633.ch42 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Insulin resistance and acne: a new risk factor for men?
Prete, M. D., Mauriello, M. C., Faggiano, A., Somma, C. D., Monfrecola, G., Fabbrocini, G., & Colao, A. (2012) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9647-6 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Cholesterol regulates melanogenesis in human epidermal melanocytes and melanoma cells
Schallreuter, K. U., Hasse, S., Rokos, H., Chavan, B., Shalbaf, M., Spencer, J. D., & Wood, J. M. (2009) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00850.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors: a patent review
Poirier, D. (2010) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents · doi:10.1517/13543776.2010.505604 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Dermatology of androgen-related disorders
Essah, P. A., Wickham, E. P., Nunley, J. R., & Nestler, J. E. (2006) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.04.004 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Dehydroepiandrosterone 7α-hydroxylation in human tissues: Possible interference with type 1 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-mediated processes
Hennebert, O., Chalbot, S., Alran, S., & Morfin, R. (2007) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.03.026 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Cutaneous glucocorticosteroidogenesis: securing local homeostasis and the skin integrity
Slominski, A. T., Manna, P. R., & Tuckey, R. C. (2014) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.12376 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
5‐Alpha reductase inhibitors in androgenetic alopecia: Shifting paradigms, current concepts, comparative efficacy, and safety
Dhurat, R. S., Sharma, A., Rudnicka, L., Kroumpouzos, G., Kassir, M., Galadari, H., Wollina, U., Lotti, T., Golubović, M., Binić, I., et al. (2020) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/dth.13379 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Skin steroidogenesis in health and disease
Nikolakis, G., Stratakis, C. A., Kanaki, T., Slominski, A., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2016) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9390-z · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Assessment of the usefulness of dihydrotestosterone in the diagnostics of patients with androgenetic alopecia
Urysiak-Czubatka, I., Kmieć, M. L., & Broniarczyk-Dyła, G. (2014) · Advances in Dermatology and Allergology · doi:10.5114/pdia.2014.40925 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Endocrinology and immunology of acne: Two sides of the same coin
Zouboulis, C. C. (2020) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.14172 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Sebocytes’ makeup” - Novel mechanisms and concepts in the physiology of the human sebaceous glands
Tóth, B. I., Oláh, A., Szöllősi, A. G., Czifra, G., & Bı́ró, T. (2011) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-011-0941-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Serum levels of specific glucuronidated androgen metabolites predict BMD and prostate volume in elderly men
Vandenput, L., Labrie, F., Mellström, D., Swanson, C., Knutsson, T., Peeker, R., Ljunggren, Ö., Orwoll, E., Eriksson, A. L., Damber, J.-E., et al. (2007) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.061018 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Influence of physiological androgen levels on wound healing and immune status in men
Fimmel, S., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2005) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685530500233847 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Acne vulgaris: a review of antibiotic therapy
Tan, A. W. H., & Tan, H. H. (2005) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.6.3.409 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Hirsutism and the Variable Response of the Pilosebaceous Unit to Androgen
Rosenfield, R. L. (2005) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings · doi:10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10106.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Cultured human dermal fibroblasts do produce cortisol
Slominski, A., Zbytek, B., Szczesniewski, A., & Wortsman, J. (2006) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700204 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Development of steroid sulfatase inhibitors
Woo, L. W. L., Purohit, A., & Potter, B. V. L. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2010.12.035 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Regulatory roles of androgens in cutaneous wound healing
Gilliver, S. C., Wu, F. C. W., & Ashcroft, G. S. (2003) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th03-05-0302 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
13-cis-Retinoic acid competitively inhibits 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidation by retinol dehydrogenase RoDH-4: a mechanism for its anti-androgenic effects in sebaceous glands?
Karlsson, T., Vahlquist, A., Kedishvili, N. Y., & Törmä, H. (2003) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00332-2 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Unraveling the Role of Sex Hormones on Keratinocyte Functions in Human Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Gratton, R., Vecchio, C. D., Zupin, L., & Crovella, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23063132 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Aging in the Male Face: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors
Keaney, T. C. (2016) · Dermatologic Surgery · doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000000505 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Endocrinologic Aspects of Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Karagiannidis, I., Nikolakis, G. D., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2015) · Dermatologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.det.2015.08.005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Selective non-steroidal inhibitors of 5α-reductase type 1
Occhiato, E. G., Guarna, A., Danza, G., & Serio, M. (2004) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2003.10.004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The Investigation of Insulin Resistance in Patients with Idiopathic Hirsutism
Ünlühızarcı, K., Karababa, Y., Bayram, F., & Keleştimur, F. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031626 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Acne and milk, the diet myth, and beyond
Danby, F. W. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.09.022 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Oxidative metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and biologically active oxygenated metabolites of DHEA and epiandrosterone (EpiA) – Recent reports
Kihel, L. E. (2011) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.09.008 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The role of diet in acne: facts and controversies
Davidovici, B. B., & Wolf, R. (2009) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.03.010 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Is hormonal treatment still an option in acne today?
Bettoli, V., Zauli, S., & Virgili, A. (2015) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.13681 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Cutaneous melanoma in women
Roh, M. R., Eliades, P. J., Gupta, S., Grant-Kels, J. M., & Tsao, H. (2017) · International Journal of Women’s Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.02.003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Chu, C.-B., Yang, C.-C., & Tsai, S.-J. (2021) · The Chinese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.4103/cjp.cjp_67_21 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Androgenetic alopecia and insulin resistance: are they truly associated?
Fattah, N. S. A. A., & Darwish, Y. W. (2011) · International Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04677.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Transdermal delivery of testosterone
Hadgraft, J., & Lane, M. E. (2015) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.015 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Testosterone synthesized in cultured human SZ95 sebocytes derives mainly from dehydroepiandrosterone
Chen, W., Tsai, S., Sheu, H., Tsai, J., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2010) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00996.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Metabolic profiling of cholesterol and sex steroid hormones to monitor urological diseases
Moon, J., Choi, M. H., & Kim, J. (2016) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-16-0285 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Is There a Role for Antiandrogen Therapy for Hidradenitis Suppurativa? A Systematic Review of Published Data
Nikolakis, G. D., Kyrgidis, Α., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2019) · American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · doi:10.1007/s40257-019-00442-w · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hormonal treatment of acne in women
Keri, J., Berson, D. S., & Thiboutot, D. M. (2011) · Informa Healthcare eBooks · doi:10.3109/9781616310097.006.1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Biosynthesis of dihydrotestosterone by a pathway that does not require testosterone as an intermediate in the SZ95 sebaceous gland cell line
Samson, M., Labrie, F., Zouboulis, C. C., & Luu-The, V. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2009.225 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Skin Aging and the Changing Profile of the Sex Hormones with Age
Farage, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Steroids & Hormonal Science · doi:10.4172/2157-7536.1000109 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Patients with a large prostate show a higher prevalence of androgenetic alopecia
Chen, W., Yang, C., Chen, G.-Y., Wu, M.-C., Sheu, H., & Tzai, T. (2004) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-004-0514-z · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Immune and Non-immune Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Androgenetic Alopecia
Xiao, Y., Zhang, Y., Deng, S., Yang, X., & Yao, X. (2025) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-025-09034-5 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Male androgenetic alopecia
Sinclair, R. D. (2004) · The Journal of Men s Health and Gender · doi:10.1016/j.jmhg.2004.09.016 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) is the best animal model for the study of steroid glucuronidation
Barbier, O., & Bélanger, A. (2003) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00235-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Estimating the Contribution of the Prostate to Blood Dihydrotestosterone
Toorians, A. W. F. T., Kelleher, S., Gooren, L. J., Jimenez, M., & Handelsman, D. J. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030521 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The first cosmetic treatise of history. A female point of view
Cavallo, P., Proto, M., Patruno, C., Sorbo, A. D., & Bifulco, M. (2008) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2007.00414.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of Androgenetic Alopecia
Kidangazhiathmana, A., & Santhosh, P. (2022) · Clinical Dermatology Review · doi:10.4103/cdr.cdr_29_21 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Aldo‐keto reductase 1C subfamily genes in skin are UV‐inducible: possible role in keratinocytes survival
Marín, Y. E., Seiberg, M., & Lin, C. B. (2009) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00839.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A comparative study of cutaneous manifestations of hyperandrogenism in obese and non-obese Taiwanese women
Yang, J., Weng, S.-L., Lee, C.-Y., Chou, S.-Y., Hsu, C.-S., & Hsu, M.-I. (2010) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-010-1485-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Anti-acne drugs in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials
Zouboulis, C. C., Dessinioti, C., Tsatsou, F., & Gollnick, H. P. M. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1080/13543784.2017.1337745 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A strategic review on the involvement of receptors, transcription factors and hormones in acne pathogenesis
Bharti, S., & Vadlamudi, H. C. (2020) · Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction · doi:10.1080/10799893.2020.1805626 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry based hair steroid profiling may reveal pathogenesis in hair follicles of the scalp
Jung, H., Kim, S., Lee, W., Chung, B. C., & Choi, M. H. (2011) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.4975 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Therapeutic applications of sulfamates
Winum, J., Scozzafava, A., Montero, J., & Supuran, C. T. (2004) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents · doi:10.1517/13543776.14.9.1273 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Update on pathogenesis and treatment of acne
Lee, D. J., Dyke, G. S. V., & Kim, J. J. (2003) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00008480-200308000-00009 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Diet, Smoking and Family History as Potential Risk Factors in Acne Vulgaris – a Community-Based Study
Hussein, S. M. A., Hussein, H. A., Vari, C.-E., Todoran, N., Hussein, H. A., Ciurba, A., & Dogaru, M. T. (2016) · Acta Marisiensis. Seria Medica · doi:10.1515/amma-2016-0007 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Therapie der Akne mit Antiandrogenen – Eine evidenzbasierte Übersicht
Zouboulis, C. C. (2003) · JDDG Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft · doi:10.1046/j.1610-0387.2003.03011.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The pathophysiology of acne vulgaris in children and adolescents, Part 1.
Bergfeld, W. F. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 33 · see citing works
1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3‐mediated stimulation of steroid sulphatase activity in myeloid leukaemic cell lines requires VDRnuc‐mediated activation of the RAS/RAF/ERK‐MAP kinase signalling pathway
Hughes, P., & Brown, G. (2006) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.20787 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effects of bimagrumab, an activin receptor type <scp>II</scp> inhibitor, on pituitary neurohormonal axes
Garito, T., Zakaria, M., Papanicolaou, D. A., Li, Y., Pinot, P., Petricoul, O., Laurent, D., Rooks, D., Rondon, J. C., & Roubenoff, R. (2018) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13601 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Steroidogenic enzymes, their related transcription factors and nuclear receptors in human sebaceous glands under normal and pathological conditions
Azmahani, A., Nakamura, Y., Felizola, S. J. A., Ozawa, Y., Ise, K., Inoue, T., McNamara, K. M., Doi, M., Okamura, H., Zouboulis, C. C., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.07.010 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Insulin Resistance and Acne: The Role of Metformin as Alternative Therapy in Men
Andreadi, A., Muscoli, S., Tajmir, R., Meloni, M., Minasi, A., Muscoli, C., Ilari, S., Mollace, V., Della‐Morte, D., Bellia, A., et al. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16010027 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Transient Postnatal Secretion of Androgen Hormones Is Associated with Acne and Sebaceous Gland Hypertrophy in Early Infancy
Kuiri‐Hänninen, T., Haanpää, M., Turpeinen, U., Hämäläinen, E. K., Dunkel, L., & Sankilampi, U. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2680 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

DISTRIBUTION OF ANDROGEN METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN ISOLATED TISSUES OF HUMAN FOREHEAD AND AXILLARY SKIN
HAY, J. B., & Hodgins, M. B. (1978) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.0790029 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Androgen Metabolism in Sebaceous Glands From Subjects With and Without Acne
Thiboutot, D. M., Gilliland, K. L., Light, J., & Lookingbill, D. P. (1999) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.135.9.1041 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Sebocytes are the key regulators of androgen homeostasis in human skin
Fritsch, M., Orfanos, C. E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2001) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01312.x · Cited by 232 · see citing works
5a-Reductase and Its Inhibitors
Voegeli, R., Zouboulis, C. C., Elsner, P. L., & Schreier, T. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9781420018417-18
Is Increased 5a-Reductase Activity a Primary Phenomenon in Androgen-Dependent Skin Disorders?
Dijkstra, A. C., Goos, C. M. A. A., Cunliffe, W. J., Sultan, C., & Vermorken, A. J. M. (1987) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12580432 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Authors: Chen, W., Thiboutot, D., & Zouboulis, C. C.
Affiliations: National Cheng Kung University (TW)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
Corresponding author: Zouboulis, Christos C.
ORCID: Thiboutot, Diane
Zouboulis, Christos C.
Venue: Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-11
Volume: 119
Issue: 5
Pages: 992-1007
ISSN: 0022-202X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00613.x
OpenAlex: W2055015510
Cited by: 273
References: 271
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 3.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 4779 d)
Locations: Journal of Investigative Dermatology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords: pilosebaceous unit, sebaceous glands, hair follicle, steroid sulfatase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 5α-reductase, 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, aromatase, acne, hirsutism, androsterone glucuronide
MeSH terms: Androgens, Humans, Skin, Skin Diseases

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Cutaneous androgen metabolism: basic research and clinical perspectives

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks