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Cited by 149Artificial Intelligence in EducationArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationTechnology-Enhanced Education Studies

Students’ attitudes towards using ChatGPT as a learning tool: the case of the University of Jordan.

Open access
O. Ajlouni, Aseel, Abd-Alkareem Wahba, Fatima, Salem Almahaireh, Abdallah·2023·International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM)
DOI 10.3991/ijim.v17i18.41753
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Abstract

This research aims to examine students’ attitudes toward using ChatGPT as a learning tool using a quantitative approach with a descriptive study design. For data collection, researchers have developed attitude measures that utilize the ABC model, which encompasses three components of attitudes (affective, cognitive, and behavioral). The study was conducted among a random sample of 623 undergraduates who enrolled at the University of Jordan, consisting of 476 females and 147 males. The results of the descriptive statistics indicate that there is a high level of positive attitude toward utilizing ChatGPT as a learning tool. Furthermore, the findings confirm moderate affective and high behavioral and cognitive components of attitudes toward using ChatGPT as a learning tool among undergraduate students. A proportion of respondents (73.2%) agreed on the potential ability of ChatGPT to facilitate the learning process. In comparison, 20.7% of the study participants raised apprehensions regarding the precision of the data produced by ChatGPT, while an equivalent percentage (20.7%) reported feeling uncomfortable utilizing the platform; conversely, 14.6% of those surveyed acknowledged experiencing anxiety when unable to access ChatGPT’s services. The results of this study encourage decision-makers and educators at the University of Jordan to incorporate ChatGPT into curricula and instructional practices, considering student concerns and the risk of misuse.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This descriptive quantitative study surveyed 623 undergraduates at the University of Jordan in May 2023 to assess attitudes toward ChatGPT as a learning tool using an ABC-model attitude scale. Students showed a high overall positive attitude (mean 3.74), with high cognitive and behavioral components but only moderate affective attitudes.

Key findings

  • Overall ATUC mean was 3.74 (SD 1.03), indicating a highly positive attitude toward using ChatGPT as a learning tool.
  • Subscale means were affective 3.65 (moderate), cognitive 3.77 (high), and behavioral 3.81 (high).
  • 73.2% agreed that ChatGPT can facilitate the learning process; 20.7% were concerned about the accuracy of ChatGPT-generated data; 20.7% reported feeling uncomfortable using the platform; 14.6% reported anxiety when unable to access ChatGPT services.
  • The sample included 476 females and 147 males; 51% were humanities majors and 49% scientific majors; 50.1% reported beginner technological skills, 34.3% intermediate, and 10.8% advanced.

Methods

  • Quantitative descriptive design using an online self-administered questionnaire distributed in May 2023 during the second semester of 2022–2023 at the University of Jordan.
  • Random sample of 623 undergraduates from a population of 40,188; 690 students were sent the questionnaire link via Microsoft Teams, email, and Moodle, yielding a 90% response rate.
  • Instrument: 27 items, including 5 demographic items and the 22-item ATUC scale based on the ABC model, with affective (7 items), cognitive (8 items), and behavioral (7 items) subscales on a 5-point Likert scale. Validity was assessed by 10 experts and a pilot study of 80 students; Cronbach’s alphas were 0.86 affective, 0.92 cognitive, 0.92 behavioral, and 0.96 total. Analysis used descriptive statistics in SPSS version 23.

Limitations

  • Stated by the paper: the study included only undergraduate students at one public university in Jordan’s capital metropolitan area, with a sample of 623; the authors call for similar studies across diverse cohorts and for exploring additional concerns such as addiction.
  • Evident from the text: the design is cross-sectional and self-report, so it cannot establish causality or track attitude change over time; the paper itself notes that attitudes toward information technology can change over time.
  • Evident from the text: although described as random sampling, recruitment was voluntary via online platforms, which may introduce self-selection bias.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3991/ijim.v17i18.41753

Cites

76 of 76 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 19 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    14.6% of study participants acknowledged experiencing anxiety when unable to access ChatGPT's services.

    “14.6% of those surveyed acknowledged experiencing anxiety when unable to access ChatGPT's services.”
    • Also stated in: § 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION · plain
      “14.6% of participants agree or strongly agree with experiencing nervousness in the absence of ChatGPT service.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The mean score for the behavioral attitude component toward ChatGPT among undergraduates is 3.81, indicating a high level.

    “the behavioral component of attitude among undergraduates is 3.81, which is considered high.”
    • Also stated in: § 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION · plain
      “undergraduate students exhibited a high level of behavioral component (m = 3.81)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Most students agreed that the skills for employing ChatGPT in learning are necessary.

    “Most students agreed that the skills for employing ChatGPT in learning are necessary, make the learning process easier and the learning experience better, satisfy their learning needs, support their lifelong learning, promote their evaluation and higher-order skills, and foster creativity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The majority of participants agree that they would utilize ChatGPT to attain their learning goals.

    “Nevertheless, the majority of participants agree that they would utilize ChatGPT to attain their learning goals, employing it as a pedagogical tool for exercising, practicing, exam readiness, summarizing and analyzing educational content, keeping abreast of its advancements, and apprising their friends and colleagues of ChatGPT's advantageous academic proficiencies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Approximately 15% of respondents expressed disagreement with the notion of using ChatGPT as a tutor.

    “Except for item 23 (regarding the use of ChatGPT as a tutor), approximately 15% of respondents expressed disagreement with the notion of using ChatGPT as a tutor.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 23
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 17
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Most students agreed that ChatGPT satisfies their learning needs and supports their lifelong learning.

    “Most students agreed that the skills for employing ChatGPT in learning are necessary, make the learning process easier and the learning experience better, satisfy their learning needs, support their lifelong learning, promote their evaluation and higher-order skills, and foster creativity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Most students agreed that ChatGPT promotes their evaluation and higher-order skills and fosters creativity.

    “Most students agreed that the skills for employing ChatGPT in learning are necessary, make the learning process easier and the learning experience better, satisfy their learning needs, support their lifelong learning, promote their evaluation and higher-order skills, and foster creativity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Most students agreed that ChatGPT makes the learning process easier and the learning experience better.

    “Most students agreed that the skills for employing ChatGPT in learning are necessary, make the learning process easier and the learning experience better, satisfy their learning needs, support their lifelong learning, promote their evaluation and higher-order skills, and foster creativity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Undergraduates at the University of Jordan held a high level of positive attitude toward using ChatGPT as a learning tool, with a mean ATUC score of 3.74.

    “Table 5 displays that the average score of attitudes toward ChatGPT as a learning tool among undergraduates at the University of Jordan is 3.74.This score suggests that the students held positive attitudes towards utilizing ChatGPT as a learning tool.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “The results of the descriptive statistics indicate that there is a high level of positive attitude toward utilizing ChatGPT as a learning tool.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Non-response bias is negligible; the 90% response rate did not bias the sample.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The mean score for the cognitive attitude component toward ChatGPT among undergraduates is 3.77, indicating a high level.

    “In contrast, the cognitive component has a mean score of 3.77”
    • Also stated in: § 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION · plain
      “undergraduate students exhibited a high level of cognitive component (m = 3.77)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The affective component of attitudes toward ChatGPT was moderately positive, while the cognitive and behavioral components were highly positive.

    “Specifically, the results suggest that the affective component of attitudes was moderately positive, while the cognitive and behavioral components were highly positive.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The sample size of 623 was appropriate and sufficient for achieving the research objectives, determined by Thompson's equation with 95% confidence and 5% margin of error.

    “Thus, the sample size utilized in this study was appropriate and sufficient for achieving the research objectives.”
    • Also stated in: § 3.1 Design, participants, and procedures · plain
      “The appropriate minimum sample size was determined by applying Thompson's [68] equation with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The population of undergraduate students at the University of Jordan during the second semester of the academic year 2022-2023 was 40,188.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study was conducted among a random sample of 623 undergraduates enrolled at the University of Jordan, consisting of 476 females and 147 males.

    “The study was conducted among a random sample of 623 undergraduates who enrolled at the University of Jordan, consisting of 476 females and 147 males.”
    • Also stated in: § 3.1 Design, participants, and procedures · plain
      “The research sample comprised 623 undergraduate students (476 females and 147 males).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The inter-sub-scale correlations of ATUC were significantly correlated for all pairs of subscales and were in an acceptable range.

    “researchers extracted the inter-sub-scale correlations of ATUC; they were significantly correlated for all pairs of ATUC's subscales, and all the inter-scale correlations were in an acceptable range, as shown in Table 3.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The participants included in the study were randomly selected, and all expressed willingness to participate.

    “The participants included in the study were randomly selected, and all of them expressed their willingness to participate in the research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The ATUC scale is a valid and reliable measure that can be used to collect data for the study phenomenon.

    “These above values indicate that ATUC is a valid and reliable measure that can be used to collect data for the study phenomenon.”
    • Also stated in: § 3.2 Study instrument · hedged
      “These values indicate that ATUC is a valid and reliable measure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The researcher adopted a random sampling technique to ensure unbiased selection of the sample.

    “The researcher adopted a random sampling technique to ensure the unbiased selection of the sample [67].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    623 questionnaires were returned, with a response rate of 90%.

    “623 questionnaires were returned, with a response rate of 90%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The 14.6% anxiety when unable to access ChatGPT suggests a dependence on ChatGPT technology, potentially leading to addictive behavior.

    “This suggests a dependence on ChatGPT technology, potentially leading to addictive behavior.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ChatGPT has the ability to produce high-quality paragraphs and diverse research papers and effectively respond to examination inquiries.

    “ChatGPT has the ability to produce high-quality paragraphs and diverse research papers and effectively respond to examination inquiries; it is noteworthy that this particular aspect also contributes to the debugging process through its ability to predict, explain, correct errors, and represent knowledge [9][10][11][12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9][10][11][12]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The Pearson correlation coefficients for each item of the ATUC scale and the overall ATUC score ranged from 0.48 to 0.83 and were all statistically significant at p < 0.05.

    “analysis found that the Pearson correlation coefficients for each item of the ATUC scale and the overall ATUC score fell within the range of 0.48 to 0.83 and were all deemed statistically significant at p < 0.05.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The ATUC scale had high internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas: affective 0.86, cognitive 0.92, behavioral 0.92, total 0.96).

    “| Affective | 0.86 |”
    • Also stated in: § Fatima Abd-Alkareem Wahba is an Assistant Professor in the Education Technology department at Middle East University in Jordan. Her research interests include Artificial Intelligence in Education, Employing Technological Innovations, Smartphones and Multimedia Applications in Education. · plain
      “| Cognitive | 0.92 |”
    • Also stated in: § Fatima Abd-Alkareem Wahba is an Assistant Professor in the Education Technology department at Middle East University in Jordan. Her research interests include Artificial Intelligence in Education, Employing Technological Innovations, Smartphones and Multimedia Applications in Education. · plain
      “| Behavioral | 0.92 |”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chatbots allow students to access information and enhance their communication skills through practice and refinement.

    “In addition, it has been reported that chatbots allow students to access information and enhance their communication skills through practice and refinement [26] [41] [44] [80].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [26]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41]

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    • cites [44]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The study's findings are in line with previous studies that found chatbots increase students' self-confidence and improve writing skills.

    “This is in line with the results of previous studies that found that chatbots increase students' self-confidence and improve writing skills [42] [77].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] [77]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    There is a correlation between one's attitudes towards technology and one's willingness to utilize or abstain from it.

    “Furthermore, these studies have established a correlation between one's attitudes towards technology and one's willingness to utilize or abstain from it [23].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The survey method using questionnaires is an appropriate method for a descriptive study, specifically when the researcher is concerned with attitudes.

    “The survey method using questionnaires is an appropriate method for a descriptive study, specifically when the researcher is concerned with attitudes, as indicated by previous research [65].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The above concerns are in line with the study findings by [14] that demonstrated concern regarding the incorrect and inaccurate information that ChatGPT could generate.

    “The above concerns are in line with the study findings by [14] that demonstrated concern regarding the incorrect and inaccurate information that ChatGPT could generate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Attitude is the primary determinant of the desire to incorporate technology in the educational process.

    “Numerous studies in educational technology have demonstrated that attitude is the primary determinant of the desire to incorporate technology in the educational process.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The ABC model defines attitude as a psychological construct encompassing three components: affect, behavior, and cognition.

    “According to the ABC model, attitude is a psychological construct encompassing three components: affect, behavior, and cognition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47][48][49][50]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Users of contemporary technologies could demonstrate high levels of emotional dependency on a modern technological tool, causing technological addiction.

    “Further, users of contemporary technologies could demonstrate high levels of emotional dependency on a modern technological tool, causing technological addiction, which is an excessive and extreme use of technology involving non-human interactions [76].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [76]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    There is a pressing need to investigate students' attitudes towards utilizing ChatGPT in education.

    “Based on the above literature, there is a pressing need to investigate students' attitudes towards utilizing ChatGPT in education.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ChatGPT has the potential to enhance various aspects of learning, such as writing and research skills, personalized learning, learner autonomy, motivation, and engagement.

    “Within the realm of education, ChatGPT has the potential to enhance various aspects of learning, such as writing and research skills, personalized learning, learner autonomy, motivation, and engagement.Additionally, it may prove helpful in medical education and clinical decision-making [32] [41] [42].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] [41] [42]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The study represents the initial investigation into a burgeoning research field that can significantly influence students' ability to adapt to and accept novel technological advancements.

    “This study represents the initial investigation into a burgeoning research field that can significantly influence students' ability to adapt to and accept novel technological advancements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    The employment of descriptive quantitative design is a suitable method for exploring a variable within a specific population and obtaining data about it.

    “The employment of descriptive quantitative design is a suitable method for exploring a variable within a specific population and obtaining data about it [65] [66].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] [66]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ChatGPT presents significant opportunities in education by facilitating completion of homework assignments, recommending scholarly articles, and enabling students to tackle intricate tasks.

    “ChatGPT presents significant opportunities in education by facilitating the completion of homework assignments, recommending scholarly articles, and enabling students to tackle intricate tasks by providing essential information and innovative problem-solving techniques.This is achieved through the platform's capacity to generate human-like conversations [39] [40].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] [40]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Feeling anxiety and nervousness in the absence of technological tools are symptoms of technological tool addiction that hinder individuals from concentrating on their work or learning.

    “Feeling anxiety and nervousness in the absence of technological tools are symptoms of technological tool addiction that hinder individuals from concentrating on their work or learning [75].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The study's findings are in line with previous studies that highlighted the potential of ChatGPT in education.

    “As well, this result is in line with findings from previous studies that highlighted the potential of ChatGPT in education [14] [38] [42] [44].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] [38] [42] [44]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The cognitive and affective components of attitude play a significant role in determining behavioral intention, which serves as the immediate motivating factor for actual behavior.

    “The cognitive and affective components of attitude play a significant role in determining behavioral intention, which serves as the immediate motivating factor for actual behavior [74].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The ATUC subscales were positively correlated with each other and with the overall scale.

    “| Affective | 1 | 0.688** | - |”
    • Also stated in: § Fatima Abd-Alkareem Wahba is an Assistant Professor in the Education Technology department at Middle East University in Jordan. Her research interests include Artificial Intelligence in Education, Employing Technological Innovations, Smartphones and Multimedia Applications in Education. · plain
      “| Cognitive | - | 1 | 0.792** |”
    • Also stated in: § Fatima Abd-Alkareem Wahba is an Assistant Professor in the Education Technology department at Middle East University in Jordan. Her research interests include Artificial Intelligence in Education, Employing Technological Innovations, Smartphones and Multimedia Applications in Education. · plain
      “| Behavioral | 0.790** | - | 1 |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
34 of 34

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The population of undergraduate students at the University of Jordan during the second semester of the academic year 2022-2023 was 40,188.

    “The population of this research was 40188 students, which are all undergraduates who enrolled at the University of Jordan during the second semester of the academic year 2022-2023.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Non-response bias is negligible; the 90% response rate did not bias the sample.

    “623 questionnaires were returned, with a response rate of 90%.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The study is the first to evaluate undergraduates' attitudes regarding utilizing ChatGPT as a learning tool.

    “The uniqueness of this study is that it is the first to evaluate undergraduates' attitudes regarding utilizing ChatGPT as a learning tool.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The absence of a study that investigated students' attitudes towards ChatGPT emphasized the need to replicate this study on a different population.

    “Further, the absence of a study that investigated students' attitudes towards ChatGPT emphasized the need to replicate this study on a different population.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The significance of this study lies in the influence of attitudes on the adoption and incorporation of technology, particularly in the realm of education.

    “The significance of this study lies in the influence of attitudes on the adoption and incorporation of technology, particularly in the realm of education.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Implementing ChatGPT enables uninterrupted communication throughout the day, enhancing student involvement by offering adaptable and confidential communication avenues that cater to the student's requirements.

    “Implementing this technology enables uninterrupted communication throughout the day, enhancing student involvement by offering adaptable and confidential communication avenues that cater to the student's requirements.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Instant messaging systems facilitate improved student communication, enabling them to participate in more meaningful dialogues, respond to inquiries requiring elaboration, and receive prompt support.

    “Furthermore, instant messaging systems facilitate improved student communication, enabling them to participate in more meaningful dialogues, respond to inquiries requiring elaboration, and receive prompt support.”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Cognitive total does not match its listed item means

    Minor

    The eight item means in Table 7 average 3.87125, not the reported cognitive-subscale mean of 3.77. This difference exceeds rounding to two decimal places.

    Reported 3.77 · recomputed 3.87125

  • ATUC item range excludes item 27

    Minor

    The stated range of items 6-26 contains 21 items, not 22, and excludes item 27, which the paper assigns to the behavioral subscale.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. A. Alharbi, A. Alsalami, and A. AlanzI, "Chat with ChatGPT on Industry 5.0: Learning and decision-making for intelligent industries," Journal of Control and Intelligent Systems, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 25-36, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1000/1234567 · DOI
  2. A.B. Smith and C.D. Johnson, "Is Chat GPT Biased against Conservatives? An empirical study," Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, vol. 65, pp. 573-592, 2022. https://doi. org/10.1613/jair.1.0345 · DOI
  3. J.D. Jones and K.L. Smith, "A conversation on Artificial Intelligence, Chatbots, and Plagiarism in higher education," Journal of Higher Education, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 42-56, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2022.2012345 · DOI
  4. A.O. Ajlouni and S.M. Rawadieh, "Technophobia and Technophilia among Undergrad- uates: Cross-national Research in Jordan, Qatar, and Egypt," Journal of Social Studies Education Research, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 24-55, 2022.
  5. International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. (2019, May 19). UNESCO. Retrieved from https://ar.unesco.org/events/lmwtmr-ldwly-bshn-twzyf-ldhk- lstny-fy-ltlym
  6. N.M.S. Surameery and M.Y. Shakor, "Use Chatgpt to solve programming bugs," International Journal of Information Technology & Computer Engineering (IJITC), vol. 3, no. 01, pp. 17-22, 2023. https://doi.org/10.55529/ijitc.31.17.22 · DOI · Paper page
  7. V. Jain, "3D model of attitude," International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1-12, 2014.
  8. P. Bii, J. Too, and R. Langat, "An investigation of student's attitude towards use of chatbot technology in instruction: The case of Knowie in a selected high school," International Research Journals, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 710-716, 2013.
  9. C. Baker, "Quantitative research designs: Experimental, quasi-experimental, and descrip- tive," Evidencebased practice: An integrative approach to research, administration, and practice, pp. 155-183, 2017.

Cited by

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Related

Authors
O. Ajlouni, A., Abd-Alkareem Wahba, F., & Salem Almahaireh, A.
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM)
Publisher
International Association of Online Engineering (IAOE)
Published
2023-09-20
Volume
17
Issue
18
Pages
99-117
ISSN
1865-7923 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3991/ijim.v17i18.41753
OpenAlex
W4386897099
Semantic Scholar
9b432d96256fb20162d2ed80d05a9039099df68e
Cited by
116
References
75
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 1
FWCI
27.18
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
  • Social Sciences › Education › Technology-Enhanced Education Studies
Keywords
ChatGPT, student attitudes, generative AI in education, learning tools, ABC model of attitudes, undergraduate students, AI anxiety, AI misuse, University of Jordan

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