The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multiparadigm Perspectives on Theory Building
Abstract
Traditional approaches to theory building are not entirely consistent with the assumptions of alternative research paradigms that are now assuming more prominence in organizational study. We argue for a multiparadigm approach to theory building as a means of establishing correspondence between paradigms and theory-construction efforts. Because of the implications of the multiparadigm approach, we also examine ways of bridging across blurred paradigm boundaries. In addition, we explore a metaparadigm perspective that might allow disparate approaches to theory building to be considered together. Such a perspective can produce views of organizational phenomena that not only allow scholars to recognize inherent and irreconcilable theoretical differences, but also can encourage them to adopt a more comprehensive view by accounting for those differences.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A well demonstrated way to clarify such conceptual confusion and correct the absence of a paradigmatic context for the research is to examine the paradigmatic assumptions of the field, that is, ontology, epistemology, and methodology (Dewulf et al., 2009;Gioia & Pitre, 1990).”
From Complexity and Organizational Communication: A Quest for Common Ground (2016) · cites this paper as Gioia & Pitre, 1990
In the citing paper
“The fourth position, inter-ontology crossovers, focuses on interactions between ontologies (Gioia and Pitre, 1990;Lewis and Grimes, 1999).Crossover approaches recognize differences between ontologies, but work on dynamic interplay rather than overarching synthesis.Ontologies are not perceived as pieces in a jigsaw puzzle, but also not accepted as fully incommensurable.Instead, this position is”
From Ontologies, socio-technical transitions (to sustainability), and the multi-level perspective (2010) · cites this paper as Gioia and Pitre, 1990
Citations
Cites
(1984) · Cited by 81,983
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Kuhn, T. S., & Schlegel, R. (1963) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3050879 · Cited by 35,538
Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony
Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/226550 · Cited by 28,308
The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2017) · Aldine (Routledge reprint) · doi:10.4324/9780203793206 · Cited by 25,789
Building Theories from Case Study Research
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258557 · Cited by 17,455
The Social Construction of Reality
Rose, D. M., Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1967) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/323448 · Cited by 13,820
Wallace, A. F. C., & Garfinkel, H. (1968) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092245 · Cited by 12,445
Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists
Strauss, A. L. (1987) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511557842 · Cited by 12,277
The Social Psychology of Organizations.
Hackman, J. R., Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2989929 · Cited by 12,235
(1969) · Virtual Defense Library (Ministerio de Defensa) · Cited by 10,735
Cited by
Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., & Xu, X. (2012) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41410412 · Cited by 15,756
Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology
Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428112452151 · Cited by 13,227
Self-citationTypology of sociotechnical transition pathways
Geels, F. W., & Schot, J. (2007) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2007.01.003 · Cited by 5,245
Sensemaking and sensegiving in strategic change initiation
Gioia, D. A., & Chittipeddi, K. (1991) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250120604 · Cited by 3,872
Self-citationExplaining Development and Change in Organizations
van de Ven, A. H., & Poole, M. S. (1995) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1995.9508080329 · Cited by 3,762
Designing conceptual articles: four approaches
Jaakkola, E. (2020) · AMS Review · doi:10.1007/s13162-020-00161-0 · Cited by 2,258
“…and the role of the various lenses deployed to achieve those aims—in other words, the structure highlights what the 1 A discussion of how different theoretical lenses can be integrated is beyond the scope of this paper, but see for example Okhuysen and Bonardi (2011) and Gioia and Pitre (1990).”
BackgroundSocial Science Research: Principles, Methods and Practices
Bhattacherjee, A., Toleman, M., Rowling, S., Frederiks, A., & Andersen, N. (2019) · doi:10.26192/q7w89 · Cited by 2,031
Building Theory about Theory Building: What Constitutes a Theoretical Contribution?
Corley, K. G., & Gioia, D. A. (2011) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2009.0486 · Cited by 1,682
Self-citationOntologies, socio-technical transitions (to sustainability), and the multi-level perspective
Geels, F. W. (2010) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2010.01.022 · Cited by 1,718
Jones, T. M., & Wicks, A. C. (1999) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/259075 · Cited by 1,595
Constructing mystery: Empirical matters in theory development
Alvesson, M., & Kärreman, D. (2007) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2007.26586822 · Cited by 1,319
Combining IS Research Methods: Towards a Pluralist Methodology
Mingers, J. (2001) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.12.3.240.9709 · Cited by 1,380
The Dynamics of Organizational Culture
Hatch, M. J. (1993) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1993.9402210154 · Cited by 949
Multilevel Theorizing about Creativity in Organizations: A Sensemaking Perspective
Drazin, R., Glynn, M. A., & Kazanjian, R. K. (1999) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1999.1893937 · Cited by 1,004
Research Methods in Business Studies
Ghauri, P., Grønhaug, K., & Strange, R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108762427 · Cited by 1,198
Customer experience: fundamental premises and implications for research
Becker, L., & Jaakkola, E. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-019-00718-x · Cited by 944
Building Better Theory by Bridging the Quantitative–Qualitative Divide*
Shah, S. K., & Corley, K. G. (2006) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00662.x · Cited by 796
Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., Chan, F. K. Y., Hu, P. J.-H., & Brown, S. A. (2011) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2011.00373.x · Cited by 852
Symbolism and Strategic Change in Academia: The Dynamics of Sensemaking and Influence
Gioia, D. A., Thomas, J. B., Clark, S. M., & Chittipeddi, K. (1994) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.5.3.363 · Cited by 787
Self-citationMultimethodology: Towards a framework for mixing methodologies
Mingers, J., & Brocklesby, J. (1997) · Omega · doi:10.1016/s0305-0483(97)00018-2 · Cited by 688
Organizational identity, image, and adaptive instability
Gioia, D. A., Schultz, M., & Corley, K. G. (2000) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/259263 · Cited by 717
Self-citationShepherd, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2015.02.001 · Cited by 671
Using triangulation to validate themes in qualitative studies
Jonsen, K., & Jehn, K. A. (2009) · Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal · doi:10.1108/17465640910978391 · Cited by 514
Metatriangulation: Building Theory from Multiple Paradigms
Lewis, M. W., & Grimes, A. J. (1999) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/259348 · Cited by 623
Crafting Qualitative Research: Morgan and Smircich 30 Years On
Cunliffe, A. L. (2011) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428110373658 · Cited by 505
Ordering theories: Typologies and conceptual frameworks for sociotechnical change
Sovacool, B. K., & Hess, D. J. (2017) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/0306312717709363 · Cited by 511
The Influence of External Pressure Groups on Corporate Social Disclosure: Some Empirical Evidence
Tilt, C. A. (1994) · Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal · doi:10.1108/09513579410069849 · Cited by 506
The General Method of Theory-Building Research in Applied Disciplines
Lynham, S. A. (2002) · Advances in Developing Human Resources · doi:10.1177/15222302004003002 · Cited by 443
Reflecting on Reflexivity: Reflexive Textual Practices in Organization and Management Theory
Alvesson, M., Hardy, C., & Harley, B. (2008) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00765.x · Cited by 464
Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Case Studies: An Approach to Theory Building
Hoon, C. (2013) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428113484969 · Cited by 424
Strategic business nets—their type and management
Möller, K., Rajala, A., & Svahn, S. (2005) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.05.002 · Cited by 474
Living With Multiple Paradigms the Case of Paradigm Interplay in Organizational Culture Studies
Schultz, M., & Hatch, M. J. (1996) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1996.9605060221 · Cited by 415
Dewulf, A., Gray, B., Putnam, L., Lewicki, R., Aarts, N., Bouwen, R., & van Woerkum, C. (2009) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726708100356 · Cited by 470
Theory Building: A Review and Integration
Shepherd, D. A., & Suddaby, R. (2017) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206316647102 · Cited by 403
Adler, P. S., Forbes, L. C., & Willmott, H. C. (2007) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.1080/078559808 · Cited by 437
Theory Construction as Disciplined Reflexivity: Tradeoffs in the 90s
Weick, K. E. (1999) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1999.2553254 · Cited by 356
Review : Power and Information Technology Research: A Metatriangulation Review1, 2
Jasperson, J. (., Carte, T. A., Saunders, C. S., Butler, B. S., Croes, H. J. P., & Zheng, W. (2002) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/4132315 · Cited by 411
Chen, G., Bliese, P. D., & Mathieu, J. E. (2005) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428105280056 · Cited by 388
Customer Relationship Management: from Strategy to Implementation
Payne, A., & Frow, P. (2006) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1362/026725706776022272 · Cited by 365
Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Culture's Consequences in A Value Test of its Own Design
Ailon, G. (2008) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2008.34421995 · Cited by 350
Arend, R. J., Sarooghi, H., & Burkemper, A. (2015) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2014.0455 · Cited by 321
The Challenges of Building Theory by Combining Lenses
Okhuysen, G., & Bonardi, J.-P. (2011) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.36.1.zok006 · Cited by 285
What Grounded Theory Is…A Critically Reflective Conversation Among Scholars
Walsh, I., Holton, J. A., Bailyn, L., Fernandez, W., Levina, N., & Glaser, B. (2015) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428114565028 · Cited by 266
Managing Strategic Nets: A Capability Perspective
Möller, K., & Svahn, S. (2003) · Marketing Theory · doi:10.1177/14705931030032002 · Cited by 336
A content analysis of research approaches in logistics research
Spens, K. M., & Kovács, G. (2006) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/09600030610676259 · Cited by 299
Modell, S. (2009) · Management Accounting Research · doi:10.1016/j.mar.2009.04.001 · Cited by 285
Teague, R., Provenza, F., Kreuter, U., Steffens, T., & Barnes, M. (2013) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.064 · Cited by 319
Parker, L. D., & Roffey, B. H. (1997) · Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal · doi:10.1108/09513579710166730 · Cited by 309
Breaking the Paradigm Mentality
Willmott, H. (1993) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/017084069301400504 · Cited by 305
Evaluating qualitative management research: Towards a contingent criteriology
Johnson, P., Buehring, A., Cassell, C., & Symon, G. (2006) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2006.00124.x · Cited by 283
Positive Organizational Scholarship: A Critical Theory Perspective
Caza, B. B., & Caza, A. (2008) · Journal of Management Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1056492607305907 · Cited by 294
Hirschheim, R., Klein, H. K., & Lyytinen, K. (1996) · Accounting, Management and Information Technologies · doi:10.1016/0959-8022(96)00004-5 · Cited by 295
The paradigm is dead, the paradigm is dead…long live the paradigm: the legacy of Burrell and Morgan
Goles, T. (2000) · Omega · doi:10.1016/s0305-0483(99)00042-0 · Cited by 258
Park, Y., Fiss, P. C., & El Sawy, O. A. (2020) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2020/13879 · Cited by 300
Chang, R., Zuo, J., Zhao, Z.-Y., Zillante, G., Gan, X.-L., & Soebarto, V. I. (2017) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.029 · Cited by 298
Meanings of Theory: Clarifying Theory through Typification
Sandberg, J., & Alvesson, M. G. (2020) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12587 · Cited by 296
Identifying interesting project phenomena using philosophical and methodological triangulation
Joslin, R., & Müller, R. (2016) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.05.005 · Cited by 293
The Economics and Sociology of Management Consulting
Armbrüster, T. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511488467 · Cited by 272
Forward from a critique of Hofstede's model of national culture
Williamson, D. (2002) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726702055011923 · Cited by 260
Toward a legitimacy‐based view of political risk: The case of Google and Yahoo in China
Stevens, C. E., Xie, E., & Peng, M. W. (2016) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.2369 · Cited by 276
The evolution and adoption of equity crowdfunding: entrepreneur and investor entry into a new market
Estrin, S., Gozman, D., & Khavul, S. (2018) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-018-0009-5 · Cited by 254
Avenier, M., & Thomas, C. (2015) · Systèmes d information & management · doi:10.3917/sim.151.0061 · Cited by 270
Understanding Firms’ Customer Satisfaction Information Usage
Morgan, N. A., Anderson, E. W., & Mittal, V. (2005) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.69.3.131.66359 · Cited by 267
Toward a Continuum of Intersectionality Theorizing for Feminist Social Work Scholarship
Mehrotra, G. R. (2010) · Affilia · doi:10.1177/0886109910384190 · Cited by 264
An entrepreneurial network evolving: Patterns of change
Jack, S. L., Moult, S., Anderson, A. R., & Dodd, S. D. (2010) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0266242610363525 · Cited by 262
Ciano, M. P., Dallasega, P., Orzes, G., & Rossi, T. (2020) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2020.1821119 · Cited by 262
The Dark Side of Organizational Paradoxes: The Dynamics of Disempowerment
Berti, M., & Simpson, A. V. (2019) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2017.0208 · Cited by 261
Johnson, T. D., & Joshi, A. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000058 · Cited by 255
Korkeakoulu, T., & Högskolan, T. (2003) · Cited by 253
Towards a contingency theory perspective of quality management in enabling strategic alignment
McAdam, R., Miller, K., & McSorley, C. (2016) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.07.003 · Cited by 232
Payne, A., Ballantyne, D., & Christopher, M. G. (2005) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090560510601806 · Cited by 225
Theory Testing and Process Evidence in Accounting Experiments
Asay, H. S., Guggenmos, R., Kadous, K., Koonce, L. L., & Libby, R. (2019) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3485844 · Cited by 222
Hopper, T., & Major, M. (2007) · European Accounting Review · doi:10.1080/09638180701265879 · Cited by 220
Determinants and Development of Schools in Organization Theory
McKinley, W., Mone, M. A., & Moon, G. (1999) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1999.2553245 · Cited by 215
Theory building in the human resource development profession
Lynham, S. A. (2000) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/1532-1096(200022)11:2<197::aid-hrdq8>3.0.co;2-w · Cited by 214
Managing with Artificial Intelligence: An Integrative Framework
Hillebrand, L., Raisch, S., & Schad, J. (2025) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2022.0072 · Cited by 210
Practicability, Paradigms, and Problems in Stakeholder Theorizing
Gioia, D. A. (1999) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1999.1893931 · Cited by 209
Self-citationTheorizing about the service dominant logic: The bridging role of middle range theory
Brodie, R. J., Saren, M., & Pels, J. (2011) · Marketing Theory · doi:10.1177/1470593110393714 · Cited by 206
Realising Systems Thinking: Knowledge and Action in Management Science
Mingers, J. (2006) · Contemporary systems thinking · doi:10.1007/0-387-29841-x · Cited by 203
Zahra, S. A., & Newey, L. R. (2009) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00848.x · Cited by 203
Multiparadigm Inquiry: Exploring Organizational Pluralism and Paradox
Lewis, M. W., & Kelemen, M. (2002) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726702055002185 · Cited by 203
Omnichannel Customer Experience and Management: An Integrative Review and Research Agenda
Gerea, C., Gonzalez-Lopez, F., & Herskovic, V. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13052824 · Cited by 203
Towards a contingency approach to performance measurement: an empirical study in Scottish SMEs
Garengo, P., & Bititci, U. (2007) · International Journal of Operations & Production Management · doi:10.1108/01443570710763787 · Cited by 218
Conflicting Uses of Metaphors: Reconceptualizing Their Use in the Field of Organizational Change
Palmer, I., & Dunford, R. (1996) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1996.9702100312 · Cited by 201
Brix, J. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/j.scaman.2017.05.001 · Cited by 200
Weaver, G. R., & Treviño, L. K. (1994) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3857485 · Cited by 200
Australasian Marketing Journal
Alpert, F. H., & Johnson, L. W. (1998) · Cited by 200
Paradigms Lost: Incommensurability vs Structurationist Inquiry
Weaver, G. R., & Gioia, D. A. (1994) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/017084069401500404 · Cited by 198
Self-citationHoque, Z., Covaleski, M. A., & Gooneratne, T. N. (2013) · Accounting Auditing & Accountability Journal · doi:10.1108/aaaj-may-2012-01024 · Cited by 196
Business ETHICS/BUSINESS ethics: One Field or Two?
Treviño, L. K., & Weaver, G. R. (1994) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3857484 · Cited by 194
Kakkuri‐Knuuttila, M., Lukka, K., & Kuorikoski, J. (2007) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2006.12.003 · Cited by 189
Comparative Management Theory: Jungle, Zoo or Fossil Bed?
Redding, S. G. (1994) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/017084069401500302 · Cited by 189
Toward a theory of corporate sustainability: A theoretical integration and exploration
Kantabutra, S., & Ketprapakorn, N. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122292 · Cited by 188
Workplace Dignity: Communicating Inherent, Earned, and Remediated Dignity
Lucas, K. (2015) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12133 · Cited by 187
Leal‐Rodríguez, A. L., Sanchís-Pedregosa, C., Moreno, A., & Millán, A. G. L. (2023) · Journal of Innovation & Knowledge · doi:10.1016/j.jik.2023.100409 · Cited by 182
Hindle, K. G. (2004) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2004.00065.x · Cited by 181
The Implementation of a Market Orientation: A Review and Integration of the Contributions to Date
van Raaij, E. V., & Stoelhorst, J. (2008) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090560810903673 · Cited by 179
Critical realism and constructivism: merging research paradigms for a deeper qualitative study
Bogna, F., Raineri, A., & Dell, G. (2020) · Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/qrom-06-2019-1778 · Cited by 175
Trailblazing in Entrepreneurship
Shepherd, D. A., & Patzelt, H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48701-4 · Cited by 172
Hassard, J. S., & Cox, J. W. (2013) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840613495019 · Cited by 169
Metadata
- Authors
- Gioia, D. A., & Pitre, E.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- HEC Montréal (CA)
- Venue
- The Academy of Management Review
- Publisher
- Academy of Management
- Published
- 1990-10
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 584
- ISSN
- 0363-7425 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2126321946
- Cited by
- 1,426
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 10.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Academy of Management Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- theory development, research paradigms, multi-paradigm approach, metaparadigm, organizational theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
