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Cited by 4Animal Behavior and Welfare StudiesMuseums and Cultural HeritageAnimal and Plant Science Education

An Investigation into the Perception and Prevalence of Mixed-Species Exhibits in Zoos and Aquaria

Open access
Green, Hannah, Palmer, Georgia Abernethy, Brereton, James Edward·2022·Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities
DOI 10.56397/jrssh.2022.12.02
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Abstract

Mixed-species exhibits (MSE) are a common occurrence within zoological collections. They increase species diversity and provide immersive yet naturalistic experiences for both species and visitors. Although mixed-species exhibits are a common housing method for animals in zoological collections, the literature on these enclosures is limited. Animals, keepers, and visitors have the potential to benefit, or be challenged MSE, so investigations of the benefits and limitations of this practice is necessary. This study investigated the presence of MSE in a range of England zoological collections and in zoo and aquarium-based literature. Additionally, zoo professional perception of MSE was investigated using online questionnaires. The study identified a mismatch between the types of species that feature in zoo and aquarium MSE, versus those that appear in the MSE literature. MSEs were identified as being enriching from both an animal and visitor perspective, yet there was sometimes limited information on the research output to support these statements. There is scope for zoo and aquarium professionals to widen the diversity of MSE projects, to ensure that the risks and benefits of this housing method are fully investigated.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study compared mixed-species exhibit (MSE) prevalence in zoo/aquarium literature versus 21 visited collections and surveyed professionals’ perceptions. It found a mismatch: most taxa were far more common in exhibits than in literature, while MSEs were generally perceived as enriching for animals and visitors but with limited supporting research.

Key findings

  • All taxa appeared more prevalent in collections than in MSE literature: birds 455 vs 84 (n=593), mammals 526 vs 92 (n=618), fish 399 vs 22 (n=421), reptiles 216 vs 2 (n=218), invertebrates 97 vs 0 (n=97), amphibians 39 vs 0 (n=39). Differences were significant for birds, mammals, reptiles, invertebrates, and fish (P<0.001), but not amphibians (P=0.20; later text also states P=0.02).
  • Collection type was not a significant predictor of MSE appearance (P=0.129), but taxonomy/class was significant (P<0.001); IUCN status was not significant (P=0.141). The model explained 35.81% of variance, and birds were a significant predictor (P=0.040). Aquariums housed more fish and aquatic invertebrates and more species within a single MSE; zoos housed more MSEs with fewer species; wildlife/safari parks had the smallest number of MSEs.
  • Perception results showed 61% of categories with a positive weak correlation, 22% negative weak, and 11% no correlation. Significant categories included animal “habitat replication” and “naturally encounter in the wild”; keeper “husbandry ease” and “safety”; visitor “education” and “message/theme.” Spearman results included Animal Habitat Replication + Naturally Encounter (R=0.282, P=0.054*) and Keeper Enclosure Design + Health Checks (R=0.308, P=0.035).
  • The study concluded that a successful MSE for resident species appeared to suit keepers and visitors accordingly, but enhanced education on exhibit theme and messaging was needed to represent conservation concerns accurately.

Methods

  • Mixed-methods design: structured zoo visits, a literature review, and an online questionnaire.
  • Data/sample: 21 zoological collections (zoos, wildlife/safari parks, aquariums) visited December 2021–July 2022 via structured convenience sampling within a 150-mile radius; MSE and single-species exhibit lists were recorded. The questionnaire had 16 questions across four sections (Management, Perception, Taxa, Future Directions), used Google Forms, remained open six weeks from 17 June to 31 July 2022, and was anonymous. The literature review searched Web of Science and Google Scholar from September 1980–September 2021 using “mixed-species” plus zoo/aquarium/wildlife park and taxa terms, including peer-reviewed, open-access, English papers.
  • Analysis: Excel 2019 and Minitab version 23; test of 2 proportions, binary logistic regression with Bonferroni correction, Spearman correlation, and Chi-squared goodness-of-fit plus thematic analysis.

Limitations

  • Stated: convenience sampling introduced bias because only collections within a 150-mile radius were used; not all UK collections were represented; off-display species limited data; aquariums were excluded from the regression due to limited sample size; amphibians had the smallest sample (n=39), which may have influenced findings; the perception design focused on one specific MSE, risking keeper or collection bias; broader European and UK sampling was recommended.
  • Stated: the study noted that not all species were on display during visits, which could affect reliability.
  • Evident from the text: the questionnaire was distributed via social media and LinkedIn, which may introduce self-selection bias; the literature review was restricted to English, open-access, peer-reviewed sources, limiting coverage.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.56397/jrssh.2022.12.02

Cites

32 of 32 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

10 of 52 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Aquaria and aviaries are commonly maintained as mixed-species exhibits.

    “Kaandorp (2012) concluded aquaria and aviaries are commonly maintained as MSE exhibits.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kaandorp (2012) source
  • Premisecitation

    The most prevalent cause of mortality in mixed-species exhibits (MSE) is interspecies disease.

    “However, the most prevalent cause for mortality in MSE is interspecies disease (Kaandorp, (2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kaandorp, (2012) source

      The “Broad Interspecies Infectious Diseases” section reports that Salmonella can cause high mortality and Yersinia causes mortality in various species. The chapter supports interspecies disease as a cause of death in mixed-species exhibits, but does not establish it as the most prevalent cause. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    Birds appeared to be a significant predictor for mixed-species exhibit occurrence (P=0.040).

    “Birds appeared to be a significant (P=0.040)predictor for MSE.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Wildlife/safari parks had the smallest number of mixed-species exhibits.

    “W/SP had the smallest number of MSE.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The following categories created patterns that were significantly more preferred within new mixed-species exhibits: 'single taxon', 'bird', 'African savanna', 'zebra', 'antelope', 'tapir', 'giraffe', 'native UK species', 'capybara', 'giant anteater', and 'Amazon Forest'.

    “Figure 4 shows that the following categories created patterns that were significantly more preferred within new MSE: 'single taxon', 'bird', 'African savanna', 'zebra', 'antelope', 'tapir', 'giraffe', 'native UK species', 'capybara', 'giant anteater', and 'Amazon Forest'.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 47
  • May combine two claims. 37

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Larger mixed-species exhibits are more susceptible to challenges, particularly surrounding physical or physiological traumas.

    “Kaandorp (2012) argued larger MSE are more susceptible to challenges, particularly surrounding physical or physiological traumas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kaandorp (2012) source

      The Trauma section says trauma is a major problem in mixed-species exhibits, but it makes the opposite point about exhibit size: to avoid trauma, exhibits should be as large as possible. It does not say larger exhibits are more susceptible to challenges. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    Understanding animal health issues in interspecific environments can provide valuable information to improve current MSE husbandry protocols.

    “Kaandorp (2012) refers to the importance of understanding issues surrounding animal health particularly in interspecific environments as this can provide valuable information to improve current MSE husbandry protocols.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kaandorp (2012) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Megaherbivores provide the resources required for supporting species expansion, driving biodiversity whilst maintaining ecosystem function and resilience.

    “They provide the resources required for supporting species expansion, driving biodiversity whilst maintaining ecosystem function and resilience.(Estes & et al., 2011;Svenning & Faurby, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Estes & et al., 2011 source
    • cites Svenning & Faurby, 2017 source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) says restoring megafauna may increase the capacity for biodiversity and help prevent declines in megafauna-dependent species. The Extinct section (page unavailable) describes megaherbivores as ecosystem engineers with substantial effects on ecosystem structure and function. The paper does not establish that they provide resources required for species expansion or maintain ecosystem resilience; the claim also states more certainly what the Introduction hedges as a possibility. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Kagan et al. (2018) concluded that zoos and aquaria often pose a reluctance in publishing gaps in zoo science as it could be considered as a 'failure' within that collection due to public pressures, indicating a limitation on MSE published literature.

    “Kagan et al., (2018) concluded that zoos and aquaria often pose a reluctance in publishing gaps in zoo science as it could be considered as a 'failure' within that collection due to public pressures, indicating a limitation on MSE published literature.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kagan et al., (2018) source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Seasonal aggression within rutting season of deer can lead to interspecific conflicts whereby males of different Artiodactylae will compete regardless of species or size, with a resulting risk of injury.

    “For example, seasonal aggression within rutting season of deer can lead to interspecific conflicts whereby males of different Artiodactylae will compete regardless of species or size, with a resulting risk of injury (Carisch & et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Carisch & et al., 2016 source

      The Seasonal Mortality and Reproductive Biology section describes aggression during the rut and warns of potentially lethal combat among male cervids. It does not say that males of different artiodactyl species compete with one another regardless of species or size; its discussion of fighting concerns males within groups, and it says some bovids fight without serious injury. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Trauma is a prominent result of resource competition (i.e., territories).

    “Kaandorp (2012) suggested trauma is a prominent result of resource competition (i.e., territories)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kaandorp (2012) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Research needs expanding to encompass species specificity within collections due to multiple study focusses surrounding charismatic species, like primates.

    “Sherwen & Hemsworth, (2019) identified that research needs expanding to encompass species specificity within collections due to multiple study focusses surrounding charismatic species, like primates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sherwen & Hemsworth, (2019) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Aquariums often house multiple species to naturally represent ecosystems, providing visual interpretation of oceanic restoration.

    “Cracknell et al., (2016) concluded aquariums often house multiple species to naturally represent ecosystems, providing visual interpretation of oceanic restoration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cracknell et al., (2016) source

      Section 1.5 says public aquaria may display mixed communities representing coral reefs, and Section 4.1 says exhibits are designed to replicate natural habitats. But the paper also describes single-specimen and single-species exhibits, and its discussion of restoration concerns visitors’ well-being, not visual interpretation of oceanic restoration. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Zoos house significantly more mixed-species exhibits than wildlife/safari parks; aquariums may house quantitatively less mixed-species exhibits, but they house a significantly larger quantity and diversity of species than zoos and wildlife/safari parks.

    “Figure 2 shows zoos house significantly more MSE than W/SP, aquariums may house quantitively less MSE, but they house a significantly larger quantity and diversity of species than zoos and W/SP.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The literature on mixed-species exhibits is limited.

    “Although mixed-species exhibits are a common housing method for animals in zoological collections, the literature on these enclosures is limited.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Amphibians appeared to have the smallest sample size overall (n=39) which could indicate why there was a non-significant (P=0.02) difference between collections and literature.

    “Amphibians appeared to have the smallest sample size overall (n=39) which could indicate why there was a non-significant (P=0.02)difference between collections and literature.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    This study evidenced limited current MSE research.

    “This study evidenced limited current MSE research”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All taxa appeared significantly more prevalent in collections than in literature: Amphibians 39:0 (n=39); Birds 455:84 (n=593); Fish 399:22 (n=421); Invertebrates 97:0 (n=97); Mammals 526:92 (n=618); Reptile 216:2 (n=218).

    “All taxa appeared significantly more prevalent in collections than in literature: Amphibians 39:0 (n=39); Birds 455:84 (n=593); Fish 399:22 (n=421); Invertebrates 97:0 (n=97); Mammals 526:92 (n=618); Reptile 216:2 (n=218).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Table 2 displays 61% of categories showing a positive weak correlation, 22% a negative weak correlation, and 11% no correlation.

    “Table 2 displays 61% of categories showing a positive weak correlation, 22% a negative weak correlation, and 11% no correlation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Mixed-species exhibits are enriching from both an animal and visitor perspective.

    “MSEs were identified as being enriching from both an animal and visitor perspective”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There was a significant difference between birds, mammals, reptiles, invertebrates, and fish in mixed-species exhibit prevalence between literature and collection visits (P<0.001), while amphibians were non-significant (P=0.20).

    “There was a significant difference between the following taxa: birds, mammals, reptiles, invertebrate, fish (P<0.001)opposed to amphibians which proved non-significant (P=0.20).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Zoos housed a higher quantity of mixed-species exhibits with lower numbers of species compared to other collection types.

    “Zoos housed a higher quantity of MSE with lower numbers of species compared to other collection types.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Both Class and Order influenced the prevalence and diversity of MSE.

    “In conclusion, it appeared that both Class, and Order influenced the prevalence and diversity of MSE.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Aquariums house more fish and invertebrate species, alongside more species within a single MSE.

    “Regarding collection type, aquariums house more fish and invertebrate species, alongside more species within a single MSE.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The following categories had the most significant correlation: animal perception 'habitat replication' and 'naturally encounter in the wild'; keeper perception 'husbandry ease' and 'safety'; visitor perception 'education' and 'message/theme'.

    “The following categories appeared had the most significant correlation: from an animal perception 'habitat replication' and 'naturally encounter in the wild'; from a keeper perception 'husbandry ease' and 'safety'; and from a visitor perception 'education' and 'message/theme'.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Mammals appeared most popular within literature and collections, closely followed by birds with just slightly fewer MSE.

    “Mammals appeared most popular within literature and collections, closely followed by birds with just slightly fewer MSE.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Smaller primates appeared more commonly than larger primates, supported by both literature and this study's findings.

    “Smaller primates appeared more commonly than larger primates, supported by both literature and this study's findings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    A successful MSE for its resident species appeared to suit keepers and visitors accordingly.

    “A successful MSE for its resident species appeared to suit keepers and visitors accordingly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both crocodilian species are located in different continents yet have been successfully housed together within a MSE.

    “Both species are located in different continents yet have been successfully housed together within a MSE”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Aquariums were not present with the regression test due to the limited sample size.

    “Aquariums were not present with the regression test due to the limited sample size.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Aquaria collections are renowned for mixing species in natural interspecific assemblages or habitats, however a lack of welfare understanding is still apparent.

    “Sloman et al., (2011) supported this by stating aquaria collections are renowned for mixing species in natural interspecific assemblages or habitats, however a lack of welfare understanding is still apparent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sloman et al., (2011) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Amphibians are rarely found in mixed communities in the wild because they have been observed predating singular or similar species (cannibalism).

    “Amphibian cannibalism has been researched suggesting why amphibians are rarely found in mixed communities in the wild as they have been observed predating singular or similar species (Crump 1983;Vaissi & Sharifi, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Crump 1983 source
    • cites Vaissi & Sharifi, 2016 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Species diversity in zoo collections for birds, fish and invertebrates is high.

    “This often means that species diversity in zoo collections for birds, fish and invertebrates is high (Brereton & Brereton, 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Brereton & Brereton, 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The 'Perception' design denoted that respondents would focus on one specific MSE indicating exhibit-specific responses, resulting in potential keeper or collection bias.

    “The 'Perception' design denoted that respondents would focus on one specific MSE indicating exhibit-specific responses, resulting in potential keeper or collection bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The benefits of mixed-species exhibits, believed to include species suitability, enrichment welfare, and post-captivity release, still require further empirical research.

    “their benefits which are believed to include species suitability, enrichment welfare, and post-captivity release, still require further empirical research (Dorman & Bourne, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dorman & Bourne, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Moderate levels of stress towards captive animals are not always negative, as acute stress occurs often in wild environments.

    “Moderate levels of stress towards captive animals are not always negative, as acute stress occurs often in wild environments (Romero & et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Romero & et al., 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Enclosure design is a primary factor for influencing keeper perspectives, as this pinpoints habitat replication and suitability for all species, safety and practicality.

    “Irwin et al., (2013) highlights enclosure design as primary factor for influencing keeper perspectives, as this pinpoints habitat replication and suitability for all species, safety and practicality.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Irwin et al., (2013) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mixed-species exhibits can create an immersive and educational experience for visitors.

    “By considering ecologically informed missed, MSE can create an immersive and educational experience for visitors (Daoudi & et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Daoudi & et al., 2017

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Understanding species behaviour and ecology is vital when designing in-situ and ex-situ conservation practises.

    “Understanding species behaviour and ecology is vital when designing in-situ and ex-situ conservation practises (Meise & et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Meise & et al., 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Megaherbivores have established habitat heterogeneity through feeding behaviour and natural environmental disturbances.

    “Megaherbivores have established habitat heterogeneity through feeding behaviour and natural environmental disturbances (Hyvarinen & et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hyvarinen & et al., 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Larger enclosures that house multiple species often amplify physical activity including 'play' or 'exploratory' interactions, both intraspecifically and interspecifically, which enhances social complexity.

    “Larger enclosures that house multiple species often amplify physical activity including 'play' or 'exploratory' interactions, both intraspecifically and interspecifically which enhances social complexity (Hardie 1997;Buchanan-Smith & et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hardie 1997 source
    • cites Buchanan-Smith & et al., 2017

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After the enclosure was modified via proximal expansion, aggressive behaviours were reduced, allowing individuals to retreat away from other individuals.

    “Buchanan-Smith et al., (2013) identified that after the enclosure was modified via proximal expansion, aggressive behaviours were reduced, allowing individuals to retreat away from other individuals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Buchanan-Smith et al., (2013) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationcitation

    Correct enclosure design information is paramount for optimal welfare.

    “signifying correct enclosure design information is paramount for optimal welfare.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Lack of evidence can jeopardise efficiency, and reliability of current zoo practises as it means that animal compatibility or exhibit educational value may not be suitable.

    “Lack of evidence can jeopardise efficiency, and reliability of current zoo practises as it means that animal compatibility or exhibit educational value may not be suitable (i.e., relevant signage, themes and messages of exhibits).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    After close monitoring of two groups of brown capuchins and squirrel monkeys housed together, aggressive behaviours caused by stress, including territory defence, began to form as a result of overlapping territories.

    “After close monitoring aggressive behaviours caused by stress, including territory defence began to form as a result of overlapping territories (Buchanan-Smith, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Buchanan-Smith, 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Competition can be challenging to avoid, causing welfare implications through the public eye.

    “Linking to behavioural considerations within MSE husbandry management, as competition can be challenging to avoid, causing welfare implications through the public eye (Buchanan-Smith, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Buchanan-Smith, 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Because of the structured convenience sampling method, bias was introduced because only collections within a 150-mile radius were utilised for convenience.

    “Because of the structured convenience sampling method, bias was introduced because only collections within 150-mile radius were utilised for convenience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This is beneficial within MSE if collections are provided with sufficient research upon exhibit successes and failures allowing failures not to be repeated, allowing enhanced messages in the future.

    “This is beneficial within MSE if collections are provided with sufficient research upon exhibit successes and failures allowing failures not to be repeated, allowing enhanced messages in the future.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Natural niche variation patterns were observed within four co-existing frog species which discovered four ecological factors for specificity: interspecific competition, intraspecific competition, predation, and ecological opportunity.

    “Natural niche variation patterns were observed within four co-existing frog species which discovered four ecological factors for specificity: interspecific competition, intraspecific competition, predation, and ecological opportunity (Costa-Pereira & et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Costa-Pereira & et al., 2018 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    To enhance regression reliability, a Bonferroni correction was included as this established new alpha numbers to determine significance.

    “To enhance regression reliability, a Bonferroni correction (Armstrong, 2014) was included as this established new alpha numbers to determine significance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Armstrong, 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    All respondents remained anonymous ensuring confidentiality was maintained, whilst preventing bias.

    “All respondents remained anonymous ensuring confidentiality was maintained, whilst preventing bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Exhibiting species that are sympatric in the wild may be successful within mixed-species exhibits if innate interactions are expressed within social environments.

    “Exhibiting species that are sympatric in the wild may be successful within MSE if innate interactions are expressed within social environments (Daoudi & et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Daoudi & et al., 2017

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Amphibians had the smallest sample size, which could have influenced the lack of MSE found.

    “Amphibians had the smallest sample size which could have influenced the lack of MSE found opposed to them completely being ruled out as unsuitable MSE candidates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    MSE promotes cognitive enrichment, particularly auditory enrichment as it is easier for keepers to create.

    “Robbins & Margulis, (2016) promotes MSE as cognitive enrichment, particularly auditory enrichment as it is easier for keepers to create.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Robbins & Margulis, (2016) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Enhanced education on exhibit theme and messaging was necessary to accurately represent relevant conservation concerns, despite well received visitor perception.

    “However, it was evidenced that enhanced education on exhibit theme and messaging was necessary to accurately represent relevant conservation concerns, despite well received visitor perception.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    MSE detracts species-specific education as it allows visitors to be selective with the species they engage with like 'popular' species regardless of the broader theme of the exhibit, however they can promote education for the preferred species.

    “(Moss & Esson, 2010) argues MSE detracts species-specific education at it allows visitors to be selective with the species they engage with like 'popular' species regardless of the broader theme of the exhibit, however they can promote education for the preferred species.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Moss & Esson, 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Collection planning is often categorised by continents due to its easy navigation.

    “Collection planning is often categorised by continents due to its easy navigation”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hutchins & et al., 1995 source
    • cites Brereton & Brereton, 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Species within a MSE were often managed by two or more keepers ensuring optimal husbandry was maintained.

    “Fuller et al., (2012) assessed keeper management of a mixed Lorisidae exhibit, and stated species within a MSE were often managed be two or more keepers ensuring optimal husbandry was maintained, supporting this study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fuller et al., (2012) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    MSE engages visitors due to increased activity, increasing education.

    “Kleiman et al., (2010) argues MSE engages visitors due to increased activity, increasing education.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kleiman et al., (2010) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The selection of zoos visited was limited by the 150-mile radius restriction due to the convenience sampling technique, indicating not all UK collections were utilised.

    “Additionally, the selection of zoos visited was limited by the 150-mile radius restriction due to the convenience sampling technique, indicating not all UK collections were utilised”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Housing sympatric species together in a replicated habitat creates an immersive experience allowing exhibition of natural intraspecific and interspecific behaviours.

    “Housing sympatric species together in a replicated habitat creates an immersive experience allowing exhibition of natural intraspecific and interspecific behaviours.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Aquariums have been mixing species for much of their existence.

    “Aquariums have been mixing species for much of their existence (Hvilsom & et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hvilsom & et al., 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Species who pose higher conservation value are more commonly presented within collections, raising awareness.

    “Moss & Esson, (2010) suggests species who pose higher conservation value are more commonly presented within collections, raising awareness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Moss & Esson, (2010) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Toward the 1980s the theory of landscape immersion evolved, expanding exhibit naturalism further by enabling visitors to experience the same habitat as the species.

    “Yet toward the 1980s the theory of landscape immersion evolved, expanding exhibit naturalism further by enabling visitors to experience the same habitat as the species.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Irwin et al., (2013) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Not all species were on display to the public during zoo visits, therefore limited data.

    “During zoo visits, it was highlighted by prior communication with staff that not all species were on display to the public therefore limited data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Housing suitable, naturally associated species would benefit as it would occupy less space than housing individually.

    “housing suitable, naturally associated species would benefit as it would occupy less space than housing individually (Hutchins & et al., 1995;Brereton & Brereton, 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hutchins & et al., 1995 source
    • cites Brereton & Brereton, 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Taxonomic bias toward charismatic mammalian species exists.

    “Ressurreição et al., (2011) supports this by reiterating taxonomic bias toward charismatic mammalian species.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ressurreição et al., (2011)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In 1941 naturalism in zoo enclosures increased when Bronx Zoo displayed its naturalistic African plain exhibit.

    “Irwin et al., (2013) discussed how in 1941 naturalism in zoo enclosures increased when Bronx Zoo displayed its naturalistic African plain exhibit.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Irwin et al., (2013) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a sample of zoological research, 89% was mammal based (60% primate based), 8% was bird based, and 1% on remaining taxa.

    “Through assessing a sample of research, they discovered 89% was mammal based (60% primate based), 8% was bird based, and 1% on remaining taxa”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Melfi, ( 2009) source
64 of 64

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Animals, keepers, and visitors have the potential to benefit or be challenged by mixed-species exhibits.

    “Animals, keepers, and visitors have the potential to benefit, or be challenged MSE, so investigations of the benefits and limitations of this practice is necessary.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It is unclear whether the literature on mixed-species exhibits is reflective of the types of species commonly housed in mixed-species exhibit enclosures.

    “It is unclear whether the literature on MSE is reflective of the types of species commonly housed in MSE enclosures.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Competition for resources is a potential risk in mixed-species exhibits.

    “Competition for resources (i.e., nesting sites/material or individual territories) are a potential risk in MSE.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Mixing species that fit different ecological niches facilitates enclosure usage and reduces issues associated with competition, allowing species to coexist with minimal aggression.

    “Mixing species that fit different ecological niches (i.e., arboreal and terrestrial species) facilitates enclosure usage and reduces issues associated with competition, allowing species to coexist with minimal aggression.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Spatial separation and food availability minimises the severity of these interactions.

    “However, spatial separation and food availability minimises the severity of these interactions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Those that obtain specific niches can be replicated within mixed-species exhibits with appropriate husbandry development.

    “Those that obtain specific niches can be replicated within MSE with appropriate husbandry development.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Their intrinsic link to natural history makes megaherbivores appropriate species for being housed within mixed-species exhibits, as long natural requirements are maintained.

    “Their intrinsic link to natural history makes them appropriate species for being housed within MSE, as long natural requirements are maintained.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Publishing literature about species mortality as a result of an unsuccessful MSE is difficult due to industry and public pressure.

    “Publishing literature about species mortality as a result of an unsuccessful MSE poses complexities, referring to pressures within industry and public eye.”
8 of 8

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Bird total does not match its component counts

    Minor

    The reported bird counts total 539, not the stated 593.

    Reported 593 · recomputed 539

  • Correlation results are attributed to the wrong table

    Minor

    The text says Table 2 displays correlation categories, but Table 2 lists predictors and P-values for an analysis of variance; the correlation results are labeled Table 4.

  • Two different P-values are reported for amphibians

    Minor

    The same comparison between collections and literature is reported with P=0.20 in one passage and P=0.02 in another.

  • Amphibians are described as both significant and non-significant

    Minor

    The claim that all taxa differed significantly includes amphibians, which the text separately calls non-significant.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Brereton, J. E., & Fernandez, E. J. (2021). Which index should I use? A comparison of indices for enclosure use studies. Animal Behavior & Cognition, 9(1), 119-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26451/abc.09.01.10.2022finc h. Buchanan-Smith, H. M. (2011). Mixed-species exhibition of Neotropical primates: analysis of species combination success. International Zoo Yearbook, 46(1), 150-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2011.00151. · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Green, H., Palmer, G. A., & Brereton, J. E.
ORCID
Brereton, James Edward
Venue
Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities
Publisher
Paradigm Academic Press Limited
Published
2022-12
Volume
1
Issue
2
Pages
14-25
ISSN
2709-1910 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.56397/jrssh.2022.12.02
OpenAlex
W4311225695
Semantic Scholar
c7d5ae1219db97721b02a607793f2b988616eca4
Cited by
4
References
28
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 3
FWCI
0.97
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
other-oa
Locations
Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Museology › Museums and Cultural Heritage
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Animal and Plant Science Education
Keywords
zoos, aquariums, tourist perceptions, animal welfare, enrichment, species diversity

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-26.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-26.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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