The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The efficacy of internet interventions for depression and anxiety disorders: a review of randomised controlled trials
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To review the outcomes, nature and quality of published randomised controlled trials of preventive and treatment internet interventions for depression and anxiety disorders, and to document the availability of effective interventions. DATA SOURCES: Previous reviews of internet interventions for mental health and related conditions were updated using an extension of the original methodology. All studies included in the original reviews and more recent eligible trials (published before June 2009) were included, together with any trials identified from a search of the health intervention web portal Beacon and the Journal of Medical Internet Research. STUDY SELECTION: A total of 29 reports describing 26 trials satisfied the inclusion criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: All trials employed a cognitive behaviour therapy intervention program. Of the 26 trials, 23 demonstrated some evidence of effectiveness relative to controls. Effect size differences ranged from 0.42 to 0.65 for depression interventions involving participants with clinically significant symptoms of depression, and 0.29 to 1.74 for anxiety interventions involving participants with a diagnosed anxiety disorder. Of the five effective English-language programs, three are available to the public without charge and two can be accessed at a small cost through health practitioner referral. CONCLUSION: Internet interventions for depression and anxiety disorders offer promise for use as self-help applications for consumers or as an adjunct to usual care.
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In the citing paper
“Online interventions addressing anxiety and depression in the general population have demonstrated similar levels of efficacy to face-to-face interventions in both the general population and cancer patients (Griffiths, Farrer, & Christensen, 2010;Jacobsen & Jim, 2008).”
From e-TC: Development and pilot testing of a web-based intervention to reduce anxiety and depression in survivors of testicular cancer (2017) · cites this paper as Griffiths, Farrer, & Christensen, 2010
In the citing paper
“Internet-based and computer-aided treatments have been shown to be effective in treating a wide range of psychological problems, and have effect sizes (ES) comparable to those found for more traditional types of psychological treatments [21-32].”
From Feasibility of a personal health technology-based psychological intervention for men with stress and mood problems: Randomized controlled pilot trial (2013) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“However, the acceptability, effectiveness and uptake of iCBT treatment for mental disorders has not been established in older populations [5], [6].”
In the citing paper
“Reviews of iCBT for mental illness have indicated that older individuals are generally under-represented in the samples that provide efficacy data for these programs [5], [6].”
In the citing paper
“Reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of internet interventions with therapist assistance for depressive and anxiety disorders have found reductions in symptoms, relevant cognitions and improvement in patients’ mental health literacy [37–39].”
From Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (2014) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“These effects were somewhat smaller than those reported in other recent reviews [17, 19–22] and also smaller than the large effect sizes for Internet-based ACT (0.80 and 0.87) in the study of Fledderus et al. [40] and for Internet-based CBT for anxiety complaints in older adults (1.43) in the study of Dear et al. [26].”
In the citing paper
“Current psychotherapies for anxiety can be delivered online using a website, 47,48”
From Effectiveness of mobile technologies delivering Ecological Momentary Interventions for stress and anxiety: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Four other reviews [15-18] had a wider scope than cCBT for depression.”
From Meta-review of the effectiveness of computerised CBT in treating depression (2011) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Four reviews did not name the packages they examined [12,15-17].”
From Meta-review of the effectiveness of computerised CBT in treating depression (2011) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“However, few studies have compared supported and unsupported interventions in the same trial [11] and so the issue of whether support adds unequivocal benefit has not yet been resolved.”
From Internet-Based CBT for Depression with and without Telephone Tracking in a National Helpline: Randomised Controlled Trial (2011) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“A range of software applications available on the web have also delivered effective CBT to depressed samples [11], reduced depression in school settings [12] and in general practice environments [13], [14], either with or without support from mental health professionals, paraprofessionals or teachers [11].”
From Internet-Based CBT for Depression with and without Telephone Tracking in a National Helpline: Randomised Controlled Trial (2011) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“A range of software applications available on the web have also delivered effective CBT to depressed samples [11], reduced depression in school settings [12] and in general practice environments [13], [14], either with or without support from mental health professionals, paraprofessionals or teachers [11].”
From Internet-Based CBT for Depression with and without Telephone Tracking in a National Helpline: Randomised Controlled Trial (2011) · cites this paper as [11]
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Self-citationMapping the rise of digital mental health technologies: Emerging issues for law and society
Gooding, P. (2019) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.101498 · Cited by 93
Lappalainen, P., Kaipainen, K., Lappalainen, R., Hoffrén, H., Myllymäki, T., Kinnunen, M.-L., Mattila, E., Happonen, A. P., Rusko, H., & Korhonen, I. (2013) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.2389 · Cited by 79
“Internet-based and computer-aided treatments have been shown to be effective in treating a wide range of psychological problems, and have effect sizes (ES) comparable to those found for more traditional types of psychological treatments [21-32].”
Kiropoulos, L. A., Griffiths, K. M., & Blashki, G. (2011) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1527 · Cited by 79
“Online information and psychological interventions have also been found to be effective in the treatment of depressive symptoms in adults (eg, [7-9]) and in addressing stigma related to mental health [10].”
BackgroundSelf-citationOspina‐Pinillos, L., Davenport, T. A., Ricci, C. S., Milton, A. C., Scott, E. M., & Hickie, I. B. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9716 · Cited by 86
“Importantly, there is also a growing body of literature supporting the use of Internet-based treatment approaches for a range of mental health problems in adults and adolescents [6,17-19].”
BackgroundWootten, A. C., Abbott, J.-A. M., Meyer, D., Chisholm, K., Austin, D. W., Klein, B., McCabe, M., Murphy, D. G., & Costello, A. J. (2015) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.024 · Cited by 77
“Although there is considerable evidence for the effectiveness of online CBT-based interventions in mental health generally [24–26], research on online psychological interventions for patients who have cancer is still in its infancy [16,27,28].”
BackgroundLöbner, M., Pabst, A., Stein, J., Dorow, M., Matschinger, H., Luppa, M., Maroß, A., Kersting, A., König, H.-H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.06.008 · Cited by 72
Milgrom, J., Danaher, B., Seeley, J., Holt, C. J., Holt, C., Ericksen, J., Tyler, M. S., Gau, J. M., & Gemmill, A. W. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17185 · Cited by 69
Developing a roadmap for the translation of e-mental health services for depression
Batterham, P. J., Sunderland, M., Calear, A. L., Davey, C. G., Christensen, H., Teesson, M., Kay-Lambkin, F., Andrews, G., Mitchell, P. B., Herrman, H., et al. (2015) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867415582054 · Cited by 77
“Nine systematic reviews focusing on the effectiveness of e-mental health programmes for depression were identified (Andersson and Cuijpers, 2009; Andrews et al., 2010; Andrews and Williams, 2014; Griffiths et al., 2010; Hedman et al., 2012; Johansson and Andersson, 2012; Lokkerbol et al., 2014; Richards and Richardson…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMoock, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00065 · Cited by 82
“The majority of e-mental health treatment programs provide cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) skills (38), and there is increasing evidence that self-help interventions are effective for reducing symptoms of anxiety disorders (39).”
BackgroundParticipating in Online Mental Health Interventions: Who Is Most Likely to Sign Up and Why?
Crisp, D. A., & Griffiths, K. M. (2014) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2014/790457 · Cited by 76
“[12, 14]).”
Self-citationReachOut.com: The role of an online service for promoting help-seeking in young people
Collin, P. J., Metcalf, A. T., Stephens-Reicher, J. C., Blanchard, M. E., Herrman, H. E., Rahilly, K., & Burns, J. M. (2011) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.5172/jamh.2011.10.1.39 · Cited by 75
Preferences for e-mental health services amongst an online Australian sample?
Klein, B., & Cook, S. (2010) · E-Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.7790/ejap.v6i1.184 · Cited by 117
DeAndrea, D. C. (2014) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2014.914606 · Cited by 76
Christensen, H. M., Reynolds, J., & Griffiths, K. M. (2011) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2010.00242.x · Cited by 70
Self-citationRobinson, J., Hetrick, S., Cox, G., Bendall, S., Yung, A., & Pirkis, J. (2015) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12136 · Cited by 71
“Taken together these findings suggest that, despite the concerns that have been expressed regarding talking about suicide online (17, 18), the Internet, when used carefully, has the potential to be a safe and acceptable medium for delivering suicide prevention activities.”
BackgroundInfluentialInterpersonal Psychotherapy to Reduce Psychological Distress in Perinatal Women: A Systematic Review
Bright, K. S., Charrois, E. M., Mughal, M. K., Wajid, A., McNeil, D. A., Stuart, S. P., Hayden, A., & Kingston, D. E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17228421 · Cited by 74
“Therefore, instead of using formal treatments, women are more inclined to seek the informal support of friends and family, printed material, or computer/web-based intervention programs [7,8,40].”
BackgroundSmith, A. “., Butow, P., Olver, I., Luckett, T., Grimison, P., Toner, G. C., Stockler, M. R., Hovey, E., Stubbs, J., Turner, S., et al. (2016) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-015-0468-5 · Cited by 72
“Internet programs to reduce anxiety and depression have been shown in a number of trials to be as effective as face-to-face interventions in the general population [44].”
BackgroundMurray, G., Leitan, N., Berk, M., Thomas, N., Michalak, E. E., Berk, L., Johnson, S. L., Jones, S. H., Perich, T., Allen, N. B., et al. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.02.024 · Cited by 71
“Webbased mental health programs have demonstrated immediate and long term benefits for a range of mental disorders (Griffiths et al., 2010) while being highly cost-effective (McCrone et al.”
BackgroundSmartphone-Based Psychotherapeutic Micro-Interventions to Improve Mood in a Real-World Setting
Meinlschmidt, G., Lee, J.-H., Stalujanis, E., Belardi, A., Oh, M., Jung, E. K., Kim, H.-C., Alfano, J., Yoo, S.-S., & Tegethoff, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01112 · Cited by 68
Leavey, K., & Hawkins, R. M. F. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1332095 · Cited by 76
A qualitative exploration of Internet-based treatment for comorbid depression and alcohol misuse
Darvell, M. J., Kavanagh, D. J., & Connolly, J. M. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.03.003 · Cited by 69
“Thepast decadehaswitnessed an enormous growth in the implementation of Internet-based treatment formental health issues (Griffiths et al., 2010).”
BackgroundChristensen, H. M., Batterham, P. J., Mackinnon, A. J., Griffiths, K. M., Hehir, K. K., Kenardy, J. A., Gosling, J., & Bennett, K. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3507 · Cited by 74
“Web-based interventions provide a potentially very useful delivery medium because they are accessible, acceptable, globally disseminable, and have been found to be effective in delivering CBT in clinical settings for both depression and anxiety [16-18].”
Self-citationCunningham, C. E., Walker, J. R., Eastwood, J. D., Westra, H. A., Rimas, H. L., Chen, Y., Marcus, M., Swinson, R. P., Bracken, K., & The Mobilizing Minds Research Group (2013) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.811324 · Cited by 79
Tele-social work and mental health in rural and remote communities in Australia
Bryant, L., Garnham, B., Tedmanson, D., & Diamandi, S. (2015) · International Social Work · doi:10.1177/0020872815606794 · Cited by 67
“…initiatives have shown positive outcomes in terms of the subjective well-being of clients equivalent to and in some cases outcomes better than those would be expected for face-to-face service delivery (Dunstan and Tooth, 2012; Griffiths et al., 2006, 2010; Richardson, 2012; Simpson et al., 2014).”
BackgroundToward Game-Based Digital Mental Health Interventions: Player Habits and Preferences
Mandryk, R. L., & Birk, M. V. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6906 · Cited by 69
Hummel, S. B., van Lankveld, J. J., Oldenburg, H. S., Hahn, D. E., Broomans, E., & Aaronson, N. K. (2015) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1320-z · Cited by 64
The effects of mobile apps on stress, anxiety, and depression: overview of systematic reviews
Khademian, F., Aslani, A., & Bastani, P. (2021) · International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care · doi:10.1017/s0266462320002093 · Cited by 62
“Sadness * According to our objectives; ACT, acceptance and commitment therapy; BA, behavioral activation; BDI, Beck depression inventory; CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; CBM, cognitive bias modification; CC, cognitive control; DASS, depression anxiety stress scales; EPDS, Edinburgh postnatal depression scale; JBI,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialInternetbasierte Interventionen in der Behandlung psychischer Störungen
Klein, J. P., Gerlinger, G., Knaevelsrud, C., Bohus, M., Meisenzahl, E., Kersting, A., Röhr, S., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Sprick, U., Dirmaier, J., et al. (2016) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-016-0217-7 · Cited by 67
Mewton, L., Smith, J., Rossouw, P., & Andrews, G. (2014) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s40879 · Cited by 57
Analyzing Engagement in a Web-Based Intervention Platform Through Visualizing Log-Data
Morrison, C., & Doherty, G. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3575 · Cited by 62
“Web-based interventions for improving health have burgeoned over the past 10 years as researchers aim to harness the reach and cost-effectiveness that the Internet promises [1-6].”
Crisp, D. A., Griffiths, K. M., Mackinnon, A. J., Bennett, K., & Christensen, H. M. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.041 · Cited by 60
Self-citationEbert, D. D., Gollwitzer, M., Riper, H., Cuijpers, P., Baumeister, H., & Berking, M. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2511 · Cited by 61
“In a review of 26 RCTs, Griffiths and colleagues [51] found that effect size differences ranged from 0.”
Cunningham, C. E., Chen, Y., Deal, K., Rimas, H. L., McGrath, P. J., Reid, G. J., Lipman, E. L., & Corkum, P. V. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9728-x · Cited by 61
Ford-Gilboe, M., Varcoe, C., Scott-Storey, K., Wuest, J., Case, J., Currie, L. M., Glass, N., Hodgins, M., MacMillan, H., Perrin, N., et al. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4143-9 · Cited by 61
Farrer, L., Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., & Mackinnon, A. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1859 · Cited by 56
“Web-based, self-administered cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) programs have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of depression [1-4].”
Self-citationKelman, A. R., Evare, B. S., Barrera, A. Z., Muñoz, R. F., & Gilbert, P. (2018) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2185 · Cited by 67
Internet Interventions for Mental Health and Addictions: Current Findings and Future Directions
Cunningham, J. A., Gulliver, A., Farrer, L., Bennett, K., & Carron‐Arthur, B. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0521-5 · Cited by 57
Self-citationBarrable, A., Παπαδάτου-Παστού, Μ., & Tzotzoli, P. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-018-0233-z · Cited by 74
“Evidence on the efficacy of online interventions [36] and findings on the effectiveness of guided self-help as a mean of delivery compared to face-to-face [37], informed both the design and the content of the system.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Griffiths, K. M., Farrer, L., & Christensen, H.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Griffiths, Kathleen M
- Venue
- Medical Journal of Australia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 192
- Issue
- S11
- Pages
- S4-11
- ISSN
- 0025-729X (ISSN-L)
- 1326-5377
- OpenAlex
- W2181769958
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 2.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- The Medical Journal of Australia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- online intervention, depression, anxiety disorders, cognitive behavioral therapy, self-help, treatment efficacy, preventive interventions
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Telemedicine, Internet
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