Internet-based interventions for eating disorders in adults: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: This systematic review evaluates the efficacy of internet-based interventions for the treatment of different eating disorders in adults. METHOD: A search for peer reviewed journal articles detailing Randomised Control Trials (RCT) and Controlled Trials (CT) addressing participants with eating disorders aged at least 16 was completed in the electronic databases Web of Science, PsycInfo and PubMed. The quality of the included articles was assessed, results were reviewed and effect sizes and corresponding confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: Eight studies, including a total of N = 609 participants, fulfilled the selection criteria and were included. The majority of treatments applied in these studies were based on CBT principles. Six studies described guided self-help interventions that showed significant symptom reduction in terms of primary and secondary outcomes regarding eating behaviour and abstinence rates. These studies produced significant medium to high effect sizes both within and between the groups after utilisation of guided self-help programs or a self-help book backed up with supportive e-mails. The two remaining studies utilised a specific writing task or e-mail therapy that did not follow a structured treatment program. Here, no significant effects could be found. Treatment dropout rates ranged from 9% to 47.2%. Furthermore, reductions in other symptoms, for example depression and anxiety, and an increase in quality of life were found by four studies. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results support the value of internet-based interventions that use guided self-help to tackle eating disorders, but further research is needed due to the heterogeneity of the studies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
eTherapies' efficacy in reducing ED and binge-eating symptomatology in transdiagnostic ED samples has growing evidence across multiple meta-analyses, with small to medium average effect sizes.
“Moreover, their efficacy in reducing ED and binge-eating symptomatology in transdiagnostic ED samples has growing evidence across multiple meta-analyses, with small to medium average effect sizes reported (22, 25–27).”
From The acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of a supported online self-help treatment program for binge-eating disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [25]
The Results (Outcomes; page unavailable) report reductions in binge-eating and eating-disorder symptoms in some studies of internet-based interventions. But this paper is one systematic review, not multiple meta-analyses, and it does not report a pooled small-to-medium average effect size; its reported effects vary and are often moderate to high. The cited passages also do not establish that the effects apply specifically to transdiagnostic samples. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe efficacy of online CBT interventions as alternatives to face-to-face treatment for patients with eating disorders is controversial.
“Although the efficacy of online CBT interventions as alternatives to face-to-face treatment for patients with EDs is rather controversial [13, 23], such interventions may have a lot of advantages when used as therapeutic tools.”
From Cost-effectiveness of the mobile application TCApp combined with face-to-face CBT treatment compared to face-to-face CBT treatment alone for patients with an eating disorder: Study protocol of a multi-centre randomised controlled trial (2018) · cites this paper as [23]
The Conclusions describe internet-based CBT interventions as a promising alternative to face-to-face therapy, while cautioning that the evidence is not definitive. The Discussion’s Limitations section also says direct comparisons are difficult. These qualifications support uncertainty, but the review does not characterize the interventions’ efficacy as controversial. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSupported online self-help programs (eTherapies) are effective in transdiagnostic eating disorder samples and may improve access to treatment.
“Studies in transdiagnostic eating disorder (ED) samples suggest supported online self-help programs (eTherapies) are effective and may improve access to treatment”
From The acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of a supported online self-help treatment program for binge-eating disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [25]
A variety of Internet-based programs for eating disorders have been developed with overall evidence suggesting that they offer a promising approach to preventing and treating eating disorders.
“A variety of Internet-based programs for eating disorders have been developed with overall evidence suggesting that they offer a promising approach to preventing and treating eating disorders [19–24].”
High dropout rates are commonly reported in trials of Internet-based programs for eating disorders, with one systematic review reporting dropouts ranging from 9 to 47.2%.
“High dropout rates (i.e., not starting or finishing the intervention or not completing assessments) are commonly reported in trials of these programs with one systematic review of Internet-based interventions for eating disorders reporting dropouts ranging from 9 to 47.2% [21].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,588 · see citing works
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139 · see citing works
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032 · see citing works
The satisfaction with life scale
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 · Cited by 31,768 · see citing works
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,347 · see citing works
Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF Quality of Life Assessment
THE WHOQOL GROUP (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798006667 · Cited by 7,933 · see citing works
Arcelus, J., Mitchell, A. J., Wales, J., & Nielsen, S. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74 · Cited by 2,864 · see citing works
Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process
Pennebaker, J. W. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x · Cited by 2,486 · see citing works
Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis
SPEK, V., CUIJPERS, P., NYKLÍČEK, I., RIPER, H., KEYZER, J., & POP, V. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706008944 · Cited by 1,586 · see citing works
Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders
Hoek, H. W., & van Hoeken, D. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10222 · Cited by 1,464 · see citing works
Internet-Based and Other Computerized Psychological Treatments for Adult Depression: A Meta-Analysis
Andersson, G., & Cuijpers, P. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070903318960 · Cited by 1,368 · see citing works
Adherence in Internet Interventions for Anxiety and Depression
Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., & Farrer, L. (2009) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1194 · Cited by 1,133 · see citing works
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (2013) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t03589-000 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
A Self-rating Scale for Bulimia the ‘BITE’
Henderson, M., & Freeman, C. P. L. (1987) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.150.1.18 · Cited by 823 · see citing works
Svanborg, P., & Åsberg, M. (1994) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01480.x · Cited by 693 · cited 4× · see citing works
“BDI (-II) Beck Depression Inventory, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, MA with Life Scale; IWQOL-Lite, Impact of Weight on Quality of Life, WHOQOL-Bref WHO BDI-II [43], two studies [15,19] making use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [44,45] and one study [16] using the Montgomery Åsberg De…”
MethodInfluentialThe Natural Course of Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder in Young Women
Fairburn, C. G. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.7.659 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
Development of a brief measure to assess quality of life in obesity
Kolotkin, R. L., Crosby, R. D., Kosloski, K. D., & Williams, G. R. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2001.13 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Help-seeking behaviour in men and women with common mental health problems: cross-sectional study
Oliver, M. I., Pearson, N., Coe, N., & Gunnell, D. (2005) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.186.4.297 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Internet-based psychological treatments for depression
Johansson, R., & Andersson, G. (2012) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.12.63 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Davies, M., McIntyre, K., Robinson, E., & Solley, K. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010939 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in a community sample
Grucza, R. A., Przybeck, T. R., & Cloninger, C. R. (2006) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.08.002 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Internet-based physical activity interventions: a systematic review of the literature.
van den Berg, M. H., Schoones, J. W., & Vliet Vlieland, T. P. (2007) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9.3.e26 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Prevention of Eating Disorders in At-Risk College-Age Women
Taylor, C. B., Bryson, S., Luce, K. H., Cunning, D., Doyle, A. C., Abascal, L. B., Rockwell, R., Dev, P., Winzelberg, A. J., & Wilfley, D. E. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.8.881 · Cited by 354 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Many of these internet-based programs have been developed with the aim of preventing eating disorders [3-11], but more recently”
BackgroundVocks, S., Tuschen‐Caffier, B., Pietrowsky, R., Rustenbach, S. J., Kersting, A., & Herpertz, S. (2010) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20696 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Self-citationGriffiths, K. M., Farrer, L., & Christensen, H. (2010) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03685.x · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Cognitive–behavioral self-help for binge eating disorder: A controlled effectiveness study.
Carter, J. C., & Fairburn, C. G. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.4.616 · Cited by 252 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Abbreviations RCT: Randomized controlled trial; CT: Controlled trial; CBT: Cognitive behavioural therapy; BN: Bulimia nervosa; BED: Binge eating disorder; EDNOS: Eating disorder not other specified; EDI: Eating Disorder Inventory; EDE-Q: Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; BITE: Bulimia Investigatory Test Edinb…”
BackgroundCognitive–behavioral guided self-help for eating disorders: Effectiveness and scalability
Wilson, G. T., & Zandberg, L. J. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.03.001 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Calear, A. L., & Christensen, H. (2010) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03686.x · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Cognitive-behavioral self-help for binge eating disorder: A controlled effectiveness study.
Carter, J. C., & Fairburn, C. G. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.4.616 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Jones, M., Luce, K. H., Osborne, M. I., Taylor, K., Cunning, D., Doyle, A. C., Wilfley, D. E., & Taylor, C. B. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1173 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Binge eating in overweight treatment-seeking adolescents
Glasofer, D. R., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Eddy, K. T., Yanovski, S. Z., Theim, K. R., Mirch, M. C., Ghorbani, S., Ranzenhofer, L. M., Haaga, D., & Yanovski, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsl012 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Grilo, C. M., & Masheb, R. M. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.010 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Carrard, I., Crépin, C., Rouget, P., Lam, T., Golay, A., & Van der Linden, M. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.05.004 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Sánchez-Ortiz, V. C., Munro, C., Stahl, D., House, J., Startup, H., Treasure, J., Williams, C., & Schmidt, U. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000711 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Mussell, M. P., Mitchell, J. E., Weller, C. L., Raymond, N. C., Crow, S. J., & Crosby, R. D. (1995) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199505)17:4 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Ljótsson, B., Lundin, C., Mitsell, K., Carlbring, P., Ramklint, M., & Ghaderi, A. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.06.010 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Guided and unguided self-help for binge eating
Loeb, K. L., Wilson, G. T., Gilbert, J. S., & Labouvie, E. W. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00041-8 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Stice, E. M., Rohde, P., Durant, S., & Shaw, H. E. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028016 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Beintner, I., Jacobi, C., & Taylor, C. B. (2012) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.1130 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Jacobi, C., Völker, U., Trockel, M. T., & Taylor, C. B. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.09.013 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Heinicke, B. E., Paxton, S. J., McLean, S. A., & Wertheim, E. H. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9097-9 · Cited by 125 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While internetbased interventions addressing bulimia nervosa [14-19], binge eating [12,13,16], EDNOS (eating disorder not otherwise specified) [17,19] and body dissatisfaction [20,21] have been conducted, there is still a relatively low number of investigations into the application of internet-based interventions for…”
BackgroundAn Interactive Psychoeducational Intervention for Women at Risk of Developing an Eating Disorder.
Zabinski, M. F., Wilfley, D. E., Calfas, K. J., Winzelberg, A. J., & Taylor, C. B. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.5.914 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Internet-Based Behavioral Interventions for Obesity: An Updated Systematic Review
Manzoni, G. M., Pagnini, F., Corti, S., Molinari, E., & Castelnuovo, G. (2011) · Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901107010019 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
General practice consultation patterns preceding diagnosis of eating disorders
Ogg, E. C., Millar, H. R., Pusztai, E. E., & Thom, A. S. (1997) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199707)22:1 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Eating Disorder Inventory in Sweden: description, cross‐cultural comparison, and clinical utility
Norring, C. E. A., & Sohlberg, S. (1988) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06386.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Bruning, J., Winzelberg, A. J., Abascal, L. B., & Taylor, C. B. (2004) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.10.010 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Elmore, D. K., & de Castro, J. M. (1990) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199003)9:2 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Maintenance of internet‐based prevention: A randomized controlled trial
Jacobi, C., Morris, L., Beckers, C., Bronisch‐Holtze, J., Winter, J., Winzelberg, A. J., & Taylor, C. B. (2006) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20344 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
北村, 俊. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Internet-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Bulimia Nervosa: A Controlled Study
Fernández-Aranda, F., Núñez, A., Martínez, C., Krug, I., Cappozzo, M., Carrard, I., Rouget, P., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Granero, R., Penelo, E., et al. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0123 · Cited by 80 · cited 10× · see citing works
“While six of the studies were randomised controlled trials [12,15-19], two studies were controlled but not randomised [13,14].”
BackgroundInfluentialValidating the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) in Sweden
Nevonen, L., & Broberg, A. G. (2001) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/bf03339754 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Online Cognitive–Behavioural Treatment of Bulimic Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Ruwaard, J., Lange, A., Broeksteeg, J., Renteria‐Agirre, A., Schrieken, B., Dolan, C. V., & Emmelkamp, P. (2013) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1767 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Robinson, P. H., & Serfaty, M. A. (2007) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.818 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Randomised controlled trial of CD–ROM-based cognitive–behavioural self-care for bulimia nervosa
Schmidt, U. H., Andiappan, M., Grover, M., Robinson, S., Perkins, S., Dugmore, O., Landau, S., Treasure, J. L., Eisler, I., & Williams, C. J. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.046607 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A computer-based violence prevention intervention for young adolescents: pilot study.
Bosworth, K., Espelage, D. L., & DuBay, T. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Isabelle, C., Christelle, C., Patrick, R., Tony, L., Martial, V. D. L., & Alain, G. (2011) · Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901107010008 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The relationship between sexual abuse and eating pathology
Zlotnick, C., Hohlstein, L. A., Shea, M. T., Pearlstein, T. B., Recupero, P., & Bidadi, K. (1996) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199609)20:2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatment studies for bulimia
Lewandowski, L. (1997) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(97)00026-3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cousineau, T. M., Franko, D. L., Trant, M., Rancourt, D., Ainscough, J. L., Chaudhuri, A., & Brevard, J. A. (2010) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.06.003 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Psychotherapy Outcome Research with Bulimia nervosa
Garner, D. M. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000288043 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hospital anxiety and depression
Carone, A. R., D’Amore, S., Albanese, L., Craig, F., Scagliusi, P., & D’Amore, M. (2011) · Reumatismo · doi:10.4081/reumatismo.2007.304 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Internettherapie: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen
Kersting, A., Schlicht, S., & Kroker, K. (2009) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-009-2721-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationJohnston, O., Startup, H. M., Lavender, A., Godfrey, E. L., & Schmidt, U. H. (2009) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20714 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Völker, U., Jacobi, C., & Taylor, C. B. (2011) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/bf03327471 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Generality in the errors of estimation of body image
Hundleby, J. D., & Bourgouin, N. C. (1993) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199301)13:1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mayo‐Wilson, E. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707000608 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire
Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199412)16:4
Garner (1983) · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(198321)2:2
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 71 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Hedges LV Olkin I Statistical methods for meta-analysis 1985 Orlando FL: Academic Press
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Philippe, T. J., Sikder, N., Jackson, A., Koblanski, M. E., Liow, E., Pilarinos, A., & Vasarhelyi, K. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/35159 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Addressing critical gaps in the treatment of eating disorders
Kazdin, A. E., Fitzsimmons‐Craft, E. E., & Wilfley, D. E. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22670 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Musiat, P., & Tarrier, N. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000245 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
E-therapy in the treatment and prevention of eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Loucas, C. E., Fairburn, C. G., Whittington, C., Pennant, M. E., Stockton, S., & Kendall, T. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.09.011 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Sorgente, A., Pietrabissa, G., Manzoni, G. M., Re, F., Simpson, S., Perona, S., Rossi, A., Cattivelli, R., Innamorati, M., Jackson, J. B., et al. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6972 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Reducing eating disorder symptoms and risk factors using the internet: A meta‐analytic review
Melioli, T., Bauer, S., Franko, D. L., Moessner, M., Ozer, F., Chabrol, H., & Rodgers, R. F. (2016) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22477 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Review of Smartphone Applications for the Treatment of Eating Disorders
Juarascio, A. S., Manasse, S. M., Goldstein, S. P., Forman, E. M., & Butryn, M. L. (2015) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2327 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Web-Based Intervention Programs for Depression: A Scoping Review and Evaluation
Renton, T., Tang, H., Ennis, N., Cusimano, M. D., Bhalerao, S., Schweizer, T. A., & Topolovec-Vranic, J. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3147 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Schlegl, S., Bürger, C., Schmidt, L., Herbst, N., & Voderholzer, U. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3554 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Dölemeyer et al [36] presented a meta-analysis including 8 controlled studies evaluating CBIs for eating disorders.”
Prevention and early intervention in eating disorders: findings from a rapid review
Koreshe, E., Paxton, S. J., Miskovic‐Wheatley, J., Bryant, E., Le, A., Maloney, D., Aouad, P., Barakat, S., Boakes, R. A., Brennan, L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-023-00758-3 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Zerwas, S. C., Watson, H. J., Hofmeier, S. M., Levine, M. D., Hamer, R. M., Crosby, R. D., Runfola, C. D., Peat, C. M., Shapiro, J. R., Zimmer, B., et al. (2016) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000449025 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
A systematic review of mHealth interventions for the support of eating disorders
Anastasiadou, D. T., Folkvord, F., & Lupiáñez‐Villanueva, F. (2018) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2609 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Nitsch, M., Dimopoulos, C. N., Flaschberger, E., Saffran, K., Kruger, J. F., Garlock, L., Wilfley, D. E., Taylor, C. B., & Jones, M. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4972 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Kozak, A. T., Buscemi, J., Hawkins, M. A. W., Wang, M. L., Breland, J. Y., Ross, K. M., & Kommu, A. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9805-z · Cited by 84 · see citing works
E-Health Interventions for Eating Disorders: Emerging Findings, Issues, and Opportunities
Aardoom, J. J., Dingemans, A. E., & van Furth, E. F. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0673-6 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Barakat, S., Maguire, S., Smith, K. E., Mason, T. B., Crosby, R. D., & Touyz, S. (2019) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23131 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Anastasiadou, D., Folkvord, F., Serrano-Troncoso, E., & Lupiañez-Villanueva, F. (2019) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/12920 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Disseminating Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments for Eating Disorders
Cooper, Z., & Bailey-Straebler, S. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0551-7 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Wagner, B., Nagl, M., Dölemeyer, R., Klinitzke, G., Steinig, J., Hilbert, A., & Kersting, A. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.01.006 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationHummel, S. B., van Lankveld, J. J., Oldenburg, H. S., Hahn, D. E., Broomans, E., & Aaronson, N. K. (2015) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1320-z · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Psychotherapies for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review
Russell, H., Aouad, P., Lê, Â. H., Marks, P., Maloney, D., Barakat, S., Boakes, R., Brennan, L., Bryant, E., Byrne, S. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-023-00886-w · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Evolution of cognitive-behavioral therapy for eating disorders
Agras, W. S., Fitzsimmons‐Craft, E. E., & Wilfley, D. E. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.09.004 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Weisel, K. K., Zarski, A.-C., Berger, T., Krieger, T., Schaub, M. P., Moser, C. T., Berking, M., Dey, M., Botella, C., Baños, R., et al. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.04.002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Building global capacity for brain and nervous system disorders research
Cottler, L. B., Zunt, J. R., Weiss, B., Kamal, A. K., & Vaddiparti, K. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16037 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Patient Experiences Using a Self-Monitoring App in Eating Disorder Treatment: Qualitative Study
Lindgreen, P., Lomborg, K. E., & Clausen, L. (2018) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/10253 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Keeler, J. L., Chami, R., Cardi, V., Hodsoll, J., Bonin, E., MacDonald, P., Treasure, J., & Lawrence, N. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105788 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Ali, K., Fassnacht, D. B., Farrer, L. M., Rieger, E., Moessner, M., Bauer, S., & Griffiths, K. M. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-021-00520-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wyssen, A., Meyer, A. H., Messerli‐Bürgy, N., Forrer, F., Vanhulst, P., Lalanne, D., & Munsch, S. (2021) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2856 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Rohrbach, P. J., Dingemans, A. E., Spinhoven, P., van Ginkel, J. R., Fokkema, M., Wilderjans, T. F., Bauer, S., & van Furth, E. F. (2022) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23785 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Vollert, B., Beintner, I., Musiat, P., Gordon, G., Görlich, D., Nacke, B., Schmidt-Hantke, J., Potterton, R., Spencer, L., Grant, N., et al. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.02.010 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Systematic Review of Digital Interventions for Adolescent and Young Adult Women's Body Image
Mahon, C., & Seekis, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Global Women's Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2022.832805 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Stein, J., Röhr, S., Luck, T., Löbner, M., & Riedel-Heller, S. (2018) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/s-0043-117050 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Puls, H., Schmidt, R., Herpertz, S., Zipfel, S., Tuschen‐Caffier, B., Friederich, H., Gerlach, F., Mayr, A., Lam, T., Schade‐Brittinger, C., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23220 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Schmidt-Hantke, J., Vollert, B., Hagner, F., Beintner, I., Hütter, K., Nitsch, M., Jacobi, C., & Waldherr, K. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab057 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Karekla, M., Nikolaou, P., & Merwin, R. M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11071775 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Barakat, S., Burton, A. L., Cunich, M. M., Hay, P., Hazelton, J. L., Kim, M., Lymer, S. J., Madden, S., Maloney, D., Miskovic‐Wheatley, J., et al. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115534 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hamatani, S., Numata, N., Matsumoto, K., Sutoh, C., Ibuki, H., Oshiro, K., Tanaka, M., Setsu, R., Kawasaki, Y., Hirano, Y., et al. (2019) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/15738 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Maglia, M. G., Corello, G. M., & Caponnetto, P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312573 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Munsch, S., Wyssen, A., Vanhulst, P., Lalanne, D., Steinemann, S. T., & Tuch, A. N. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3192-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bauer, S., Bilić, S., Reetz, C., Özer, F., Becker, K., Eschenbeck, H., Kaess, M., Rummel‐Kluge, C., Salize, H. J., Diestelkamp, S., et al. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-3161-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Wiberg, A.-C., Ghaderi, A., Danielsson, H. B., Safarzadeh, K., Parling, T., Carlbring, P., Jansson, M., & Welch, E. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100570 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Einstellungen gegenüber eHealth-Angeboten in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie
Surmann, M., Bock, E., Krey, E., Burmeister, K., Arolt, V., & Lencer, R. (2016) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-016-0208-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Moessner, M., Fassnacht, D. B., & Bauer, S. (2015) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2015.08.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Anastasiadou, D., Lupiañez-Villanueva, F., Faulí, C., Arcal Cunillera, J., & Serrano-Troncoso, E. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1664-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Although the efficacy of online CBT interventions as alternatives to face-to-face treatment for patients with EDs is rather controversial [13, 23], such interventions may have a lot of advantages when used as therapeutic tools.”
BackgroundRodríguez-Fernández, J. M., Danies, E., Hoertel, N., Galanter, W., Saner, H. E., & Franco, O. H. (2021) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648211056231 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sander, L., Rausch, L., & Baumeister, H. (2016) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0209-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hamid, N. (2023) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.715 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Högdahl, L., Levallius, J., Björck, C., Norring, C. E. A., & Birgegård, A. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.07.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Barakat, S., Touyz, S., Maloney, D., Russell, J., Hay, P., Cunich, M., Lymer, S., Kim, M., Madden, S., Miskovic-Wheatley, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-021-00482-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Högdahl, L., Birgegård, A., Norring, C. E. A., Lapidoth, J. D. M., Andersson, M., & Björck, C. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100598 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Jenkins, P. E., Luck, A., Burrows, A., & Boughton, N. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-181 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pyykkö, I. V., Manchaiah, V. K. C., Levo, H., Kentala, E. L., & Juhola, M. (2017) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1080/14992027.2017.1282631 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Barakat, S., & Maguire, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010119 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A meta‐analytic review of brief guided self‐help education for chronic pain
Liegl, G., Boeckle, M., Leitner, A., & Pieh, C. (2016) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.881 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The cost‐effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa in the Australian context
Le, L. K., Hay, P., Wade, T. D., Touyz, S. W., & Mihalopoulos, C. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22790 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Online-Therapie – eine neue Perspektive in der Psychotherapie für Flüchtlinge und Asylbewerber?
Wagner, B. (2016) · Psychotherapie Forum · doi:10.1007/s00729-016-0074-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationFulford, H., McSwiggan, L. C., Kroll, T., & MacGillivray, S. A. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5966 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Personality as predictor of outcome in internet-based treatment of bulimic eating disorders.
Levallius, J., Clinton, D., Högdahl, L., & Norring, C. (2019) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.101360 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Melioli, T., Rispal, M., Hart, L., Chabrol, H., & Rodgers, R. F. (2016) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12369 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Rom, S., Miskovic‐Wheatley, J., Barakat, S., Aouad, P., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., & Maguire, S. (2022) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23803 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cook‐Cottone, C. P., Roff, C., Perey, I., Lagutaine, M., & Guyker, W. M. (2024) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24337 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pruessner, L., Hartmann, S. F., Rubel, J. A., Lalk, C., Barnow, S., & Timm, C. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100514 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hartmann, S. F., Pruessner, L., Rubel, J. A., Lalk, C., Barnow, S., & Timm, C. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100512 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Schröder, S., Bauer, L., Müller, J. L., Briken, P., Fromberger, P., & Tozdan, S. (2022) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00938548221140351 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
What's eating the internet? Content and perceived harm of pro-eating disorder websites
Steakley-Freeman, D. M., Jarvis-Creasey, Z. L., & Wesselmann, E. D. (2015) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.08.003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rom, S., Miskovic-Wheatley, J., Barakat, S., Aouad, P., Kim, M., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., & Maguire, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1229261 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Moreover, their efficacy in reducing ED and binge-eating symptomatology in transdiagnostic ED samples has growing evidence across multiple meta-analyses, with small to medium average effect sizes reported (22, 25–27).”
BackgroundPérez-Vázquez, J., González‐Roz, A., & Vázquez, I. A. (2023) · Journal of Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-023-00751-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Klinitzke, G., Dölemeyer, R., Steinig, J., Wagner, B., & Kersting, A. (2013) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000354908 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring the use of mobile information and communication technologies by people with mood disorders
Fulford, H., McSwiggan, L. C., Kroll, T., & MacGillivray, S. A. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12632 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Breaking the cycle: a pilot study on autonomous Digital CBTe for recurrent binge eating
Murphy, R., Khera, C. K., & Osborne, E. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1499350 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Internet-based aftercare program for patients with bulimia nervosa in Mexico – A pilot study
Unikel, C., Sánchez, M., Trujillo, E., Bauer, S., & Moessner, M. (2015) · Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios/Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rmta.2015.05.004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Özer, Ö., & Köksal, B. (2023) · OSMANGAZİ JOURNAL OF MEDICINE · doi:10.20515/otd.1309551 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
eHealth treatments for compulsive overeating: A narrative review
Moghimi, E., Davis, C. A., & Rotondi, M. (2020) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00312-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Runge, E., Jensen, E. S., Mathiasen, K., Larsen, P. V., Hertz, S. P. T., Holmberg, T. T., Tarp, K., Linnet, J., & Lichtenstein, M. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.969338 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Intervención multidisciplinar en línea para mujeres con trastorno por atracón
Valdez-Aguilar, M., Arévalo, R. V., Saldaña, R. M. E. G., Hernández, J. A. F., & Nabor, A. R. (2022) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082022000200171 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ganapathy, A., Casey, L. M., Rowland, D. P., Grady, A. B., Sotheren, K. V., & Clough, B. A. (2023) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2023.2254864 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Patient experiences of internet-based enhanced cognitive behavior therapy for eating disorders
Wiberg, A.-C., Ghaderi, A., Parling, T., Jansson, M., & Welch, E. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100801 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neue Technologien in der Psychotherapie
Wilhelm, F. H., Pfaltz, M. C., & Wagner, B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54911-7_46 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationWelches digitale Angebot für wen?
Beintner, I., Backes, B., & Voderholzer, U. (2020) · DNP - Der Neurologe und Psychiater · doi:10.1007/s15202-020-0606-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gentile, A. D., Kristian, Y. Y., & Cini, E. (2025) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000684 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Telemedicine in Eating Disorder Treatment: Systematic Review
Blasco‐Amaro, J. A., Dobrzynska, A., Isabel‐Gómez, R., Perez-Ostos, E. E., & Moreno, E. M. V. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/74057 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Linardon, J. (2025) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.70015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Technology-Based Prevention and Treatment Programs of Eating Disorders
Šmahel, D., Macháčková, H., Šmahelová, M., Čevelíček, M., Almenara, C. A., & Holubčíková, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93221-7_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gentile, A. D., Kristian, Y. Y., & Cini, E. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.24316381 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Moon, D. U., Lee, J.-H., Song, Y. J., Kim, K. R., Kang, M. J., Choi, S.-H., Lee, J., Lee, Y., Kim, Y., & Jung, Y. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4104431/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Einsatz moderner Medien in Prävention und Behandlung
Bauer, S. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54573-3_41
Geller, B. (2014) · Journal watch · doi:10.1056/nejm-jw.na36084
LA CYBERTHÉRAPIE DANS LE TRAITEMENT DE L’HYPERPHAGIE BOULIMIQUE : RECENSION DE LA LITTÉRATURE
St-Amour, N., Léveillée, S., & Wilkins, J. (2017) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1040104ar
Becker, D. (2016) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-9978-6.ch071
Ali, K., Fassnacht, D. B., Farrer, L. M., Rieger, E., Moessner, M., Bauer, S., & Griffiths, K. M. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-691333/v1
Zwerenz, R., Ebert, D. D., & Baumeister, H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65816-1_22
(2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394259571.refs
Zeng, S., Liu, N., Duan, N., Mo, Z., & Ai, C. (2025) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000432
Wolinsky, A., & Hormes, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01219-9
Ali, K., Fassnacht, D. B., Farrer, L. M., Rieger, E., Moessner, M., Bauer, S., & Griffiths, K. M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17870484
Ali, K., Fassnacht, D. B., Farrer, L. M., Rieger, E., Moessner, M., Bauer, S., & Griffiths, K. M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17870481
Ali, K., Fassnacht, D. B., Farrer, L. M., Rieger, E., Moessner, M., Bauer, S., & Griffiths, K. M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17870478
Thomas, P. C., Rowe, S. L., Curtis, K., Perowne, R., & Bark, P. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/79328
- Authors
- Dölemeyer, R., Tietjen, A., Kersting, A., & Wagner, B.
- Affiliations
- Leipzig University (DE)
- IFB Adiposity Diseases (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Dölemeyer, Ruth
- Venue
- BMC Psychiatry
- Published
- 2013-08-06
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 207-207
- ISSN
- 1471-244X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3750530
- OpenAlex
- W1974836041
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (FKZ:01EO1001, 01EO1001)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- online intervention, eating disorders, adults, guided self-help, cognitive behavioral therapy, treatment discontinuation, depression, anxiety, quality of life, eating behaviour, abstinence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Humans, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
