Cited by 1,124Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyClinical practice guidelines implementation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 92 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The STARD Statement for Reporting Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy: Explanation and Elaboration

Bossuyt, Patrick M., Reitsma, Johannes B., Bruns, David E., Gatsonis, Constantine A., Glasziou, Paul P., Irwig, Les M., Moher, David, Rennie, Drummond, de Vet, Henrica C.W., Lijmer, Jeroen G.·2003·Annals of Internal Medicine

DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00012-w1

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The quality of reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy is less than optimal. Complete and accurate reporting is necessary to enable readers to assess the potential for bias in the study and to evaluate the generalizability of the results. A group of scientists and editors has developed the STARD (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy) statement to improve the reporting the quality of reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy. The statement consists of a checklist of 25 items and flow diagram that authors can use to ensure that all relevant information is present. This explanatory document aims to facilitate the use, understanding, and dissemination of the checklist. The document contains a clarification of the meaning, rationale, and optimal use of each item on the checklist, as well as a short summary of the available evidence on bias and applicability. The STARD statement, checklist, flowchart, and this explanation and elaboration document should be useful resources to improve reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies. Complete and informative reporting can only lead to better decisions in health care.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00012-w1

Cites

87 of 87 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: The STARD Initiative.
Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L. M., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., de Vet, H. C. W., et al. (2003) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00010 · Cited by 3,219
Value of the Ventilation/Perfusion Scan in Acute Pulmonary Embolism
(1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440200057023 · Cited by 2,818
Users' Guides to the Medical Literature
Jaeschke, R. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.271.9.703 · Cited by 2,688
Systematic Reviews: Identifying relevant studies for systematic reviews
Dickersin, K., Scherer, R. W., & Lefebvre, C. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6964.1286 · Cited by 2,255
Empirical evidence of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests.
Lijmer, J. G. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.11.1061 · Cited by 1,861
Self-citation
Problems of Spectrum and Bias in Evaluating the Efficacy of Diagnostic Tests
Ransohoff, D. F., & Feinstein, A. R. (1978) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197810262991705 · Cited by 1,739
Users' Guides to the Medical Literature
Jaeschke, R. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.271.5.389 · Cited by 1,174
Assessing the Generalizability of Prognostic Information
Justice, A. C., Covinsky, K. E., & Berlin, J. A. (1999) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00016 · Cited by 1,160
World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Recommendations Guiding Physicians in Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects
(1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540350075038 · Cited by 1,023
A consumer's guide to subgroup analyses
Oxman, A. D., & Guyatt, G. H. (1992) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-116-1-78 · Cited by 914

Show all 92 references

Research works printed but not linked: 12

Guyatt GH, 1986, CMAJ, 134, 587
10.1001/jama.1994.03510290071040 · DOI
10.1001/jama.1994.03510330081039 · DOI
10.1001/jama.1984.03350170020012 · DOI
10.1001/jama.1995.03530080061042 · DOI
Griner PF, 1981, Ann Intern Med, 94, 557
McKibbon KA, 1994, ACP J Club, 121, A10
Wilczynski NL, 2001, Medinfo, 10, 390
Mol BW, 1999, Obstet Gynecol, 94, 864
Cohen MB, 1987, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 111, 518
10.1001/jama.1982.03330190031026 · DOI
Anton RF, 2001, Clin Chem, 47, 1769

Sorted by citations

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554
The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164
Self-citation
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005 · Cited by 19,575
The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gotzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2700 · Cited by 17,648
Self-citation
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007 · Cited by 12,156
The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006 · Cited by 10,578
Self-citation
The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136 · Cited by 10,349
Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science
HOPKINS, W. G., MARSHALL, S. W., BATTERHAM, A. M., & HANIN, J. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278 · Cited by 9,128
The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews
Whiting, P., Rutjes, A. W., Reitsma, J. B., Bossuyt, P. M., & Kleijnen, J. (2003) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-3-25 · Cited by 3,592
Self-citation
Bivariate analysis of sensitivity and specificity produces informative summary measures in diagnostic reviews
Reitsma, J. B., Glas, A. S., Rutjes, A. W. S., Scholten, R. J. P. M., Bossuyt, P. M., & Zwinderman, A. H. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.02.022 · Cited by 3,369
“Second, our understanding of how sources of bias and variability can affect estimates of diagnostic accuracy is largely based on thesemeasures [27,28].”
Background
Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: The STARD Initiative.
Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L. M., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., de Vet, H. C. W., et al. (2003) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00010 · Cited by 3,219
Self-citation
Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative
Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L. M., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7379.41 · Cited by 3,215
Self-citation
The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel group randomized trials
Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2001) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-1-2 · Cited by 2,755
Self-citation
STARD 2015 guidelines for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies: explanation and elaboration
Cohen, J. F., Korevaar, D. A., Altman, D. G., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Hooft, L., Irwig, L., Levine, D., Reitsma, J. B., de Vet, H. C. W., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012799 · Cited by 2,570
Self-citation
Reprint—Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & and the PRISMA Group (2009) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/89.9.873 · Cited by 2,486
Extending the CONSORT statement to randomized trials of nonpharmacologic treatment: explanation and elaboration
Boutron, I., Moher, D., Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., Ravaud, P., & for the CONSORT Group* (2008) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-4-200802190-00008 · Cited by 2,292
Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK)
McShane, L. M., Altman, D. G., Sauerbrei, W., Taube, S. E., Gion, M., & Clark, G. M. (2005) · JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/dji237 · Cited by 2,162
CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Olsson, B., Lautner, R., Andreasson, U., Öhrfelt, A., Portelius, E., Bjerke, M., Hölttä, M., Rosén, C., Olsson, C., Strobel, G., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00070-3 · Cited by 2,049
Critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies: the CHARMS checklist
Moons, K. G. M., de Groot, J. A. H., Bouwmeester, W., Vergouwe, Y., Mallett, S., Altman, D. G., Reitsma, J. B., & Collins, G. S. (2014) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001744 · Cited by 2,018
Self-citation
Protein biomarker discovery and validation: the long and uncertain path to clinical utility
Rifai, N., Gillette, M. A., & Carr, S. A. (2006) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1235 · Cited by 1,867
The validity of the multi-informant approach to assessing child and adolescent mental health.
Reyes, A. D. L., Augenstein, T. M., Wang, M., Thomas, S. A., Drabick, D. A. G., Burgers, D. E., & Rabinowitz, J. A. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038498 · Cited by 1,866
Serum Procalcitonin and C-Reactive Protein Levels as Markers of Bacterial Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Simon, L., Gauvin, F., Amre, D. K., Saint-Louis, P., & Lacroix, J. (2004) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/421997 · Cited by 1,802
Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of ultrasonography for the detection of fatty liver: A meta-analysis
Hernaez, R., Lazo, M., Bonekamp, S., Kamel, I., Brancati, F. L., Guallar, E., & Clark, J. M. (2011) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.24452 · Cited by 1,585
Guidance for Developers of Health Research Reporting Guidelines
Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., Simera, I., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000217 · Cited by 1,437
A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients
Rossi, G. P., Bernini, G., Caliumi, C., Desideri, G., Fabris, B., Ferri, C., Ganzaroli, C., Giacchetti, G., Letizia, C., Maccario, M., et al. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.059 · Cited by 1,467
REporting recommendations for tumour MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK).
for the Statistics Subcommittee of the NCI-EORTC Working Group on Cancer Diagnostics, McShane, L. M., Altman, D. G., Sauerbrei, W., Taube, S. E., Gion, M., & Clark, G. M. (2005) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602678 · Cited by 1,394
Measures of Diagnostic Accuracy: Basic Definitions.
Šimundić, A.-M. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 1,360
Xpert® MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults
Steingart, K. R., Schiller, I., Horne, D. J. D. L., Pai, M., Boehme, C. C., & Dendukuri, N. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009593.pub3 · Cited by 1,187
CSF Biomarkers and Incipient Alzheimer Disease in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment
Mattsson, N. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1064 · Cited by 1,176
A catalogue of reporting guidelines for health research
Simera, I., Moher, D., Hoey, J., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02234.x · Cited by 1,047
Self-citation
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement (Chinese edition)
Moher, D. (2009) · Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine · doi:10.3736/jcim20090918 · Cited by 909
Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative. Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy.
Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C., Glasziou, P., Irwig, L., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2003) · PubMed · doi:10.1373/49.1.1 · Cited by 867
Self-citation
Sources of Variation and Bias in Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy
Whiting, P. F., Rutjes, A. W., Reitsma, J. B., Glas, A. S., Bossuyt, P. M., & Kleijnen, J. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00010 · Cited by 804
Self-citation
REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK)
McShane, L. M., Altman, D. G., Sauerbrei, W., Taube, S. E., Gion, M., & Clark, G. M. (2006) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-006-9242-8 · Cited by 803
Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies
McShane, L. M., Altman, D. G., Sauerbrei, W., Taube, S. E., Gion, M., & Clark, G. M. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2004.01.0454 · Cited by 779
Evaluations of the uptake and impact of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement and extensions: a scoping review
Page, M. J., & Moher, D. (2017) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-017-0663-8 · Cited by 769
Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies (PRISMA-DTA): explanation, elaboration, and checklist
Salameh, J.-P., Bossuyt, P. M., McGrath, T. A., Thombs, B. D., Hyde, C. J., Macaskill, P., Deeks, J. J., Leeflang, M., Korevaar, D. A., Whiting, P., et al. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m2632 · Cited by 719
Self-citation
CONSORT for reporting randomized controlled trials in journal and conference abstracts: explanation and elaboration
Hopewell, S., Clarke, M., Moher, D., Wager, E., Middleton, P., Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., & and the CONSORT Group (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050020 · Cited by 674
Evidence of bias and variation in diagnostic accuracy studies
Rutjes, A. W., Reitsma, J. B., Nisio, M. D., Smidt, N., van Rijn, J. C., & Bossuyt, P. M. (2006) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.050090 · Cited by 623
Self-citation
REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK)
McShane, L. M., Altman, D. G., Sauerbrei, W., Taube, S. E., Gion, M., & Clark, G. M. (2005) · Nature Clinical Practice Oncology · doi:10.1038/ncponc0252 · Cited by 563
Methods and processes of the CONSORT group: example of an extension for trials assessing nonpharmacologic treatments.
Boutron, I., Moher, D., Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., Ravaud, P., & for the CONSORT Group* (2008) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-4-200802190-00008-w1 · Cited by 523
Evaluation of diagnostic tests when there is no gold standard. A review of methods
Rutjes, A., Reitsma, J., Coomarasamy, A., Khan, K., & Bossuyt, P. (2007) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta11500 · Cited by 524
Self-citation
Sepsis: definition, epidemiology, and diagnosis
Lever, A. M. L., & Mackenzie, I. M. J. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39346.495880.ae · Cited by 521
Case–Control and Two-Gate Designs in Diagnostic Accuracy Studies
Rutjes, A. W., Reitsma, J. B., Vandenbroucke, J. P., Glas, A. S., & Bossuyt, P. M. (2005) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2005.048595 · Cited by 516
Self-citation
Evaluation of diagnostic tests for infectious diseases: general principles
Banoo, S., Bell, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Herring, A. J., Mabey, D. C. W., Poole, F., Smith, P. G., Sriram, N., Wongsrichanalai, C., Linke, R., et al. (2006) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1523 · Cited by 458
Self-citation
A methodological review of how heterogeneity has been examined in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy
Dinnes, J., Deeks, J. J., Kirby, J., & Roderick, P. J. (2005) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta9120 · Cited by 440
A review of solutions for diagnostic accuracy studies with an imperfect or missing reference standard
Reitsma, J. B., Rutjes, A. W. S., Khan, K. S., Coomarasamy, A., & Bossuyt, P. M. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.02.005 · Cited by 405
Self-citation
Assessing the quality of research.
Glasziou, P., Vandenbroucke, J., & Chalmers, I. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7430.39 · Cited by 391
Self-citation
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: A diagnostic meta-analysis of case-finding ability
Brennan, C., Worrall-Davies, A., McMillan, D., Gilbody, S., & House, A. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.04.006 · Cited by 374
Development and validation of methods for assessing the quality of diagnostic accuracy studies
Whiting, P. F., Rutjes, A. W., Dinnes, J., Reitsma, J. B., Bossuyt, P. M., & Kleijnen, J. (2004) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta8250 · Cited by 373
Self-citation
Systematic Review of the Staging Performance of18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in Esophageal Cancer
van Westreenen, H. L., Westerterp, M., Bossuyt, P. M., Pruim, J., Sloof, G. W., van Lanschot, J. J. B., Groen, H., & Plukker, J. T. M. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2004.01.083 · Cited by 367
Self-citation
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology for Parotid Gland Lesions
Schmidt, R. L., Hall, B. J., Wilson, A. R., & Layfield, L. J. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1309/ajcpoie0cznat6sq · Cited by 367
Evidence-Based Clinical Voice Assessment: A Systematic Review
Roy, N., Barkmeier‐Kraemer, J. M., Eadie, T. L., Sivasankar, M. P., Mehta, D. D., Paul, D. R., & Hillman, R. E. (2013) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2012/12-0014 · Cited by 363
Prospective Multicentre Evaluation of PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG Gene Fusions as Diagnostic and Prognostic Urinary Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer
Leyten, G. H. J. M., Hessels, D., Jannink, S. A., Smit, F. P., de Jong, H., Cornel, E. B., de Reijke, T. M., VERGUNST, H., Kil, P. J. M., Knipscheer, B. C., et al. (2012) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.11.014 · Cited by 361
The STARD-AI reporting guideline for diagnostic accuracy studies using artificial intelligence
Sounderajah, V., Guni, A., Liu, X., Collins, G. S., Karthikesalingam, A., Markar, S. R., Golub, R. M., Denniston, A. K., Shetty, S., Moher, D., et al. (2025) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03953-8 · Cited by 352
High prevalence of previously unknown heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes
Boonman-de Winter, L. J. M., Rutten, F. H., Cramer, M. J. M., Landman, M. J., Liem, A. H., Rutten, G. E. H. M., & Hoes, A. W. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2579-0 · Cited by 343
QUADAS-C: A Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy Studies
Yang, B., Mallett, S., Takwoingi, Y., Davenport, C. F., Hyde, C., Whiting, P. F., Deeks, J. J., Leeflang, M., & the QUADAS-C Group† (2021) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m21-2234 · Cited by 341
Bronchoscopic Lung Cryobiopsy Increases Diagnostic Confidence in the Multidisciplinary Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Tomassetti, S., Wells, A. U., Costabel, U., Cavazza, A., Colby, T. V., Rossi, G., Sverzellati, N., Carloni, A., Carretta, E., Buccioli, M., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201504-0711oc · Cited by 339
Developing a reporting guideline for artificial intelligence-centred diagnostic test accuracy studies: the STARD-AI protocol
Sounderajah, V., Ashrafian, H., Golub, R. M., Shetty, S., De Fauw, J., Hooft, L., Moons, K., Collins, G., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047709 · Cited by 333
Development of a brief and effective temporomandibular disorder pain screening questionnaire
Gonzalez, Y. M., SCHIFFMAN, E. L., Gordon, S. M., Seago, B., Truelove, E. L., Slade, G. D., & Ohrbach, R. K. (2011) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0088 · Cited by 330
Publication guidelines for quality improvement in health care: evolution of the SQUIRE project
Davidoff, F., Batalden, P., Stevens, D., Ogrinc, G., Mooney, S., & for the SQUIRE development group (2008) · Quality and Safety in Health Care · doi:10.1136/qshc.2008.029066 · Cited by 324
REporting recommendations for tumour MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK)
McShane, L. M., Altman, D. G., Sauerbrei, W., Taube, S. E., Gion, M., & Clark, G. M. (2005) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2005.03.032 · Cited by 315
Sensitivity and specificity of color duplex ultrasound measurement in the estimation of internal carotid artery stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Jahromi, A. S., Cinà, C. S., Liu, Y., & Clase, C. M. (2005) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2005.02.044 · Cited by 302
Validation of FIB-4 and comparison with other simple noninvasive indices for predicting liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in hepatitis B virus-infected patients
Kim, B. K., Kim, D. Y., Park, J. Y., Ahn, S. H., Chon, C. Y., Kim, J. K., Paik, Y. H., Lee, K. S., Park, Y. N., & Han, K. (2010) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02192.x · Cited by 297
Heart Failure and cHronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Ignored Combination?
Rutten, F. H., Cramer, M. J., Lammers, J. J., Grobbee, D. E., & Hoes, A. W. (2006) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.01.010 · Cited by 295
Diagnostic Yield and Safety of Electromagnetic Navigation Bronchoscopy for Lung Nodules: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Gex, G., Pralong, J. A., Combescure, C., Seijo, L. M., Rochat, T., & Soccal, P. M. (2014) · Respiration · doi:10.1159/000355710 · Cited by 287
A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis
Chappuis, F., Rijal, S., Soto, A., Menten, J., & Boelaert, M. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38917.503056.7c · Cited by 287
Delirium Screening: A Systematic Review of Delirium Screening Tools in Hospitalized Patients
De, J., & Wand, A. P. F. (2015) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnv100 · Cited by 282
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker of acute kidney injury: a critical evaluation of current status
Haase‐Fielitz, A., Haase, M., & Devarajan, P. (2014) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/0004563214521795 · Cited by 279
Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines: part 2 of 3. the GRADE approach to grading quality of evidence about diagnostic tests and strategies
Brożek, J. L., Akl, E. A., Jaeschke, R., Lang, D. M., Bossuyt, P., Glasziou, P., Helfand, M., Ueffing, E., Alonso‐Coello, P., Meerpohl, J., et al. (2009) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02083.x · Cited by 270
Usefulness of suPAR as a biological marker in patients with systemic inflammation or infection: a systematic review
Backes, Y., van der Sluijs, K. F., Mackie, D. P., Tacke, F., Koch, A. H., Tenhunen, J. J., & Schultz, M. J. (2012) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2613-1 · Cited by 274
Ítems de referencia para publicar Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis: La Declaración PRISMA
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2014) · Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética · doi:10.14306/renhyd.18.3.114 · Cited by 272
Self-citation
Detection of early pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with thrombospondin-2 and CA19-9 blood markers
Kim, J., Bamlet, W. R., Oberg, A. L., Chaffee, K. G., Donahue, G., Cao, X.-J., Chari, S., Garcia, B. A., Petersen, G. M., & Zaret, K. S. (2017) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aah5583 · Cited by 269
Diagnostic methods I: sensitivity, specificity, and other measures of accuracy
van Stralen, K. J., Stel, V. S., Reitsma, J. B., Dekker, F. W., Zoccali, C., & Jager, K. J. (2009) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2009.92 · Cited by 267
Self-citation
Screening utility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): in place of – or as well as – the MMSE?
Larner, A. J. (2011) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610211001839 · Cited by 263
Receiver‐operating characteristic curves and likelihood ratios: improvements over traditional methods for the evaluation and application of veterinary clinical pathology tests
Gardner, I. A., & Greiner, M. (2006) · Veterinary Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1939-165x.2006.tb00082.x · Cited by 259
Comparison of blood tests for liver fibrosis specific or not to NAFLD
Calès, P., Lainé, F., Boursier, J., Deugnier, Y., Moal, V., Oberti, F., Hunault, G., Rousselet, M. C., Hubert, I., Laafi, J., et al. (2008) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2008.07.035 · Cited by 255
Altered molecular signature of intestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome patients compared with healthy controls: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, H.-N., Wu, H., Chen, Y.-Z., Chen, Y.-J., Shen, X.-Z., & Liu, T.-T. (2017) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2017.01.142 · Cited by 254
Xpert® MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults
Steingart, K. R., Sohn, H., Schiller, I., Kloda, L. A., Boehme, C. C., Pai, M., & Dendukuri, N. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009593.pub2 · Cited by 253
The impact of fluor‐18‐deoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography in the management of colorectal liver metastases
Wiering, B., Krabbe, P. F. M., Jager, G. J., Oyen, W. J. G., & Ruers, T. J. M. (2005) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.21569 · Cited by 253
Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Underrecognition by clinicians and diagnostic accuracy of three clinical definitions*
Ferguson, N. D., Frutos–Vivar, F., Esteban, A., Fernández-Segoviano, P., Aramburu, J. A., Nájera, L., & Stewart, T. E. (2005) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000181529.08630.49 · Cited by 251
Recognising heart failure in elderly patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care: cross sectional diagnostic study
Rutten, F. H., Moons, K. G. M., Cramer, M. J., Grobbee, D. E., Zuithoff, N. P. A., Lammers, A.-W. J., & Hoes, A. W. (2005) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38664.661181.55 · Cited by 239
Standardization of ROC Curve Areas for Diagnostic Evaluation of Liver Fibrosis Markers Based on Prevalences of Fibrosis Stages
Poynard, T., Halfon, P., Castéra, L., Munteanu, M., Imbert‐Bismut, F., Ratziu, V., Benhamou, Y., Bourlière, M., de Lédinghen, V., & FibroPaca Group (2007) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.085795 · Cited by 239
Performance of serum marker panels for liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C
Parkes, J., Guha, I. N., Roderick, P. J., & Rosenberg, W. M. (2005) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.10.019 · Cited by 237
Utility of the RBANS in detecting cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease: Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive powers
Duff, K. M., Humphreys‐Clark, J. D., O’Bryant, S. E., Mold, J. W., Schiffer, R. B., & Sutker, P. B. (2008) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2008.06.004 · Cited by 236
Why Your New Cancer Biomarker May Never Work: Recurrent Patterns and Remarkable Diversity in Biomarker Failures
Kern, S. E. (2012) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3232 · Cited by 234
The quality of diagnostic accuracy studies since the STARD statement
Smidt, N., Rutjes, A. W., van der Windt, D., Ostelo, R., Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bouter, L. M., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000238386.41398.30 · Cited by 233
Self-citation
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound using SonoVue® (sulphur hexafluoride microbubbles) compared with contrast-enhanced computed tomography and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the characterisation of focal liver lesions and detection of liver metastases: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis
Westwood, M. E., Joore, M. A., Grutters, J. P. C., Redekop, K., Armstrong, N., Lee, K., Gloy, V., Raatz, H., Misso, K., Severens, J. L., et al. (2013) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta17160 · Cited by 231
Diagnostic test evaluation methodology: A systematic review of methods employed to evaluate diagnostic tests in the absence of gold standard – An update
Umemneku-Chikere, C. M., Wilson, K. J., Graziadio, S., Vale, L. D., & Allen, A. J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223832 · Cited by 229
Muscle, Ligaments and Tendons Journal. Basic principles and recommendations in clinical and field science research.
Padulo, J., Oliva, F., Frizziero, A., & Maffulli, N. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.11138/mltj/2013.3.4.250 · Cited by 229
Diagnostic Tests in Hirschsprung Disease
de Lorijn, F., Kremer, L. C. M., Reitsma, J. B., & Benninga, M. A. (2006) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/01.mpg.0000214164.90939.92 · Cited by 223
Self-citation
Non-Invasive Markers for Early Diagnosis and Determination of the Severity of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Thuijls, G., Derikx, J. P. M., van Wijck, K., Zimmermann, L. J. I., Degraeuwe, P. L. J., Mulder, A., van der Zee, D. C., BROUWERS, H. A. A., Verhoeven, B. H., van Heurn, E. L. W., et al. (2010) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e3181d778c4 · Cited by 222
A Molecular Host Response Assay to Discriminate Between Sepsis and Infection-Negative Systemic Inflammation in Critically Ill Patients: Discovery and Validation in Independent Cohorts
McHugh, L. C., Seldon, T. A., Brandon, R. A., Kirk, J. T., Rapisarda, A., Sutherland, A. J., Presneill, J., Venter, D. J., Lipman, J., Thomas, M., et al. (2015) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001916 · Cited by 222
Early Diagnosis of Intestinal Ischemia Using Urinary and Plasma Fatty Acid Binding Proteins
Thuijls, G., Wijck, K. V., Grootjans, J., Derikx, J. P. M., van Bijnen, A. A., Heineman, E., Dejong, C. H. C., Buurman, W. A., & Poeze, M. (2011) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e318207a767 · Cited by 217
Sensitivity and specificity of threshold tracking transcranial magnetic stimulation for diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a prospective study
Menon, P., Geevasinga, N., Yiannikas, C., Howells, J., Kiernan, M. C., & Vucic, S. (2015) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00014-9 · Cited by 217
Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic and Screening Test Accuracy Evaluations: Methodologic Primer
Gatsonis, C., & Paliwal, P. (2006) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.06.0226 · Cited by 211
Self-citation
Diagnostic Accuracy of Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein for Differentiating Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Cerebral Ischemia in Patients with Symptoms of Acute Stroke
Foerch, C., Niessner, M., Back, T., Bauerle, M., Marchis, G. M. D., Ferbert, A., Grehl, H., Hamann, G. F., Jacobs, A. H., Kastrup, A., et al. (2011) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2011.172676 · Cited by 211
Blood Test Detecting Autoantibodies to N-Methyl-d-aspartate Neuroreceptors for Evaluation of Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke
Dambinova, S. A., Khounteev, G. A., Izykenova, G. A., Zavolokov, I. G., Ilyukhina, A. Y., & Скоромец, А. А. (2003) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/49.10.1752 · Cited by 210

Authors: Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L. M., Moher, D., Rennie, D., de Vet, H. C. W., & Lijmer, J. G.
Affiliations: Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
University of Virginia (US)
Brown University (US)
The University of Queensland (AU)
The University of Sydney (AU)
From Academic Medical Center and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Chemistry, Charlottesville, Virginia; Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; University of Queensland Medical School, Herston, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Thomas C. Chalmers Center for Systematic Reviews, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Journal of the American Medical Association, Chicago, Illinois.
American Medical Association (US)
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Bossuyt, Patrick M.
ORCID: Bossuyt, Patrick M.
Reitsma, Johannes B.
Gatsonis, Constantine A.
Glasziou, Paul P.
Moher, David
de Vet, Henrica C.W.
Lijmer, Jeroen G.
Venue: Annals of Internal Medicine
Publisher: American College of Physicians
Published: 2003-01-07
Volume: 138
Issue: 1
Pages: W1-12
ISSN: 0009-9147 (ISSN-L)
0003-4819
1539-3704
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00012-w1
OpenAlex: W1498589284
Cited by: 1,124
References: 92
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 89
FWCI: 69.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.acpjournals.org/journal/aim/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
Keywords: diagnostic accuracy studies, reporting quality, reporting checklist, flowcharts, generalizability, applicability
MeSH terms: Algorithms, Clinical Trials as Topic, Publishing, Reference Standards, Research Design, Sensitivity and Specificity, Statistics as Topic, Reproducibility of Results, Bias, Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The STARD Statement for Reporting Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy: Explanation and Elaboration

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks